Origin and distribution
China is the origin center of citrus, with different varieties and different producing areas.
Satsuma Satsuma Satsuma is native to Wenzhou, Zhejiang. Around the middle of Ming Dynasty in China 1450, the Japanese monk Zhihui went to Tiantai Mountain in Zhejiang to worship and brought back citrus seeds from Wenzhou, presumably from Taizhou and Wenzhou. Cultivated in Kagoshima, many strains, about 200 species, were selected from the seedlings and became the main varieties in Japan. At present, the strains of mandarin oranges cultivated in China are all variants introduced from Japan or produced by imported strains. The earliest Japanese strain of mandarin orange was introduced to China in 1908, and the seedlings were introduced by the Agricultural Association of Ruian County, Zhejiang Province. Later, reliable data were obtained according to1916 ~1937 * *, including Yamada strain and urotensin strain * * 10 type. After 1950, it was propagated by Zhejiang Huangyan Citrus Research Institute and spread to Zhejiang and the whole country. After long-term cultivation, some variations have occurred. 1965, China introduced mandarin orange 12 strain from Japan: early-maturing varieties include Miyagawa Zaosheng, Xingjin, Songshan and Li Jian; Mize, Xiangshan and Nangan 20 are early and medium-ripe; Medium-ripe ones are Nangan No.4 and Lin Wenzhou; Late-maturing ones are Youye, Ueda and Ishikawa. From 1978 to 1982, Zhejiang introduced some strains from Japan. Satsuma oranges are widely distributed in the world, from Australia and New Zealand in the south to the Black Sea coast of the Soviet Union in the north. Among them, Japan is the most cultivated and suitable citrus variety in Japan (South). At present, about 70% of oranges in Japan are satsuma oranges, which is the country with the largest output of satsuma oranges in the world. Satsuma oranges are widely distributed in China, starting from Guangdong and Fujian in the south and reaching Jiangsu, Shaanxi and Shandong in the north. Cultivated in Hunan, Zhejiang, Hubei, Guangxi, Shaanxi, Jiangxi and other places.
A late-maturing orange
Fujian is called barrel orange, and Taiwan Province is called Zhao orange. It is a natural hybrid of ponkan and sweet orange. Originally from Shantou City, Guangdong Province, China. According to Guo's Miscellanies in the Tide of Ming Dynasty, it has been cultivated for at least 300 years. Widely cultivated in Guangdong, Taiwan Province, Fujian, Guangxi and other provinces (regions), it is the main cultivated variety in Guangdong Province, accounting for about 1/2 of the total output, reaching 300,000 tons. Hunan, Zhejiang and Sichuan also have a small amount of cultivation.
C.vesscosa is also known as swollen orange, agate orange, pickled orange and wrinkled orange. It is a natural hybrid of orange with a long history, and it is still in the original cultivation state. Distributed in Sichuan, Hunan, Hubei and Hanzhong, Shaanxi.
oranges and tangerines
Originated in Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, it is one of the ancient varieties in China. Only Zhejiang Province has a small amount of cultivation.
Sand orange
China, Guangxi and Viet Nam. Zhejiang Wenzhou and Huangyan are also cultivated.
