As early as 8 years ago, people used vaseline, alum, ceramics, gold, silver, platinum, celluloid, ivory, and even black sea stone, nails, duck sternum, toothbrush handle, etc. as filling materials for saddle nose and rhinoplasty. The above materials may be too stimulated and have a high discharge rate; Or brittle and easily broken; Or because of the high price and difficult sources, they were all abandoned. In the 192s, liquid paraffin, as a filler, was widely used for several decades, and it was not used until it was widely reported that the material was easy to cause paraffin tumor. With the rapid development of chemical industry in recent 3-4 years, various polymer materials have come out one after another, which have been used in plastic surgery and achieved good results. However, for rhinoplasty, the long-term effect is still uncertain because of the high discharge rate, so many doctors advocate using autologous bone tissue or cartilage tissue as rhinoplasty material. However, due to the absorption of bone tissue and the increase of the pain of the patient, the application is also limited. Clinical application shows that the materials used in rhinoplasty, whether autologous or allogenic, active or inactive, natural or chemical synthesis, have certain advantages and disadvantages, and should be selected as appropriate only according to the specific situation.

autogenous bone tissue

Autologous bone tissue is one of the earliest materials for rhinoplasty. Its main advantage is that it is easy to survive after transplantation without rejection. Autologous bone tissue for rhinoplasty is mostly taken from ilium, but also from ribs, tibia, skull and so on. There are some problems in augmentation rhinoplasty with autogenous bone, such as poor elasticity of bone tissue, difficulty in shaping, etc., so the postoperative appearance is not very natural, the autogenous bone is inconvenient to obtain, the bone source is limited, and the removal will also cause the second pain of the patient and even complications. Bone resorption can also occur in the long term, resulting in changes in external morphology, which is difficult for the patient to accept. At present, it has been less used in rhinoplasty and cosmetology. However, for the correction of complex nasal deformity or severe saddle nose, autologous bone transplantation is still needed.

autologous cartilage tissue

autologous cartilage tissue is a commonly used autologous tissue in rhinoplasty. Its main feature is that it has no blood vessels and is easy to survive. After implantation, it has no irritation to tissues, can maintain its original volume and cell morphology for a long time, and is easy to be cut into the required size and shape, so after rhinoplasty, the appearance is natural and realistic. Like augmentation rhinoplasty with autogenous bone tissue, augmentation rhinoplasty with autogenous cartilage tissue may be deformed by absorption. At the same time, surgery also causes trauma other than nose, which is unacceptable to patients without special deformity. Autologous cartilage used for augmentation rhinoplasty is the most commonly used cartilage, followed by auricular cartilage and nasal septum cartilage. The former is rich in bone source, which is suitable for those with serious deformity and large amount of bone, while the latter is suitable for mild saddle nose because of limited bone source.

Allogeneic tissue

Allogeneic tissue rhinoplasty refers to rhinoplasty with fresh cadaver bone and cartilage tissue after special treatment as rhinoplasty materials. After rhinoplasty, allogenic bone and cartilage only played a temporary mechanical support role, and eventually they were replaced by autologous bone. Because of the difficulty in source, quantity and quality of allogenic tissue, they were gradually abandoned.

Heterogeneous tissues

At present, the heterogeneous tissues used for rhinoplasty are mainly bovine nasal septum cartilage, bovine costal cartilage and calf sternum, which can be used for human rhinoplasty after special treatment. Its advantages are convenient and abundant materials, and easy to shape. Its disadvantage is that although it has been specially treated, some individuals still have weak antigenicity, and there is the possibility of rejection: there are different degrees of absorption, so the long-term effect is not satisfactory. Because it can only be used in human body after special treatment, it is difficult to be widely used. At present, there are few people who use heterogeneous tissues in rhinoplasty.

