After the rise of the Mongolian empire, it brought great disasters to Asian and European countries. Cruel killing and ruthless plunder have dealt a devastating blow to Asian and European civilizations, and the production in the conquered areas has stagnated or even regressed for a long time.
However, from another perspective, the Mongolian Empire also played a positive role in conquering Eurasia. For example, it ended the long-term division of China since the late Tang Dynasty, reunified China, and promoted the economic and cultural exchanges among various ethnic groups in China and the development of border areas.
In addition, Mongolia's expedition opened up trade routes between East and West, and promoted exchanges and contacts between Europe and Asia.
Then, with what advantages did the Mongolian Empire rise?
First, the Mongolian army is good at learning from the enemy, and its rich war experience gives it an advantage in war technology.
The Mongolian army under Temujin is very good at learning. They learned siege tactics from the armies of Jin Guo, Xixia and Southern Song Dynasty, and introduced heavy armor from West Asia and Europe. They used the siege tactics of the Han nationality to explore the Islamic world in West Asia, and hired artillery masters from West Asia to conquer the Southern Song regime. The Mongolian Empire has comprehensive advantages in terms of troop size, internal structure, military intelligence system, weapons and equipment, mobile combat capability, logistics support and special strategy and tactics.
Second, when Mongolia rose, the enemies around it were in a weak period, and Mongolia had an advantage in the national movement.
When the Mongolian Empire rose, it just happened to catch up with the bad behavior of the surrounding enemies. At the end of 12, all the civilization centers in Eurasia were in a weak, divided and chaotic situation, that is to say, most of the conquered peoples were caught in diplomatic difficulties and engaged in endless wars of attrition with their neighbors. For example, in the Southern Song Dynasty, between Jin and Xixia, between the Christian world and the Islamic world, they all fell into this dilemma. These factors provide a rare opportunity to reduce the resistance of Mongolia's expansion.
Thirdly, the climate change of "dry first and then wet" has created favorable climatic conditions for Mongolian as a nomadic people.
When Temujin led the rise of Mongolia, it happened to catch up with the "medieval warm current" and the Mongolian prairie was destroyed by the dry climate. As a nomadic people, Mongols have to go to war to find a way out. It is in this special climate background that Temujin joined forces with the tribes in the grassland to launch foreign aggression.
However, during the period of1211-kloc-0/225, the arid Mongolian grassland experienced another historical period with the most rainfall and the mildest climate. The favorable climatic conditions provided favorable conditions for the expansion of the Mongolian empire. The rare wet weather makes the vegetation grow luxuriantly, providing sufficient food supply for horses and other livestock, and then transforming it into combat effectiveness and economic strength.
Fourth, ethnic hatred has created psychological motivation for the rise of Mongols.
Temujin led the rise of Mongolia with many hatred factors. For example, Temujin's great-grandfather Anbahai Khan and Lehan's cousin were cruelly crucified on the donkey's back by Emperor Xizong of Jin Dynasty, which greatly stimulated the Mongols' hatred of Xu Jin. Temujin also said before the crusade against Xu Jin that the crusade against Xu Jin was to repay the hatred of ancestors Anbahai and others.
Another famous example is the massacre of Mongolian caravan in Varamozi. Temujin sent envoys to conclude a trade agreement in China, sent envoys and a caravan of 450 people, 500 camels, and carried a large number of gold, silver, jewelry and commodities for trade. As a result, a local governor of Huala Mozi, driven by money, slandered the caravan as a spy, reported it to the emperor, killed people and embezzled goods and camels. Temujin sent envoys to investigate this matter, and as a result, the envoys were also humiliated, so Temujin sent troops to conquer the flower thorn submodule and capture Chi Cheng in Yulong, with a massacre of 0/0.2 million people.
Hatred is a factor in the expansion of the Mongolian empire, but this process is mixed with heinous robbery and atrocities, as well as many "unplanned" invasions.
What stages did the rise of the Mongolian Empire go through?
The first stage: Mongolia developed from a tribe to an empire (65438+early 2nd century-1206).