Features and characteristics
Small trees, spiny or spineless. Leaf blade apex notch blurred. Single or clustered flowers never form inflorescences, and the flower diameter is greater than 3 cm. The mesocarp of mature fruit is separated from the endocarp, the sponge layer of the pericarp is thicker than that of orange, the peeling is a little difficult, the stele is cracked, the petals are easy to separate, and the mesocarp of the seed is light green. The morphology and characteristics of each variety are as follows:
The crown of mandarin orange is irregular, round, short and open. The branches are long, soft and drooping, without thorns. The leaves are large, rectangular, with obvious main lateral veins, long petioles and long and narrow wings. Flowers are large, up to 3.5 cm, white, petals rolled back, flowers are solitary or clustered, and pollen degenerates or occasionally. Parthenocarpy. The fruit ball is oblate and round, and the fruit size varies with strains; Orange yellow to orange red, with thick oil bubbles; Capsule petals 8 ~ 13, easy to separate, thick and tough capsule wall, hollow core, orange-yellow to orange-red juice, soft and juicy, sweet and sour, and good quality. Expires from the end of September to the end of 65438+February. Seedless, occasionally with 2 ~ 3 nuclei, multi-embryo, light green. The shape of the capsule flap is good, the juice bubbles are arranged tightly and neatly, and the capsule coat is not easy to loosen after being completely removed, and the color is good. It is a good variety of canned sugar water. Citrus is the main citrus variety in the north subtropical zone, which can be cultivated in areas where the annual average temperature is above 15℃, the lowest month (65438+ 10) is above 5℃, and the extreme minimum temperature is not lower than -5℃. The optimum growth temperature is 23 ~ 29℃, with 26℃ as the center and 65438 03℃. The requirements of annual average temperature and absolute low temperature tolerance are different among strains. Recently, Japan proposed that the annual average temperature in Wenzhou is 15.5 ~ 16.5℃, and the annual average temperature in early-maturing Wenzhou is about 0.5℃ lower. After harvesting, the tree vigor of early-maturing varieties is easier to recover than that of late-maturing varieties, so it needs to be colored in advance and cooled quickly in autumn. According to the observation in susong county, Anhui-1980 65438+1October 3 1 extreme low temperature lasts for 3 hours. In 10 strain, leaf and field suffered from first-degree freezing injury, and Ishikawa suffered from second-degree freezing injury, and Mize showed the strongest cold tolerance. 1983 ~ 1984 The extreme low temperature is -6.6℃ and lasts for a long time. Among the 17 strains, Xingjin, Miyagawa, Kamei, Mize, Zhangwei and Nangan No.4 have strong cold tolerance. The drought tolerance of mandarin oranges is stronger than that of sweet oranges and higher than that of pomelo.
Banana orange has a round crown, a little shorter and a medium tree potential. The trunk branches are open and slightly drooping. It has almost no thorns. The leaves are narrow, rectangular and pointed at both ends. The fruit is oblate or spherical, weighing 100 ~ 150g, with flat ends and nearly symmetry; The pericarp is orange-yellow to deep orange-yellow, tough and close to the pulp, with dense and prominent oil bubbles, small 8 ~ 13 petals, hollow core, soft juice bubbles, thin pulp skin and medium tender juice; Slag, sweet taste (figure 1). Every 100 ml of fruit juice contains10 ~1g of sugar, 0.5 ~ 0.6 g of acid and1~15% of soluble solids, with excellent quality. Seeds are few or none, pointed elliptic, fully developed, polyembryonic, light green or white. The ripening period is from 65438+February to 65438+1October of the following year, and the fruit is resistant to storage and transportation. Strong fruiting ability, often forming "fruit balls", which is characterized by early fruiting and high yield.
Banana orange requires high annual accumulated temperature, suitable for 6000 ~ 9000℃, with strong cold resistance and can withstand the low temperature of -7℃. However, in the northern area (north of Shaoguan, Guangdong Province), the fruit is few, the skin is thick, the juice is less and the residue is more, the taste is sour, the skin can not turn orange, the quality is poor and the yield is low. Planting in areas where the annual average temperature is 2 1 ~ 22℃ and the winter temperature rarely drops below-1 ~-2℃ can give full play to the role of high yield and high quality.
Figure 1 Citrus is a small tree. The branches are getting shorter. Small leaves and short petioles. The fruit is big, yellow, shiny, rough, sour and bitter, with medicinal value, easy to peel and crack.
Citrus has a round crown, strong tree potential and open posture. The branches are slender and messy. The leaves are ovoid or obovate, smaller, with sparse veins and linear wings. The fruit is large and oblate, and the pulp is soft and juicy, slightly bitter and resistant to storage.
Capparis spinosa fruit is large, oblate and has a good flavor.
principal item
The earliest cultivated variety of Wenzhou mandarin orange is called Zailai Wenzhou. Later, through the bud mutation and seed selection of pearl seedlings, several new varieties and strains were further differentiated from Wenzhou, namely, Pingwen, Early-maturing Wenzhou (such as Qingjiang Zaosheng), Ikeda Wenzhou, Yimu Liwen Wenzhou, Zhangwei Wenzhou (also known as improved Wenzhou), and the variety evolution process of Wenzhou Tangerine (Figure 2).
