pineapple

Definition?

Pineapple (scientific name: Ananas comosus), commonly known as pineapple, is one of the famous tropical fruits. Fujian and Taiwan Province Province are called Wang Li or Wanglai (&; #244; ng-l & amp； #226; I) It's called yellow pear in Singapore and Malaysia, and pineapple in mainland China and Hong Kong. There are more than 70 varieties, which is one of the four famous fruits in Lingnan.

Pineapple originated in the Amazon River valley of Brazil and Paraguay in South America, and was introduced to China from Brazil in the16th century. Now it has spread to the whole tropical region. Its edible part is mainly composed of inflorescence axis with increased meat quality and flowers arranged spirally around it. Flowers are usually not strong, and persistent flowers are surrounded by lobes in a cavity in which atrophied stamens and styles are hidden. The fiber of leaves is very tough and can be used in textile, rope making, netting and paper making.

Pineapple and pineapple are biologically the same fruit. In the market, pineapple and pineapple are different kinds of fruits: after pineapple is peeled, there are "internal thorns" that need to be removed; However, there is no "internal thorn" after the pineapple is peeled, so there is no need to cut the ditch.

Main categories

Usually, the cultivated varieties of pineapple are divided into four categories, namely Cayenne, Queen, Spain and Hybrid.

Cain class:

Also known as Sarawak, the French expedition was named after its discovery in Cain, Guyana, South America. Widely cultivated, accounting for about 80% of the world pineapple cultivation area. This plant is tall and strong, with no thorns at the leaf edge and a little thorns at the top. The fruit is large, the average fruit weight is more than 1 100g, cylindrical, flat, shallow-eyed, and the bracts are short and wide; The flesh is light yellow, juicy, and moderately sweet and sour. The soluble solids are 65,438+04% ~ 65,438+06%, with a high content of more than 20% and an acid content of 0.5%~0.6%. It is the main variety of canned food.

Queens:

It is the oldest cultivated variety with a history of more than 400 years. It is one of the main cultivated varieties in South Africa, Viet Nam and China. The plant is medium-sized, the leaves are shorter than Cayenne, and the leaves have thorns; The fruit is cylindrical or conical, the weight of a single fruit is 400 ~1500g, the small fruit has a conical protrusion, the eye of the fruit is deep, and the tip of the bract exceeds that of the small fruit; The flesh is yellow to deep yellow, the meat is crisp and tender, the sugar content is high, and the juice is sweet, mainly fresh.

Spanish class:

The plant is large, the leaves are soft and yellow-green, and there are red thorns on the edge of the leaves, but there are also varieties without thorns; The fruit is medium and large, the weight of a single fruit is 500 ~1000g, the small fruit is large and flat, and the center is convex or concave; The fruit has deep eyes, orange flesh, strong fragrance and much fiber, and is used in canned food and fruit juice.

Hybrid species:

It is an excellent variety cultivated through sexual hybridization. The plant is tall and erect, with thorns on the leaf edge, lavender flowers and irregular fruit shape. Single fruit weight1200 ~1500g. The flesh is yellow, crisp, with little fiber, sweet and delicious. The soluble solid content is 1 1%~ 15%, and the acid content is 0.3%~0.6%. It can be eaten raw or canned.

morphological character

The stem is short. There are many leaves, arranged in a rosette shape, sword-shaped, 40-90 cm long and 4-7 cm wide, with tapering tips, full or pointed teeth, green ventral surface, pink-green back, brownish red edges and tips, and the leaves born at the top of the inflorescence become smaller and often red.

The inflorescence is drawn from the leaves, like a pine cone, 6-8 cm long, and increases when it bears fruit; Bracts are green at the base, reddish at the upper part and triangular-ovate; Sepals are broadly ovoid, fleshy and reddish at the top, about 65438 0 cm long; Petals are oval, pointed, about 2 cm long, purple in the upper part and white in the lower part.

Chrysanthemum fruit is fleshy, more than15cm long. The flowering period is from summer to winter.

Growth habit

Pineapple has its own special growth habits. Most pineapples have rosette leaves. The base of the leaf cluster forms a leaf tube which can store water. The water needed for the growth and development of this pineapple is not stored in the mesophyll, but in the groove naturally formed at the central growth point of the clustered leaves (that is, the unique rosette-shaped leaf tube). In the growing season, we should often water the leaf tube to keep the soil moist and make the leaf tube have enough water to thrive. This is a special habit of pineapple.

