Basic introduction Chinese name: apatite mbth: apatite category:? Chemical formula of calcium phosphate: Ca5(PO4)3(F, Cl, OH) color: yellow to light yellow, blue, green, purple, pink and other luster: glass luster, fracture grease luster transparency: usually transparent, with cat's eye effect, translucent streaks: colorless crystal system: hexagonal crystal system cleavage: underdeveloped cleavage, {000/kloc-0. Visible conchoidal fracture hardness: 5 Brittleness: brittle crystal habit: glassy crystal, Bulk or nodular mineral density: 3. 13-3.23 Specific gravity: 3.20 Uses: It is an important mineral distribution for extracting phosphorus. As an accessory mineral, it exists in various igneous rocks with optical characteristics: anisotropic body, uniaxial crystal, negative light discipline: introduction to crystallography and mineralogy, mineralogical characteristics, generation mode, use, structure and morphology, occurrence and combination, etc. Classification and distribution, hydroxyapatite, fluorapatite, brief introduction apatite is a kind of crystal which contains 55.38% CaO, 42.06% P 2 O 3, 65,438+0.25% F, 2.33% Cl and 0.56% H 2 O, and belongs to hexagonal crystal system. The most common mineral species is fluorapatite Ca 5 (PO 4) 3 F, followed by chlorophytate Ca 5 (PO 4) 3 Cl, hydroxyapatite Ca 5 (PO 4) 3 (OH), silicoapatite Ca 5 [(Si, p, S)O 4] 3 (O, OH, f), strontium apatite Sr 5 (PO 4) 3 F, etc. Apatite crystals are common, usually hexagonal cylinders with tapered surfaces; Aggregate is granular, dense and nodular; Colloidal variety is called collophanite, and its ore is called collophanite. The mineralogical characteristics of apatite are light green, yellow-green, brownish red and glassy. Perfect cleavage, uneven fracture. The fracture surface is shell-shaped, shiny, and various apatites have fluorescence. Generally, many kinds of apatite contain impurities, such as fluorine, carbon, chlorine, uranium, manganese and other rare elements. Mohs hardness is 5, and specific gravity is 3. 18 ~ 3.2 1. Phosphorescence often appears after heating. When ammonium molybdate powder is placed on apatite and nitric acid is added, yellow ammonium molybdate can be generated for rapid determination of phosphorus. As an accessory mineral, apatite exists in various igneous rocks, and industrial deposits can be formed in alkaline rocks, such as the Ri Binet.Alfred apatite-nepheline deposit in kola peninsula, Russia. Large-scale apatite deposits are mainly of shallow-sea sedimentary origin, mainly collophanite, such as Xiangyang in Hubei, Kunyang in Yunnan and Kaiyang in Guizhou, or sedimentary metamorphic deposits formed by their metamorphism. Lower apatite polarizer: colorless. Uniaxial crystal (-). Fluorapatite: No= 1.633, Ne= 1.629, and the refractive index increases with the increase of OH and Cl content; Chloroapatite: No= 1.667, ne =1.665; Hydroxyapatite: No= 1.65 1, Ne= 1.647. There are three forms of apatite formation, which are generated in igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks. Endophytic apatite generated in igneous rocks is generally enriched in basic rocks or alkaline rocks as a by-product. It is an exogenous apatite in sedimentary rocks, which is formed by biological deposition or biochemical deposition and is generally nodular. What is produced in metamorphic rocks is produced by regional metamorphism. When the crystal is large, its shape, color, luster and hardness can all be used as distinguishing features. If it is finely dispersed, it needs to be identified by chemical analysis. Apatite is an important raw material for extracting phosphorus and manufacturing agricultural phosphate fertilizer. Apatite has good color and crystallization, and can be used as gemstone or decorative material. The apatite of various associated elements can be comprehensively utilized. Apatite is the main inorganic substance in human and animal hardware (teeth, bones and stones) and an important biomaterial. Phosphates include ordinary phosphates and acid salts. Apatite is an important mineral for extracting phosphorus, and fluorapatite is the most important mineral in commerce. The shape of apatite is glassy crystal, massive or nodular, with various colors, generally hexagonal column, and the top is conical. Most apatite is pure. If it is hard, it can be used as a gem. Apatite often emits phosphorescence when heated. The shadow of apatite can be seen in all kinds of igneous rocks. Hexagonal system of structure and morphology, a 0 =0.943~0.938nm, CO c0 = 0.688 ~ 0.686nm；; Z=2. The basic feature of the crystal structure is that the Ca-O polyhedron is a triangular prism, and the irregular chains connected by edges and corners extend along the C axis, and the chains are connected by [PO 4], forming a channel parallel to the C axis. Additional anions Cl-, F- and OH- are filled in this channel and arranged in chains, with variable coordination height and no disorder-order. The Ca at the apex of the F-Ca coordination octahedron is also connected with O2- on six of the four adjacent [PO 4] angles. Apatite can exist as an accessory mineral in all kinds of igneous rocks, and can form deposits with great industrial value in sedimentary rocks, sedimentary metamorphic rocks and alkaline rocks. It forms accessory minerals in various magmatic rocks and granite pegmatites. Large apatite deposits are mainly sedimentary metamorphic deposits formed by shallow sea genesis or metamorphism, mainly collophanite. Such as Xiangyang, Hubei, China, Kunyang, Yunnan and Kaiyang, Guizhou. The Significance of Mineralogy A Brief History of Mining The earliest phosphate rock discovered and mined in China is Haizhou Phosphate Mine in Jiangsu Province. Haizhou Phosphate Mine (now called Jinping Phosphate Mine) was discovered in Tongzhi period of Qing Dynasty and was officially mined in 19 14. Geologists conducted geological surveys on Jinping phosphate rock in the 1920s and 1930s, and confirmed it as sedimentary metamorphic phosphate rock in 1947. After the founding of New China, the country first explored and developed Jinping Phosphate Mine. From 1927 to 1928, Guangdong Geological Survey conducted geological research on struvite in Xisha Islands. 