According to the maturity of its varieties, it can be divided into:
Early maturing strain
(1) Xing Jin. Also known as Xingjin Wenzhou, Xingjin Zaosheng and Xingjin 2. Japan's Xingjin Horticultural Farm, with Miyagawa as the female parent and Fructus Aurantii as the male parent, was selected from the descendants of Zhuxin, which was an excellent variety popularized in Japan in the 1970s. China has successfully introduced and planted it, and now it has been planted in Sichuan, Zhejiang, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong, Yunnan, Henan, Jiangsu, Shaanxi and Gansu provinces (autonomous regions). The fruit is large, oblate, wide and concave at the top, large at the tip of the column, round or narrow at the base, resembling Miyagawa. The surface of the fruit is rough, bright orange-red, the oil bubbles are large and prominent, the peel is medium thick, 0.25 ~ 0.4 mm, the capsule petals are 8 ~ 13, and the flesh is dark orange-red. Every 100 ml fruit juice contains sugar 1 1.33 g, citric acid 0.73 g, vitamin c c 35.46mg, high sugar and acid content, strong flavor, fragrance, thin capsule wall, tender residue, excellent quality and seedless. 65438+ 10 matured in the first half of October. ② Miyagawa. 1905, a mutant variety, was selected from the Japanese weizhang. China has been introduced from Japan for many times since 1924, and has been planted in citrus producing areas all over the country. The fruit is large, with an average fruit weight of more than 1.20g, with a conical oblate shape, a broad top, a flat or slightly concave near the column point, a round or narrow base, and a ring-shaped tumor-like protrusion around the pedicle. The oil bubbles are large and prominent, the fruit surface is smooth, the stones are few but not obvious, the sand sac is thick and short, fresh and juicy, sweet and sour, slightly light in taste, medium and high in quality and seedless. 65438+ 10 matures in the middle and late October. ③ Miyagawa (66) was born early. Introduced from China 1966. Compared with the old lines, all the characters are better, especially the quality is much better than the old lines. 4 vertical rooms. China was introduced from Japan in 1966. The fruit is large, with a transverse diameter of 6.87 cm and a longitudinal diameter of 5.30 cm. The fruit shape index is 1.29, and the average single fruit weight is 153 g. The egg ball is oblate, with a round or flat top, large column points, many cracks, umbilical shape, flat base and concave calyx. The surface of the fruit is orange, bright, shiny, thin, smooth, with small oil bubbles, slightly convex or lifelong, with a thickness of 0.2 ~ 0.3 cm and a thin sponge layer. 8 ~ 13 petals, relatively neat, stele split like awn, pulp dark orange. Every 100 ml of fruit juice contains 10. 14 g of sugar, 0.55 g of citric acid and C36.29 mg of vitamin C. The sugar is high and sour, sweet in taste, soft in juice cells, thick in capsule wall, tender and slag-melting, and of good quality. 65438+ 10 matured in the first half of October. ⑤ Songshan was born early. A place was established in Beichuan county, Ehime, Japan, which was selected from the transformation of tail extension branches. The fruit is large, oblate and very flat; The top is flat, the column point is large, there are cracks, umbilical shape, the fruit base is not protruding, and there are 4 ~ 5 radial grooves. The orange surface of the fruit is bright and shiny; The oil bubble is large and prominent, slightly rough, with thin skin, thin capsule wall and bright orange flesh. Every 100 ml fruit juice contains 9.6 1 g sugar, 0.65 g citric acid and 1 1.4% soluble solids. Light taste, less sugar and acid, medium quality. The maturity is about a week earlier than that of Miyagawa, and it is an excellent strain second only to Miyagawa. Introduced early-maturing strains include Kamei Zaosheng, Qingjiang Zaosheng and Longhui 73-0 1 excellent strain selected from the early growth of pine trees.
Figure 2① Mize. The Japanese budding varieties selected from Wenzhou were introduced to China in 1966 and cultivated in Sichuan, Hunan, Zhejiang and other places. The fruit is large, oblate, with a flat top and a large column tip. The base of the fruit is also flat, and there are obvious radial grooves around the pedicel. The oil bubbles are large and thin, with obvious bulges, many pits on the fruit surface, rough peel, orange yellow, thin flesh color, orange red, seedless, slightly lighter than ordinary Wenzhou flavor and medium quality. 165438+1expires at the beginning of October. ② Yamada. China was introduced to Zhejiang twice from Japan, and was introduced to Wenzhou in 1924, which was widely spread and cultivated in Zhejiang and other provinces. The fruit is oblate, with wide top and narrow peduncle. The fruit is large and uniform, and the average single fruit weight is about 100g. The peel is thick, orange-yellow, with large oil bubbles and protrusions, bright and shiny surface, beautiful appearance and thick white cortex. Every 100 ml of fruit juice contains 9.52 grams of total sugar and 0.08 grams of acid/kloc-0. Soluble solids 13%. The flavor is sweet and thick, but the capsule wall is thick and does not melt slag, and the quality of fresh food is medium and high. The capsule has uniform size, dark orange-red, slender juice cells, tight crack discharge and good processability. The maturity is slightly later than Miyagawa and Kamei, but earlier than Tailing, with high and stable yield, beautiful fruit shape, high commodity price and good storage resistance. ③ Nangan 20. 1966 was introduced into China. High yield and high quality. Every 100 ml of fruit juice contains 9. 1 g of total sugar, 0/g of total acid and 0/2% of soluble solids. The quality is good, but the capsule wall is thick. 165438+1expires at the beginning of October. Justin Wenzhou and Changqiao are the middle and early maturing strains bred in Zhejiang.