Another special habit of most ornamental pineapples is that they bloom only once in their lives, and the mother plant will die after a period of flowering. At this time, one or several niè buds will sprout from the stem base or root of the mother plant, which is a good material for cultivating new plants.

1, temperature

Pineapple is native to tropical high-temperature and arid areas in South America, with mild nature. It can grow at the annual average temperature of 24-27℃ (the most suitable growth range is 15-40℃, but it grows slowly below 15℃, and basically stops growing below 10℃, and 5℃ is the critical temperature of chilling injury.

Generally, the planting depth should not exceed 1/5 of the bud length. After insertion, put it in the shade to keep the soil dry. At the temperature of 22 ~ 24℃, it can take root after about 65438 0 months. The optimum temperature for root growth is 29-365438 0℃, and it stops growing when it is lower than 5℃ or higher than 43℃. Roots began to grow in March and grew rapidly with the increase of temperature. The growth peaked from late May to July, and slowed down after 10. 12 to February of the following year, the near-surface root system died due to cold and drought. In spring, leaves begin to sprout. From May to July, the leaves are dark green and grow faster. Germination basically stops in winter, and leaves turn red and yellow. If the leaves are dehydrated and turn green due to cold, they will dry up.

Step 2: Moisture

Drought tolerance is strong, but growth and development still need a certain amount of water. It can grow in areas with annual rainfall of 500-2800mm, and the most suitable area is 1000- 1500mm, which is evenly distributed. The annual rainfall in China is above 1000mm, mostly concentrated in April-August, which basically meets the water demand. When the soil is short of water, pineapple plants have the function of self-regulation, which can reduce transpiration intensity, slow down breathing and save water stored in leaves to maintain life activities. When there is serious water shortage, the leaves are red and yellow, so irrigation should be done in time to prevent dryness; Too much rain and high soil moisture will cause root rot and plant heart rot or wilt. Therefore, it is necessary to drain water in time after heavy rain or rainstorm.

3.light?

Pineapple was originally grown in semi-shady tropical rain forest, and it is more tolerant to shade. Due to long-term artificial cultivation and domestication, the demand for light increases, and it grows well with high sugar content and good quality under sufficient light. Insufficient light leads to slow growth, high acid content and poor quality of fruits. The light decreased by 20%, and the yield decreased by 10%. But if the light is too strong and the temperature is too high, the leaves will turn red and yellow, and the fruit will be easily burned.

3. earth?

Pineapple has extensive adaptability to soil. Sandy loam or mountain red soil with shallow roots and aerobic, loose, well-drained and rich in organic matter, with a pH value of 5~5.5, is better, while poor, sticky and poorly drained soil and high groundwater level are not conducive to pineapple growth.

4. wind?

Pineapple is short, and the direct impact of wind disaster is small. Winds below level 3 are also good for breathing. Strong typhoons and strong winds will also blow down plants, break fruit stalks and distort leaves, affecting normal growth and development; The cold wind and rain in winter will cause people to rot.

Distribution of origin

Pineapple is native to the dry tropical mountainous areas of Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay, but it is not really wild. It was spread to Central America and northern South America for cultivation 0/600 years ago. Because pineapple buds are more resistant to storage and transportation, they are quickly introduced into tropical and subtropical regions of the world in a short time. /kloc-was introduced into southern China from the end of 6th century to the end of 7th century. About 6 1 countries and regions in the world are cultivated. Apart from China, Thailand, the United States, Brazil, Mexico, the Philippines and Malaysia are more cultured.

Pineapple cultivation in China is mainly concentrated in Taiwan Province, Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Hainan and other provinces, with a small amount of cultivation in Yunnan and southern Guizhou, which has a history of more than 400 years. The main pineapple producing areas in Taiwan Province Province are Tainan, Taichung and Kaohsiung. Guangdong province has a large pineapple planting area and a large output, and its producing areas are concentrated in Shantou, Zhanjiang, Jiangmen and the suburbs of Guangzhou. The main producing areas in Guangxi are Nanning, Wuming, Yongning, Ningming and Bobai.