1939, geologists discovered Kunyang phosphate rock during geological survey in Yunnan. 1946 Fengtai Phosphate Mine in Anhui Province was discovered during investigation in Huainan Coal Mine. 1953, Late Sinian Doushantuo phosphorite was discovered in Zunyi pine forest, Guizhou. Since then, Yichang phosphate mine in western Hubei, Kaiyang phosphate mine in central Guizhou and Jingxiang phosphate mine in western Hubei have been discovered and put into work. Since the advent of Kunyang phosphate rock in Yunnan, large-scale phosphate rocks such as Haikou, Jinning, Anning and Jiangchuan have been discovered around Dianchi Lake in Yunnan. Weng 'an Phosphate Mine in Guizhou was discovered shortly after Kaiyang Phosphate Mine was discovered. Inspired by the prospecting results of Yichang and Jingxiang phosphate mines in Hubei Province, Baokang Shennongjia and Xingshan phosphate mines were discovered. After the establishment of apatite new China, Chinese geologists have done a lot of geological investigation, exploration and evaluation on pre-Sinian metamorphic phosphorite, Sinian Doushantuo Formation and Dengying Formation phosphorite, and lower Cambrian Meishucun Formation and Xinji Formation phosphorite. In addition, the magmatic apatite deposits in northern China, guano deposits in Xisha Islands and secondary phosphate deposits in Hunan and Guangxi were also studied. After geological investigation and evaluation, the pre-Sinian sedimentary metamorphic phospholimestone deposits such as Jinping, Feidong and Susong are analyzed. Phosphate rocks of Sinian Doushantuo Formation such as Kaiyang, Weng 'an, Yichang, Jingxiang and Chaoyang; Phosphorite deposits of lower CAMBRIAN Meishucun Formation such as Kunyang, Haikou, Leibo, Mabian and Ningqiang; In this paper, a detailed geological exploration was carried out on the phosphate deposit and magmatic apatite deposit of the Middle Cambrian Damao Group in Zhuolu, Hebei Province, and a large number of industrial reserve were obtained. The countries producing gem-grade apatite in the world are Myanmar, Sri Lanka, India, the United States, Mexico, Brazil, Canada, Norway, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Germany, Madagascar, Tanzania and China. Mine phosphate rock refers to the economic utilization of phosphate minerals, which is an important chemical mineral raw material. It can be used to make phosphate fertilizer, yellow phosphorus, phosphoric acid, phosphide and other phosphates, and can be used in medicine, food, matches, dyes, sugar making, ceramics, national defense and other industrial departments. Phosphate rock has been used in industry 100 years. Apatite phosphorite can be divided into apatite and phosphorite according to different genesis. Apatite refers to phosphate rock in which phosphorus exists in magmatic rocks and metamorphic rocks in the form of crystalline apatite. Phosphate rock refers to the accumulation body formed by exogenesis and composed of aphanitic or micro-aphanitic apatite and other gangue minerals. There are about 120 kinds of phosphorite known in nature, which are widely distributed. But judging from its quality and quantity, there are only a few phosphorus-containing substances that can be developed and utilized. In industry, apatite is the main phosphorus-containing substance for extracting phosphorus, followed by phosphate rock, struvite and copper sulfate. About 95% of phosphorus in nature is enriched in apatite. Processing methods There are three processing methods for apatite, namely, mechanical processing, acid processing and heat treatment. Acid treatment is the main method at home and abroad. (1) Phosphate rock powder is decomposed by various inorganic acids in acid treatment, and the products obtained are mainly various water-soluble phosphate fertilizers and phosphates. The main products are: superphosphate, extracted phosphoric acid, superphosphate, ammonium phosphate, nitrophosphate and so on. Except for superphosphate, all of them are high-concentration phosphate fertilizer or compound fertilizer. The production of these phosphate fertilizers requires apatite P2O5≥28%, and the impurity content and particle size should meet the requirements. (2) The apatite for heat treatment is mixed with silica and magnesium-containing rocks in a proper proportion, melted at high temperature in a blast furnace or an electric furnace, and then quenched with water to prepare calcium magnesium phosphate. Classification and Distribution of Hydroxyapatite English Name: Hydroxyapatite Molecular Formula: Ca 10 (PO 4) 6 (OH) 2 Molecular Weight: 1004 Physical and chemical properties: melting point:1650 C Specific gravity: 3. 16g/cm Solubility: 0. .67 crystal structure: hexagonal crystal product specification: powder, porous particle and block (uncalibrated) product application field: bone substitute powder is washed with NH 4 Cl aqueous solution and dried, which can be divided into porous and dense types. The former is prepared by foaming powder and sintering at 65438 0250℃, and the latter is sintered at 65438 0250℃ after molding. Distribution: Widely distributed in human body and milk. In human body, it is mainly distributed in bones and teeth, and in milk, it is mainly distributed in casein colloidal particles and whey. Fluorapatite Fluorapatite is a common calcium fluoride phosphate minerals. It exists in almost all igneous rocks and magnesium ores. Fluorapatite has glass luster and many colors, but most of them are green. Generally, it is a columnar or thick plate-like crystal, coarse to dense block or tumor-like. The apatite is ground into phosphate rock powder and directly used as acid soil fertilizer. The fineness of mineral powder is generally required to be more than 90% with 100 mesh, and the ore is required to contain P2O5 10% ~ 20%, and there is no special requirement for other impurities.