biological tissue substitutes

with the development of science and technology and the progress of chemical synthesis industry, biological tissue substitutes suitable for human body have become a reality. The progress of tissue substitutes will promote the development of cosmetic plastic surgery. In 197s, the commonly used biological tissue substitutes are: liquid silica gel, ivory, dental materials, solid silica gel, artificial bone materials and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene. Liquid silica gel was widely used in China in the late 197s and early 198s. After rhinoplasty with liquid silica gel injection, clinical observation proved that it could cause persistent erythema, swelling, skin necrosis of the bridge of the nose and swelling of the teeth, and even disfigure the face. Moreover, liquid silica gel can diffuse, infiltrate and permeate around, and there is no clear boundary, so it is difficult to handle. The United States has strictly banned the use. Many domestic scholars advocate that it is forbidden to use it or use it with caution.

Ivory: Ivory has good biocompatibility and generally does not have rejection, but it is gradually abandoned for rhinoplasty because of its hardness, difficulty in carving and shaping, and protection of animals.

Dental materials: Polymethacrylic acid and methyl ester (PMMA) are used as dental materials for rhinoplasty, and they are one of the solid biological tissue substitutes used for rhinoplasty earlier. It has good biocompatibility, needs to be blended when used for rhinoplasty, and is extremely easy to pollute. If the pollution is not completely removed before operation, it will easily lead to complications such as infection, pain and rejection. The preparation of its prosthesis is complicated and the operation is relatively difficult, so it is rarely used at present.

solid silica gel: it is a common rhinoplasty material at present, and it is a polymer silicide. It was used as early as 1972. After more than 2 years' observation, although the incidence of complications can reach 5%-2%, it is still one of the preferred rhinoplasty materials in clinic because of its good biocompatibility and low price. Its main disadvantage is that it can not establish blood circulation with the body and form tissue connection, and it is only wrapped by fibrous tissue, so it can penetrate the skin at the weak tissue. Due to the contracture of fibrous capsule, it can cause the body surface projection of silicone prosthesis, which affects the appearance effect.

artificial bone material: mainly refers to hydroxyapatite. It is the main inorganic component of human bone tissue, so it has good biocompatibility and no side effects such as teratogenicity, sensitization and carcinogenesis. It has been widely used in stomatology and orthopedics. Since the mid-198s, it has been used in rhinoplasty and cosmetology, and its operation is simple and shaping is easy, especially for those with low nose bridge, and the postoperative effect is particularly satisfactory. Because it has no supporting effect, it has poor effect on those with low nasal tip.

expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE): from the medical point of view, it is the most ideal biological tissue substitute at present. Because of its good biocompatibility and unique microporous structure, it is non-toxic, non-carcinogenic and non-allergenic, and human tissue cells and blood vessels can grow into its micropores to form tissue connections, just like autologous tissue. The effect of rhinoplasty with it is very satisfactory. EPTFE rhinoplasty material was introduced into China from the United States in 1995, but its high price affected its universal application.

In short, the selection of rhinoplasty materials should be based on one's own conditions and economic conditions, combined with the diagnosis and tips of doctors, before making a decision.

a large number of data show that the market price of plastic surgery varies greatly. There is a price difference between different projects, and the overall price is relatively high because of hospitalization expenses. There are price differences in different regions, and the domestic plastic surgery price is relatively cheap. In terms of the overall level of the city, Beijing is the most expensive and Guangzhou is the cheapest. Even in the same clinic and the same project, the price difference may be several hundred to several thousand yuan. This is mainly caused by materials, such as silicone for rhinoplasty. The domestic purchase price is only a dozen yuan, while the imported silicone costs 3, yuan after tariff.

