1, example
Make the article more specific, convincing and objective. Make abstract and complicated things or things popular, and make them easy to understand and convincing. Examples must make people feel real.
2. For example
Comparing the similarities between two different things to highlight the shape characteristics of things and enhance the vividness and vividness of explanation is called analogy. Metaphors in expository texts are consistent with metaphors in rhetorical methods. Only in this way can we make abstract and complex things easy to understand and concrete and vivid.
The difference is that there are similes, metaphors and metaphors in figurative rhetoric, while similes and metaphors are mostly used for description, while metaphors are inappropriate. (such as reflecting the characteristics of things. )
In expository writing, if figurative rhetoric is used in order to concretize abstract things, simplify profound problems and familiarize unfamiliar things, we can also call it "figurative" interpretation method. (But the premise must be to explain and introduce this thing. ) From this perspective, metaphor is analogy.
For example, Suzhou Garden: "There are no pines and cypresses trimmed like pagodas, and there are no street trees like military parades. The phrase "a crooked branch is a good painting" uses a rhetorical device of metaphor, which can also be said to be a metaphorical method, and illustrates the characteristics of pruning and planting trees in Suzhou gardens, focusing on painting and paying attention to the interest of nature.
For example, the last few paragraphs of the Expo "Laughter" (23-28) "Laughter, you are a flower on your mouth, blooming in the garden around your neck. Laughter is a cloud on the face, dancing in the brow. You are a beautiful sister and an artist's pet. You are a lovely companion ... Laugh, you are a friend who is cured and healthy. You are the driving force for work and production.
Laughter is a personal creation and an expression of harmonious feelings in collective life. "Laughter" is a beautiful sentence that the author eulogizes "Laughter" in a poetic way, and it does not belong to the content of explaining or introducing "Laughter". Therefore, these paragraphs only use figurative rhetoric, not figurative interpretation.
Step 3 stipulate
Defining the essential characteristics of a concept in concise language is called definition. So as to reveal the characteristics/reasons of things more scientifically, essentially and generally. Definition can accurately reveal the essence of things and is a common method in scientific and technological discussion. A is B, B is A .. Make readers have a clear understanding of the concept.
Step 4 draw a chart
In order to explain complex things clearly, we can also make up for the lack of simple expression in words by drawing charts, and explain some things more directly and concretely. Make readers understand the characteristics of things intuitively and clearly.
Step 5 explain
Interpretation is also called interpretation. From one side, make some explanations for a certain characteristic of things. This method is called explanation. (It vividly illustrates the characteristics of things, which is convenient for readers to understand. )
Step 6 compare
(1), which shows that some abstract or unfamiliar things can be compared with concrete or familiar things, so that readers can get a concrete and vivid impression through comparison.
(2) Compare the similarities between two different things to highlight the shape characteristics of things.
Step 7 imitate appearance
In order to make the explained object more concrete and vivid, we can imitate the appearance, which is called imitation.
Note: most schools do not advocate this method, which is rarely encountered in the article. This method of explanation and description should be distinguished. Although the same, but the style is different.
8. Reference description
Powerful explanations, and quoted information. The quoted materials range from classic works, famous sayings and aphorisms, formulas and rules, allusions and proverbs, documents, poems, ballads, legends and so on. Citation can make the explanation more specific and substantial.
9. Classification
According to certain standards, the explained objects are divided into different categories and explained one by one. This method of explanation is called classification. Help readers master the characteristics and know fairly well.
10, column number
In order to make what you want to explain accurate, you can also use the method of enumerating numbers to make readers understand. It should be noted that the quoted figures must be accurate, and inaccurate figures must never be used. Even the estimated figures must have a reliable basis.
Nine ways to end it
1, summary method
It is the way to summarize and describe the object after speaking. At the end of Strange Laser, this method was used:
"As a unique light source that has never been seen in human history, laser not only greatly promotes the development of science and technology, but also provides a powerful tool for opening up new scientific fields, and also inspires scientists to have more and more wonderful scientific fantasies: laser may be the key to opening an endless treasure house of energy; Lasers may make people see phenomena they have never seen before.
Laser may become the driving force of space navigation ... Of course, it takes a long journey and further exploration to turn so many possibilities into reality. At the end of the summary method, the author's purpose and intention can be concentrated and revealed to readers, so that readers can have a general impression of the full text.
2, exclamation method
It is a way to express a deep sigh after explaining the object. For example, the end of "Poplar" reads: "... let's write a new' Praise of Poplar' in the 1980s on the land of our motherland with handfuls of planting shovels!" This exclamation point is used at the end of the article, which has a strong appeal and can enhance the appeal of the article.
3. Prospect method
It is a way to look forward to the future of the object after being explained. At the end of What's in the Universe, this method is used: "... today, the manned spacecraft has successfully circled the earth, and in the future, it will definitely reveal more secrets of the universe and accelerate the process of human conquest of the universe." At the end of the article, the prospect method can give people hope and arouse people's association and imagination.