Mongols are nomadic people who have lived in the northern grassland for generations, and their distant ancestors can be traced back to Xiongnu and Donghu before the Han Dynasty.
In the Northern Song Dynasty, the Mongols were divided into ten health departments, which were later conquered by the Khitan, calling themselves the Njogu Department. At the beginning of12nd century, Kai Bourhan (Temujin's great grandfather) unified the ministries of Njogu and established the Mongolian kingdom. "Mongolia" is another transliteration of "Mongolia" With the strength of Mongolia, "Mongolia" has become the general name of the ministries of the Stone Committee. However, there are other nomadic people living in Mobei with the Mongolian Ministry, such as Tatar Ministry, Meiere Begging Ministry and Woyila Ministry. It was not until 1206 that Temujin unified the tribes in Mobei and established the Mongolian Empire that the word Mongolia became the same name of each ministry, thus the Mongols were formed, and Mongolian Khan became the title of Mongolian national monarch.
Temujin is a Mongolian aristocrat, and his great-grandfather and his brother are both Mongolian leaders. Temujin's father should be the military leader of the Mongolian begging department. When Temujin was 9 years old, he should have been poisoned by a hostile tribe. Since then, Temujin's family has been excluded by other nobles, and their life has been difficult and bumpy.
When Temujin was 9 years old, his father was poisoned by his enemy, and the family lived a hard life from then on.
1 179, Temujin's wife was taken away by the beggars in Meiere. With the help of sworn brothers Jamukha and Wang Han, Temujin defeated Meiere's begging department and took her back. Temujin took advantage of the situation to win over the previously scattered ministries, and was finally acclaimed by some people in the Mongolian group as begging Khan in 1 189.
This aroused the envy of ambitious Jamukha, and Jamukha's younger brother happened to be killed by Temujin's men, so Jamukha joined forces with Tatar, Taiji Uighur, etc. 13 to launch the "Thirteen Wings War" against Temujin, and Temujin was defeated. However, because Jamukha killed 70 prisoners in the cauldron, which caused dissatisfaction among ministries, more ministries turned to Temujin. Temujin's power grew again, and he successively defeated the Begging Department, the 12 Coalition led by Jamukha, the Tatar Department and the Taiji Uighur Department, and surrendered to Muqali, Zhe Bie and Naya. After being defeated, Jamukha turned to Wang Han.
1203, Wang Han adopted Temujin as his adopted son, which attracted the jealousy of Wang Han's son Sang Kun. Jamukha took the opportunity to encourage Sang Kun and Wang Han to push Temujin. Temujin was caught off guard and defeated, leaving only 19 people to escape with him. Temujin then assembled scattered ministries and made a comeback after a period of rest. This time, Wang Han was defeated, Wang Han and Sang Kun were killed, and Jamukha fled to Naiman's department. At this point, only Naiman was left on the grassland to compete with Temujin.
1204, Naiman Sun Khan took the initiative to crusade against Temujin, and the two sides camped in Hang 'ai Mountain to confront each other. However, Sun Han has no war experience, so he is fragile. Temujin was defeated by barbarian troops, and Sun Han was killed on the spot.
1205, Temujin defeated the remnants of Mirc and Naiman on the Irtysh River, and the leader of Mirc was killed in the battle.
1206, Jamukha was given to Temujin by a mutinous general. Jamukha wanted him dead, and Temujin killed him. In the spring of this year, Mongolian aristocrats held a meeting in the south river source (now E 'nen), and the king and ministers honored Temujin as Genghis Khan. At this point, Temujin unified the grassland and established the Mongolian Empire.
Temujin and Jamukha once married Anda, but later turned against each other.
The second stage: the expansion of the Mongolian empire (1206- 1260)
After the establishment of the Mongolian Empire, it continued to expand outward. 12 17 wiped out the western Liao dynasty, 12 19, the flower thorn submodule went west, all the way to the Volga river basin, and 1225 returned to the east. 1227, Xixia was destroyed and Genghis Khan died on the journey.