Medium-mature strain
① Tail tension. Also known as improved Wenzhou. It is one of the earliest strains of citrus introduced from China. It has been introduced many times since 19 16. Cultivated in Hunan, Hubei, Zhejiang, Sichuan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Jiangxi and other citrus producing areas, it was the main strain of Wenzhou mandarin orange in China before 1970s. The fruit is large, with an average of about 95 grams, and the maximum can reach 160 grams. It is oblate, neat, symmetrical at both ends, blunt at the top, flat or slightly concave near the column point, wide and flat at the base, slightly concave at the pedicle, with radial grooves. The peel is dark orange, slightly smooth, the oil bubbles are small and dense, and there are many pits on the surface. The juice bubbles are slender, closely arranged, soft and juicy, with the strongest flavor, moderate sweet and sour, seedless and medium quality. 1 1 expires in the middle and late period. ② Lin Wenzhou. 1966 was introduced and cultivated in Sichuan, Hunan and Zhejiang. The fruit is small, with a longitudinal and transverse diameter of 6.6 1cm× 4.96cm, with an average single fruit weight of 97.9g, oblate, blunt top, slightly concave column points, large column points, narrow and flat base, sloping shoulders and protrusions near calyx. The surface of the fruit is orange-yellow, shiny, with obvious oil bubbles, large and thin core, 0.3 ~ 0.4 cm thick skin, 8 ~ 13 petals of the capsule, neat size and dark orange sand sac. Every 100 ml of fruit juice contains 9.07 g of total sugar, 0.85 g of citric acid and 0.2/0.21mg of vitamin, with rich flavor and thick capsule skin. The product has strong tree potential, high yield, dense branches and leaves, less sunburn and fruit cracking. ③ Nangan 4. The fruit is large, with a transverse diameter of 5.76 cm and a longitudinal diameter of 4.82 cm, with a single fruit weight of11.5 g, oblate, blunt top, flat or slightly concave column points and large column points; The base is oblate, the calyx is concave and the periphery is convex. The surface of the fruit is smooth and scattered with pits, the oil bubbles are large and prominent, the skin is thick, the texture is dense and tightly wrapped, the skin thickness is 0.3 ~ 0.4 cm, the petals of the capsule are 8 ~ 13, and the pulp is dark orange. Every 100 ml of fruit juice contains 9.7 1 g of total sugar, 0.88 g of citric acid and 23.24 mg of vitamin C. This product has vigorous growth, high and stable yield and small fruit, which is suitable for processing requirements. In addition, there are Ye, Wenzhou in Justin, Wenzhou in Xiao Ye, Juncheng and Shanshan in Zhejiang.
Late-maturing strain
There are mainly Qingdao late-maturing Wenzhou. Cultivated in Sichuan. The fruit is big and beautiful, flat and tender. 65438+expires in mid-February. Single fruit weight 165.5g, longitudinal diameter 5.4cm, transverse diameter 7.3cm, peel thickness 0.37mm, soluble solid content 10.8%. It is one of the best in the late-maturing line. Excellent strains of Satsuma mandarin have been bred in various places, including Guoqing 1, Hongyi 1, Lianyuan 73696, Longhui No.3, Justin, Chashan and Wutian.
Banana is a cultivated variety in Guangdong, Fujian, Taiwan Province and other provinces. Generally, there are three strains: early maturity, middle maturity and late maturity. Early-maturing variety165438+1matured in early October. Mid-maturing variety 12 ripens from early February to late October. The late-maturing varieties mature from March to April.
