Poplar loves light and tolerates low temperatures (40° north latitude); soil requirements are not strict; it mainly relies on tillering for renewal (the survival rate of artificial propagation and afforestation is very low), and can form a pure forest or a mixed forest with birch .

Alba poplar is heat-resistant, resistant to high temperatures, wind and certain saline-alkali soils. It can be planted wherever there is water in arid climates; it is easy to propagate by cuttings.

Populus tomentosa has long lifespan, good material, good stem shape, slow growth in the early stage, difficult asexual reproduction, low afforestation survival rate, and a strong positive light-loving tree species, which affects the growth of the established forest. Suitable for growing around, not cold-tolerant, and subject to freezing in some areas of Liaoning

Peach tree cultivation technology

1. Overview

(1) Economic significance:

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Peach is one of the fruits that is loved by the majority of people. It is not only beautiful in appearance, juicy and delicious, but also rich in nutrients. Each 100 grams of pulp contains 7.5 grams of sugar, 0.2-1.9 grams of organic acids, 0.4-1.8 grams of protein, 0.1-1.5 grams of fat, 31 mg of vitamin C, and 0.2 mg of vitamin B. In addition to being eaten fresh, peaches can also be made into various processed products such as canned sugar water, peach jam, peach juice, and dried peaches. The roots, leaves, flowers and kernels can be used as medicine and have the effects of relieving cough, activating blood circulation and killing insects.

Peach cultivation has the advantages of early fruiting, early high yield, and early profit. Peach has strong drought tolerance and can be cultivated in flat lands, mountains and sandy lands. It is easy to manage and achieve high yields. Therefore, peach cultivation is relatively common.

(2) Cultivation history:

Peach has the longest cultivation history in my country and is widely distributed, including Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shandong, Hebei, Beijing, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Gansu and Henan. There are more cultivations in other places.

(3) Current status of cultivation:

my country’s peach has rich natural resources and cultivation experience. In terms of cultivation technology, many high-yield and stable-yielding fields have been created. Some well-managed peach orchards can stably maintain a yield of about 2,500 kilograms per mu.

(4) Biological characteristics

(1) Phenological period In the Yangtze River Basin, the flower bud expansion period is early to mid-March, the full flowering period is from late March to early April, and the flowering period is 57 The fruit matures in mid-to-late July, and the growth period is 100-110 days.

(2) Growth and fruiting habits: The saplings grow vigorously and the new shoots branch many times. If combined with 23 toppings, a stable and high-yielding tree structure can be formed that year. After entering a large number of fruits, the tree vigor tends to be moderate, the growth is stable, the new shoots are thick and strong, the germination rate is high, the branching ability is strong, and there are mostly compound flower buds. In the first-fruiting saplings, long and medium-fruit trees are the main fruit-bearing saplings, while in the full fruit-bearing period, medium- and short-fruit trees are the main fruit trees, accounting for more than 76% of the total number of fruit trees. Natural pollination has a high fruit setting rate, and strict fruit thinning is required to increase fruit size.

2. Main types and varieties

(1) Main types:

1 Common peach: also known as hairy peach. Small tree. The main cultivated varieties in my country belong to this species and its variants. There are three varieties of the common peach.

(1) Flat peach: The fruit is oblate. The core is small and round, and there are many varieties, divided into two types: hairy and hairless. It is cultivated in both the north and south of my country, with more cultivation in Jiangsu and Zhejiang.

(2) Nectarine: also known as Guangtao and Li Guangtao. The fruit is round or oblate. The peel is smooth and hairless.

(3) Shouxing peach: short tree shape, shallow roots and short internodes of branches. There are two types: red flowers and white flowers, generally for ornamental purposes.

2. Mountain peach: native to the mountainous areas of North my country and Northwest China. Mainly used as peach rootstock.

(2) Main cultivated varieties

1. Yuhualu: bred by the Jiangsu Branch of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences by crossing Baihua Watertight and Shanghai Watertight. The fruit is larger, with an average fruit weight of 125g. The fruit is soft and juicy with a sweet flavor. In terms of quality. Semi-nuclear. Ripens locally in mid to late June.

2. Zhaoxia: bred by the Jiangsu Branch of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences through a cross between Baihua Shuimi and Chuxiaomei. The fruit is large, with an average fruit weight of 150g. The quality is average and matures in early July in our county. The fruit setting rate is high and the yield performance is good. It is currently an excellent variety for both fresh eating and canning.