4. Valuation method
It is a method to evaluate and discuss things after they are explained. For example, this method is used at the end of Jinci: "Jinci is really a bright pearl among the great rivers and mountains in China." At the end of the article, the evaluation method is used to make a final evaluation of the interpretation object, which can effectively express the author's love and hate and give a vivid impression.
5. Call the method
It's a way to appeal to readers. At the end of the "cultivation of crop disease-resistant varieties", this method was used: "There is no doubt that in order to continuously improve crop yield, it is necessary not only to continuously study and cultivate excellent varieties with higher disease-resistant ability, but also to ensure that all crops in various regions have varieties that can resist different diseases.
This is an important task for plant protection workers and breeders. Finally, the called method can attract readers' attention and have an impact on readers.
6, rhetorical question method
It is a way to express positive meaning in negative form or to express negative meaning in positive form. This method is used at the end of Cicada: "What kind of cymbals are loud enough to praise its hard-won happy moment?" The rhetorical question at the end can strengthen the momentum, play an emphasis role, and enhance the expressive effect and logical force of the article.
7.metaphor
It is a way to explain the object through metaphor. At the end of From Oracle Bone Inscriptions to Pocket Library, this method is used: "... it seems to erect a solid ladder, calling people who are not afraid of difficulties to climb hard." The ending metaphor is not only vivid, but also profound, giving people education and enlightenment.
8. Describe the method
Is the way to describe the described object. At the end of the Great Hall of the People, this method was used: "When we spent a whole day looking at this building, Wan Daoxia's light shone brightly on the green trees outside, the apricot wall and the red wall and yellow tile of Tiananmen Square." Using the method of description at the end can express the author's feelings, infect people with images and impress people deeply.
9. Side filling method
It is the way to supplement its shortcomings at the end of the article. At the end of "Looking at the Weather from the Clouds", this writing was used: "... but the weather changes are extremely complicated, and it is natural to understand the weather from the clouds to a certain extent. We must accurately grasp the weather changes and rely on the weather forecast. " Complement grammar is conducive to maintaining the scientificity and objectivity of expository writing and helping people understand the objective world accurately.
Extended data
There are usually five ways to start an explanatory text:
(1) Cut to the chase
Straight to the point is the object of direct explanation, which is in charge of the full text at the beginning, so that readers can "see at a glance" what the author wants to explain, and then explain it layer by layer.
Such as the beginning of the work Squirrel by the French scholar Buffon:
"Squirrel is a beautiful little animal, docile, intelligent and very pleasing."
Another example is the beginning of my favorite book, written by a middle school student in Jiangxi:
"Maybe everyone has his favorite book, so do I. Diary is my favorite book at first."
(2) Overview
At the beginning, this form gives a comprehensive and general explanation of the object of explanation in concise language. This is only the outline of this explanatory article, and then it will be explained in detail.
For example, at the beginning of Digital Miscellany:
"Even illiterate people generally count, such as a tree, two books, three yuan and so on. However, even a well-read person may not know the origin, taste or even regret of the numbers. "
(3) Using rhetorical questions
Explanatory articles are generally plain and simple, but pointing out the main idea of the article with questions at the beginning can attract readers' attention and thinking, and then stimulate readers' interest in reading.
For example, "Don't screw the clock on yourself":
"Do you want to save time and study efficiently? Then please don't mess up the' clock' on yourself anyway. "
Another example is the beginning of the excellent composition "Life is Wonderful because of the Internet" by middle school students:
"When the network becomes a bridge between you and me, when the network makes lonely people find happiness, some people will ask-why are so many teenagers able to travel freely on the network? Answer:' Because life is wonderful because of the Internet!' "
The beginning of a wonderful desktop:
"The sky is culture-astronomy, and the earth is culture-geography. Our desk is actually a kind of culture-called desk culture. Why? Because our desk is like an encyclopedia, its content is not only rich and colorful, but also reflects the personality characteristics of the desk owner. "
(4) Instructions for use
At the beginning of this form, appropriate rhetorical devices, such as verbs, adjectives, metaphors and personification, are often used to describe the things to be explained, making them vivid and intriguing and arousing readers' interest in reading.
For example, the beginning of the Language of Nature:
"After beginning of spring, the earth gradually woke up from a deep sleep. Snow and ice melt, vegetation germinates and all kinds of flowers bloom. Two months later, the swallow came back. Soon, the cuckoo came ... "
(5) the beginning of the definition
At the beginning, the things to be explained are defined concisely to reveal the characteristics of the objects to be explained. At the beginning of this form, readers can first have a clear, definite and scientific understanding of the object to be explained.
For example, at the beginning of a large-scale mudslide:
"In some ravines, due to the continuous erosion and excavation of hillsides and gully beds by surface runoff, the mountain often collapses and landslides, and a large number of solid substances such as sediment and stones fall down, which are carried and stirred by the current and become viscous mud, which is quickly washed down under the action of gravity and inertial force. This is what people often say about mudslides. "
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