Xin 1 is an excellent strain popularized in Shantou, Guangdong Province in 1980s, with nearly spherical fruit, regular fruit shape, flat top, average single fruit weight 123g, transverse diameter 6.28cm, longitudinal diameter 5.58cm and fruit shape index 1. 13. The pericarp is orange-red, smooth and 0.24 cm thick. The average number of normal seeds per fruit is less than 1, and the edible part accounts for 75.8% of the whole fruit. Capsule petal 10, stone 0.57 cm, juicy, juice yield 50.6%. Every 100 ml of fruit juice contains total sugar 10.46 g, citric acid10/8 g, vitamin C32.76 mg, and soluble solids 13.5%. The ratio of sugar to acid is10.3:1. The pulp is orange-red, the capsule wall and meat become soft, slightly fragrant, moderately sweet and sour, with rich flavor and high quality. 65438+ripens from late February to1early October. It has the characteristics of early fruiting, high and stable yield, and the yield per hectare is 22.5-37.5 tons in 3-5 years.
The pericarp of the late-maturing strain is thick and light, and it is still turquoise when it is mature, so it has not been popularized. Nanshan No.2 and Lan Xin 1 are big fruit lines, which have been bred in Guangdong, and Lan Xin 1 has more seeds.
Banana oranges in Taiwan Province Province: ① Annual oranges. Belongs to the lower body system. Because it was listed in the Lunar New Year, it was named Nian Citrus. The fruit is flat, the skin is delicate and the taste is good. (2) Da Chun department. Introduced from Guangdong. It belongs to a nuclear-free system. The fruit is large, the peel is thick, the soluble solid content is 9.5 ~ 10.0%, and it contains almost no citric acid, so it is not delicious, but it is still suitable for export because of its seedless and large fruit. ③ Li Haili pear line. The fruit is beautiful, the peel is delicate, the fruit is sweet, and there is almost no sour taste.
Key points of cultivation techniques
Citrus is propagated mainly by grafting. The best rootstock is Fructus Aurantii, which can bear fruit early, dwarf and be suitable for close planting, but it will decline after 30 ~ 40 years. In the later period, Japan changed the anvil with orange to avoid premature aging. Red orange rootstock bears fruit late and is not suitable for dwarfing culture. Using lime as rootstock, bacterial wilt occurred in some areas of Guangxi and Guangdong. The length of the mother branch of citrus with good fruit is 30 ~ 35 cm, and the pruning of short branches in summer is heavier than other citrus. Other citrus fruits are protected by removing summer shoots, while satsuma oranges are protected by removing spring shoots or coring. The cultivation techniques and measures for high and stable yield are similar to those of other citrus fruits.
Banana oranges are propagated by grafting, and the most suitable rootstocks are lime, red lemon and Jiangxi red orange. In the long-term planting practice, orange farmers in Shantou, Guangdong Province have created a set of experiences that can make banana oranges bear fruit early and yield high. The yield per hectare in the third year after planting 15 tons or more, and 45-52.5 tons per hectare in 5-6 years, with the highest yield of 75 tons. The main experiences are as follows: ① Proper close planting, generally per hectare 1200 ~ 1800 plants. (2) Control the shape of branches and cultivate short-stemmed, multi-branched, evenly distributed and dense wavy round-headed crown. ③ Strengthen soil management and cultivate strong roots. When planting citrus in paddy field, build piers for planting, and after entering the fruiting period, cultivate it in the deep "turtle back" border to reduce the groundwater level for root growth; When planting mountain orange, we should open a ditch with a width of 1 m and a depth of 0.6 m, with green layers one by one. After that, the green soil will be deeply pressed year by year until the whole park is completed. ④ Use fertilizer and water scientifically. In the use of fertilizer, the principles of combining organic fertilizer with inorganic fertilizer, combining soil fertilization with topdressing outside the roots, combining topdressing in key seasons with topdressing in other phenological periods, and properly supplementing key tree species are adopted. In terms of water management, we should master the principles of wet in spring, drainage in summer and controlled irrigation in autumn and winter according to phenology and seasonal rainfall changes. ⑤ Prune citrus trees in summer and winter, renew the crown and improve the production capacity; Hedge pruning is carried out every other year to improve the lighting conditions of closed citrus orchards and rejuvenate the trees.
economic value
The flesh of banana orange is soft and juicy, slag-melting, sweet and moderately sweet and sour. Peeled in Shangyi, with few seeds and good storage and transportation resistance, it is an excellent variety for fresh food. Canned orange petals made from banana oranges in Taiwan Province Province are of higher quality and lower price than those made in Japan. It is exported to Canada and is very popular. When the citrus fruit is ripe, it can not only adjust the supply of fresh fruit in the market, but also be a good raw material for making canned orange petals.