3. Soil and fertilizer management

(1) Soil management

1. Deep plowing: In peach orchards with heavy soil, in order to improve the soil, it is carried out between rows Plow deeply, about 60cm deep, and apply organic fertilizer. The peach orchards with gravel land are also deeply plowed, the gravel is dug out to replace the soil, and organic fertilizers are applied. Deep plowing plays a good role in increasing yields year after year.

2. Autumn plowing: Apply organic fertilizer before and after leaf fall, with a depth of 20-30cm.

3. Intercropping: Beans, melons, strawberries, peanuts, etc. can be used as intercrops in peach orchards. You can also plant green manure such as woolly wild rice and alfalfa. No matter what kind of crops are planted, enough tree trays should be left, timely fertilization, irrigation, cultivating and weeding should be carried out.

(2) Fertilizer and water management

1. Requirements of peach trees for main nutritional elements: Peach trees mainly require nitrogen and potassium for the three elements, and require less phosphorus. .

(1) Nitrogen: Peach trees have large shoot growth, large fruits, and are sensitive to nitrogen. Too much nitrogen in saplings and early fruiting trees can easily cause leggy new shoots and delayed fruiting, aggravating physiological conditions. For fruit drop, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be properly controlled. As the age of the tree increases and the yield increases, the nitrogen requirement also increases.

When nitrogen is insufficient, the growth of new shoots is small and the branches are thin and short, which affects the differentiation of flower buds. At the same time, the fruits are small, poor in color and quality, and the cold resistance of branches and buds is reduced.

(2) Phosphorus: Peach requires less phosphorus than nitrogen and potassium. Its main function is to ensure good pollination and fertilization, increase the sugar content of the fruit and promote the formation of flower buds. When phosphorus is deficient, the fruits are dark, soft and sour, and the fruits sometimes have spots or cracked skin.

(3) Potassium: Peach needs a lot of potassium. When potassium is sufficient, the fruit will be large and have high sugar content. When potassium is lacking, the fruit will be small, deformed, early-maturing, and the leaves will become gray-green.

2. Fertilization amount: The appropriate fertilization amount and the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium for peach trees should be comprehensively based on factors such as variety, tree age, tree vigor, yield, soil fertility, fertilizer properties, and climatic conditions. Analyze decisions. Generally, for every 100 kilograms of fruit produced, 50-100 kilograms of base fertilizer, 0.4 kilograms of pure nitrogen, 0.3 kilograms of phosphorus, and 0.5 kilograms of potassium need to be applied.

3. Fertilization period and method

(1) Base fertilizer: It is best to fertilize peach in autumn. Apply before and after fallen leaves combined with autumn plowing. The appropriate fertilization method is radial ditch or strip ditch, about 40cm deep.

(2) Topdressing: Generally, peach orchards are topdressed 2-3 times throughout the year, mainly with quick-acting nitrogen fertilizers, combined with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. The frequency of top dressing in high-yielding gardens is as many as 5 times. Topdressing methods include ditch, ring ditch and hole application.

① Top dressing before germination: Apply 1-2 weeks before germination after the soil thaws in spring. Promote the growth of roots and new shoots, ensure good flowering and fertilization, and increase fruit setting rate. Use fast-acting nitrogen fertilizers as the main fertilizer.

②Top dressing after flowering: Apply 1-2 weeks after flowers fade to promote new shoot growth and fruit growth and reduce fruit drop. Mainly use quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer.

③ Top dressing during the hard-core stage: Generally applied in early to mid-June. This top dressing can promote embryo and nuclear development, germination differentiation, fruit enlargement and lay the foundation for lower results. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium should be used together.

④Top dressing for fruit enlargement: For medium- and late-maturing varieties, nitrogen fertilizer is mainly used together with potassium fertilizer to promote fruit enlargement and improve quality.

⑤Top-dressing after harvest: Applying supplementary fertilizer after harvest can supplement tree consumption, strengthen nutrient accumulation in autumn, and improve overwintering ability. Mainly phosphorus and potassium combined with nitrogen fertilizer.

At the same time, germination water, freezing water, and watering after top dressing should be ensured throughout the year. Watering should be carried out at any time according to the needs of the fruit trees during high temperature seasons. At the same time, attention should be paid to drainage during the rainy season.