The following are the common market reference prices, and some American prices are listed for reference.

local liposuction: liposuction costs about 25 yuan at a time. In the United States, abdominal fat removal costs $2,5-4,, and requires 6 weeks of rest after surgery. $5, for the upper arm; Rest for 3 weeks after operation.

pouch removal: surgical pouch removal can be divided into two methods: internal incision and external incision. The internal cutting method is suitable for hereditary pouch, and the reference price is 3 yuan. The external cutting method is suitable for bags under the eyes caused by age factors, and the reference price is 35 yuan. The price difference between clinics is large, and you can still find a quotation of around 12 yuan in the market. American price: 1-15 dollars. The bandage can be removed 2 days after operation.

lip beauty: lip augmentation or lip thinning is feasible, and the reference price is 25 yuan. It takes a week to recover after operation. American price: 5-15 dollars.

rhinoplasty: it can be to raise the local area, increase the tip of the nose or contract the alar. The reference price is 1-3 yuan according to the different materials and the degree of preparation. If only the bridge of the nose is raised or only the tip of the nose is enlarged, the reference price is about 12 yuan, which can be recovered in one week. The American price of the same project is $5-$1,5.

rhytidectomy: charge by area, and the reference price of forehead is 35 yuan. For fine wrinkles, there is a kind of microcrystal grinding which works very well, and the price is 4 yuan per square centimeter.

myopia correction: the reference price of T-plasik with very high success rate is 58 yuan for both eyes; The reference price of Superlasik guided by complete wavefront aberration is 8 yuan for both eyes.

melon face sculpting: 18, yuan. Although the action is a little big, it only takes a week or two to recover after the operation, and the long vacation plus your annual leave is enough, which is still worth considering.

face-lifting surgery: 36 yuan. The operation through the oral approach can be completed in 3-4 minutes, and it can be recovered in about one week after operation.

chin lengthening: 2 yuan. The stitches can be removed within one week after operation.

orthodontics: 5-7 yuan, ceramic brackets can also be used, which will not affect the appearance, but of course the price is higher than that in 1 yuan.

double eyelids: 1 yuan.

kinds of eyelashes: 6 yuan.

artificial dimple: 8 yuan.

ok, that's the list of expenses for minor cosmetic surgery I collected, and I've poured it out. If one day, you find traces of aging, and the cost is not more than several thousand yuan, you can quietly fix it-the cost of staying young forever is actually not expensive at all.

◆ Precautions before plastic surgery

1. Before making any decision, be sure to consult many hospitals and doctors. There are many ways to visit doctors, and communication with you is the most important. If you ask for anything, he will take it all. It is very likely that he is not a competent plastic surgeon. A good plastic surgeon, no matter face, body or mouth, will discuss the plan to be implemented with you according to your own conditions and give professional suggestions.

2. If the bags under the eyes are not very big, you can use the instrument for physical therapy. S-RISA+ eye care, once every other day, 1 times a course of treatment, reference price: 2388 yuan.

3. If the fine wrinkles are caused by dry skin, they are not suitable for surgical removal. Superficial wrinkles or acne scars can be obviously improved by two courses of photon rejuvenation. This is a non-peeling treatment. The energy of pulsed light released by the instrument passes through the epidermis, which thickens the subcutaneous collagen tissue and removes wrinkles. Each time is about 2 minutes, with an interval of 3 weeks. The reference price is about 1 yuan.

4. In addition to surgery, you can also choose the injection method which is very popular at present. Reliable choices include B-t-x, or botulinum toxin. Injecting a small amount of B-t-x into forehead or brow can easily smooth out the traces of time. In the United States, the reference price is $5-$1,, however, it is necessary to re-inject every four months. Another injection method of Aibeifu, the operation only takes 2-5 minutes, no anesthesia is needed, and normal work and life are not affected. After injection, the collagen in it plays a role immediately and the wrinkles disappear immediately. After 1-3 months, another main component, PMMA, stimulates collagen proliferation, thus achieving the effect of permanent wrinkle removal.

5. Plastic surgery needs postoperative maintenance and nursing. Some plastic surgery hospitals provide postoperative maintenance and body care, which can be considered.

6. Before plastic surgery, you need to know the limits of oriental beauty: liposuction: a maximum of 3CC rhinoplasty: a maximum of 4mm breast augmentation: a maximum of 33CC double eyelids on each side: a maximum of 1mm can be cut.