4. Plastic pruning

(1) Several tree shapes currently commonly used

1. Natural happy shape: three main branches are scattered on the main trunk, and the three main branches are staggered. The branches extend at an opening angle of 30-45°. There are 2-3 side branches on each main branch. The opening angle is 60-70°, with few main branches in the original shape, strong side branches, large spacing between the backbone revolutionary branches, good light, long life of the branch group, and light pruning; large fruiting area and high yield.

2. Improved cup shape: improved from the cup shape. Still in the same cup shape, the three main branches are adjacent at the base. From now on, it will generally branch in a bifurcated manner. The main branches open and extend at an angle of 45-55°. When the tree shape is basically completed, the distance between the main branch cuts will reach 80-100cm.

(2) Pruning method

(1) Short cutting: Cutting the branches short is called short cutting. The stubbing of perennial branches is called retraction. It has a local stimulating effect on the branch buds near the cutting.

(2) Thinning: Completely thinning out branches from the base is called thinning. Conducive to flower bud differentiation, flower and fruit growth and development. It is often used to thin out overly dense branches and overly weak branches. It can be used to balance the tree vigor and adjust the number of branches.

(3) Topping: During the growth period, cutting off the young part of the top of the new shoot is called topping. It can promote full germination and facilitate the formation of flower buds. Often used to control competing branches and leggy branches.

(4) Pick up branches and twist the shoots: In the early stages of lignification of new shoots, the angle can be increased to slow down the growth and facilitate fruiting. It is often used to strengthen the utilization and transformation of saplings or first-fruiting trees. Before twisting, the branches should be slightly twisted and flattened to slow down growth and facilitate fruiting. Mostly used on auxiliary branches.

(5) Ring carving or eye wound: Ring carving is a wound at the base of the branch during the growth period to block the output of photosynthetic nutrients in the upper part, improve the level of nutrient storage, and promote flower bud differentiation. Often used to support branches. Eye wounding is carried out before budding. Injuring the upper part of the bud also promotes bud germination. It is often used on bald branches.

(3) Winter pruning

1. Pruning of fruiting branches

According to the characteristics of the variety, tree age and tree vigor. Young tree stage: The tree is growing vigorously, and the fruit branches will remain long. Long fruit branches and leggy branches can be left 30-40 cm, or they can be left uncut slowly, and then retracted after the fruit droops. You should leave as much secondary length as possible. Generally, long fruit branches should be cut. There are 4-5 flower buds, medium fruit branches have 3-4 flower buds, short fruit branches have 2-3 flower buds, bouquet-shaped fruit branches are sparse but not cut, and leggy fruit branches are sparse when dense. Leave 20-30cm short when cultivating the branch group. During the senescence stage, the tree becomes weak and the length of the fruit branches is shortened.

2. Renewal and pruning of fruit-bearing branches

Trees in the fruiting period need to be updated in time after they bear fruit. There are two methods of renewal: ① Single branch renewal, and the short cutting of fruit branches should be appropriately increased so that both fruiting and new shoots can be produced for next year's fruiting. ②Double renewal: Select two fruiting branches adjacent to the base of the same mother branch, one branch is lightly shorted for finishing the fruiting branch, and the other branch is heavily shorted to prepare for lowering the fruiting branch.

3. Pruning of excessively long branches

Removal of excessively long branches that cannot be used.

The leggy branches growing in the space should be cultivated into branch groups. During winter pruning, cut off 20-30cm. The leggy branches can also be grown into main branches and side branches to renew the backbone branches.

4. Pruning of branch groups

When pruning, cultivation and utilization should be combined. For large branch groups on the periphery of the crown, the extension branches should be pruned more heavily than the side branches. Pay attention to the direction of the cutting buds and extension branches to make them grow curved every year. For large and medium-sized branches in the crown, the ability of the group has declined and the base has become strong, and the weak branches can be thinned out.

(4) Summer pruning

1. Wipe buds and thin branches: When the new shoots grow to about 5cm, wipe out useless buds and new shoots. Usually in early to mid-May, the purpose at this time is to save nutrients. The purpose of thinning branches from June to July is to improve light.

2. Twist the shoots: control their growth and promote flower bud differentiation. The time is from mid-May to early June.

3. Topping: Early topping is done in early to mid-May to encourage branches to occupy the remaining space. The purpose of late topping in July-August is to inhibit growth and promote flower bud differentiation.

4. Reduce fruit branches: At this time, the fruit branches that are too long from winter pruning should be cut back to the fruiting part if the upper part is not fruit-bearing. Fruitless branches are cut back into preparation branches.

5. Flower and fruit management

(1) Thinning flowers and fruits

Many fruits will affect the growth and development of the tree, weaken the tree vigor, and cause small fruits. , the quality is reduced and affects the quantity and quality of flower bud differentiation. Therefore, under the premise of comprehensive management, reasonable flower and fruit thinning has become one of the important measures for high, stable and high-quality peach yields.

1. Flower thinning: Artificial flower thinning is usually carried out during the bud stage and flowering stage. The flower thinning method is to thin out the flowers at the base of the fruiting branches first, leaving the middle and upper flowers; then thin out the double flowers in the middle and upper parts, leaving single flowers. All the flowers on the prepared branches are thinned out.

2. Fruit thinning: usually carried out when the fruit set is relatively stable after the second fruit drop, and completed when the hard core begins. When there is too much fruit set, perform the first fruit thinning one week after flowers fade, leaving about 3 times the amount of fruit that should be left in the end. Early-maturing varieties can be thinned out early, and late-maturing varieties can be thinned out late. The amount of fruit left should be determined based on the production over the years, the growth potential of the year, and the fruit setting situation. Generally, 1 large fruit, 2 medium fruits, and 4 small fruits are left on the long fruit branches. Leave 1 large fruit, 1 medium fruit, and 2 small fruits on the medium fruit branch. No or 2 large fruits remain on short branches. Leave no fruit on the prepared branches.

Fruit thinning method: When manually thinning fruits, first thin out chlorotic fruits, small fruits, deformed fruits, overgrown fruits, diseased fruits, and fruits at the base of fruit branches. The order of fruit thinning is from top to bottom and from inside to outside.

(2) Bagging

1. Bagging period: It is carried out 3-4 weeks after fruit thinning and completed before the main fruit-boring pests enter the fruit. Spraying should be carried out before bagging.

2. Bag tearing period: 3-4 days before picking fresh fruits, tear the bag to promote coloring.

6. Main pests and diseases and their control

Although peach has strong resistance to pests and diseases, they still occur from time to time before and after flowering, harming flower buds and young fruits, causing flower and fruit drop, and must be prevented and controlled in time. Peach plants are quite sensitive to chemicals, and some organophosphorus chemicals with strong permeability and systemic properties should not be used because they are prone to phytotoxicity.

① Bird feather moth, also known as red filarial worm and hanging filarial worm, damages flowers and small fruits. It reproduces rapidly from June to July, and in severe cases, all flower buds and small fruits may fall off. The control method can be 90% trichlorfon 800 times solution, rotenol and other corresponding concentrations. Spray before flowering, once every few days, 3-5 times per flowering, and stop when the young fruits turn to droop.

② The black-spotted brown leaf roller, commonly known as the heart borer, uses its larvae to bore into the core of the fruit and eat the pulp, causing the fruit to drop or make the fruit lose its edible value. The prevention and control methods are to pay attention to the removal of diseased fruits and remove deeply buried damaged fruits; trap and kill adult insects with black light; and spray them with 90% trichlorfon.

③Anthracnose This disease mostly occurs in orchards during the fruit maturity period. During the storage period, the disease is mostly caused by wounds, which is a fungal disease. There are dark brown round spots on the surface of the affected fruit, and the internal tissue of the pulp is rotten and smells of wine. The pathogenic bacteria overwinter in rotten fruits, spread through wind and rain, and invade through the wounds of the fruits. The prevention and control methods mainly include clearing the garden, removing and deeply burying diseased and fallen fruits; minimizing mechanical damage to the fruits during harvesting and shipping; spraying multiple doses of 150 times Bordeaux mixture in the garden, once every 10-15 days, for 3 consecutive days. —4 times.

④Red spot disease mainly damages the leaves and is a fungal disease. The affected leaves initially have very fine yellow spots, which later expand into lesions. The middle part of the lesions is dark russet and the edges are red. Causes a large number of fallen leaves, seriously affecting the yield and quality of fruits. The prevention and treatment methods are the same as those for anthrax.

It is worth noting that the peach skin is thin and integrated with the pulp, and the skin is still attached when eaten. Therefore, special attention must be paid when applying pesticides. It is prohibited to use pesticides that are highly toxic and have long residual effects; they can be applied according to regulations Pesticides should not be applied during the fruit maturity period; garden cleaning should be done to minimize the sources of insects and diseases. Agricultural measures are mostly used for prevention and control, and botanical pesticides are mostly used.

Technical measures for early fruit and high yield in peach tree cultivation

At present, peach trees occupy a relatively important position in fruit tree cultivation in my country. During the production process, due to improper planting and management measures, late fruiting, poor quality, and difficulty in selling the fruit occurred. In response to this topic, after years of practice, the author has explored a set of early fruiting measures for peach tree planting. The summary is as follows.

1. Planting. Peach trees should be planted on high-lying plots with good soil permeability, avoiding heavy-cropping peach orchards. The density can be selected according to the management method (less than 80 plants/acre in a happy-shaped acre, 80-110 plants/acre in a herringbone shape formed by small canopy sparse layers, and more than 200 plants/acre in a greenhouse or greenhouse). Although self-fertilization and cross-pollination of peaches can significantly increase the yield, a certain number of pollinating trees are generally required during production, and the ratio can be 40:1 or more.

2. Fertilize. Dig trenches or holes to apply base fertilizer. Generally, 3000-5000 kg of organic fertilizer and 50 kg of phosphate fertilizer per mu are applied. Mix well with the soil, plant and dry, spray lime sulfur mixture, and water enough for planting. Then cover with mulch. Reduce soil water evaporation (film can be broken during topdressing).

After planting, when the new shoots grow to more than 100 cm, start topdressing (urea), 1-15 grams per plant is appropriate, once every half month to promote rapid and robust growth; according to reports, before the flower buds differentiate Applying nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers is beneficial to flower bud differentiation; from late June to early July, foliar spraying of 0.3% urea can promote flower bud differentiation; after the hard core period begins, foliar spraying of 0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate can make peach fruits The sugar content is increased, the flavor is strong, the color is bright, and the quality of the fruit is improved.

3. Irrigation and drainage. Although peach trees are drought-tolerant, they require sufficient water from germination to fruit maturity. Irrigation is usually before budding, after flowering and at the beginning of hard core. Generally, there is no irrigation in autumn and only once in early winter.

4. Preserve leaves and increase luster. Mainly used to control aphids, bacterial perforation, spider mites and other pests and diseases during the growing season. The drug selections are Pilin, Zhongshengmycin and Tetrafenazine, which are more effective. Add 0.3% photosynthetic micro-fertilizer when spraying to ensure that the leaves are intact and grow vigorously.

5. Topping and increasing branches. When pruning, pinch the new shoots with space when they grow to 25 cm, and then pinch the main shoots when they grow to 60 cm to promote secondary and tertiary branches. Wipe out and thin out overly dense branches and buds promptly.

6. Control growth and promote flowers. The differentiation of peach blossom buds generally begins in mid-to-late July. Practice has proved that peach flower bud differentiation is related to the growth rhythm of new shoots, and slow growth can lay a material foundation for flower bud differentiation. Therefore, in northern Henan, 15% paclobutrazol is usually sprayed three times from early to mid-July, with an interval of about 12 days between each time, and the concentrations are 300, 200, and 150 times respectively. Regulate the growth rate of new shoots. The control standard is based on the principle of capping all new shoots in early to mid-August. If there are still some vigorously growing single plants in mid-August, immediately re-spray paclobutrazol with a higher concentration. You can also use 50 times paclobutrazol solution to dip the tips of young branches or paint the branches with a higher concentration.

When the soil water holding capacity exceeds 40% during the growing season, it is easy to cause insufficient branch development and root rot. Water accumulation often causes the death of the entire peach tree in the orchard. Therefore, pay attention to drainage during the rainy season and ensure that there is no accumulation of water after the rain stops.

7. Pruning during the growing season. Peach trees love light very much, so pruning during the growing season is a key measure to achieve early formation, early fruiting, and early high yield.

In the spring, after leaving enough backbone branches to open at an angle, wipe off the new buds and tips on the cut and the main trunk; during the growth period of new shoots in mid-May and late June, prune off the main shoots above the extended branches of the auxiliary shoots. . Prune off overly dense branches and leggy branches in the inner hall (sparse more and cut less); during the slow growth period before flower bud differentiation (about July), pull back the backbone branches to further improve the light; in August, pinch all new shoots that have not stopped growing. Promote flower bud differentiation.

8. Management measures from after leaf fall to before germination in the next year. After the leaves fall, apply base fertilizer deeply and pour frozen water. In winter, pruning only thins out dense branches without cutting them short. When pruning again in spring, make short cuts. In winter, the tree body is sprayed with a lime sulfur mixture of 3-5 degrees Celsius.

Using the above measures alternately and strengthening management can achieve the goals of early fruit and high yield.