After Genghis Khan's death, Tuo Lei, the youngest son, ruled the country. Originally, Tuo Lei should inherit the position of Khan, but in order to avoid disputes, Tuo Lei chose Wokuotai as his successor. 1229, Wokuotai succeeded to the Mongol Empire Khan, 123 1 year conquered Korea, 1233 destroyed Dongzhen State, 1234 destroyed Jin State. Then, to the west, 1237 occupied Moscow. 124 1 year, the soldiers conquered Poland and Hungary in two ways, and defeated the holy Roman Empire allies, which shocked Europe. This year, Wokuotai passed away. The expeditionary force returned to the east, and then Badou, the son of Shu Chi, established the Qincha khanate (Golden Account khanate).
1246, Gui You, the eldest son of Wokuotai, succeeded to the Mongol Empire Khan. Gui You died on his way home from an expedition to Europe, and Batou had no intention of competing for the throne, so he proposed to hold a meeting in Huli Letai to make Tuo Lei's eldest son Mungo sweat.
125 1 year, Mengge was in a great sweat position after the Mongolian Empire. Dali was destroyed in 1254. Meng Ge ordered Xu Liewu to explore the West, occupied Baghdad, the capital of the Arab Empire, and destroyed the Abbasid Dynasty in 1258. 1259, the army of the Mongolian Empire occupied Damascus. 1258, Mongo, Kublai Khan and General Uriyangqatai attacked the Southern Song Dynasty in three ways. 1259, Meng Ge personally led the main expedition to Sichuan and died while attacking Hezhou (now Hechuan District, Chongqing). Meng Ge's death shocked the whole Mongolian empire.
The third stage: The Mongol Empire was divided into several khanates (1260-17th century).
After Mungo's death, Kublai Khan, who was attacking the Song Dynasty, heard that his younger brother Ali Bug was ready to rally, saying that he was sweating profusely. He immediately made peace with the Southern Song Dynasty, rushed back to Mobei to fight for the position of Khan, and temporarily shelved his plans for the Southern Song Dynasty. 1On May 5, 260, Kublai Khan, with the support of the Mongols and Han Confucian scholars headed by the host kings Tahar, first gathered together and became the "Great Mongolian Emperor" (that is, the Great Khan of the Mongolian Empire). Because Kublai Khan lived in the Central Plains for a long time, he appointed Han people and promoted the Chinese law, which changed the nomadic tradition of Mongolians and caused dissatisfaction among many Mongolian princes and nobles. At that time, most western kings supported Alibaba Brother. In order to win the support of the clan king, Kublai Khan acquiesced in the legitimate sovereignty of Shu Chi Queen Bierg, Chagatai Queen Aruhu, Bala and his sixth brother Xu Liewu over their fiefs. Kublai Khan and Ali Buge immediately launched a four-year civil war until 1264 Ali Buge was defeated and surrendered. During this period, the fiefs of Empress Shu Chi, Empress Chagatai, Empress Wokuotai and Kublai Khan's younger brother Xu Liewu, which belonged to the Mongolian Empire, achieved de facto independent status, and established Qincha Khanate, Chagatai Khanate, Ilkhan Khanate and Wokuotai Khanate respectively.
127 1 year, Kublai Khan established Dayuan in accordance with the laws of China. It was not until the Yuan Chengzong period of 1304 that the four great khanates jointly recognized the suzerain status of the Yuan Dynasty. 13 10 During the Yuan Wuzong period, Yuan Ting and the Chahetai khanate carved up the Wokuotai khanate and gained the territory of Moxi. 1368 After being exiled by the Ming government, Yuan Shundi fled to Mobei, which was called "Beiyuan" in history. Beiyuan died in 1402. After that, the Ming Dynasty in the Central Plains coexisted with Tatar and Waci khanate in Mobei for a long time, until the17th century, Monan Mongolia, the Mongolian empire, was unified by the Qing Dynasty.
Power distribution in different khanates
The Mongolian Empire established by Genghis Khan once dominated for a while. Even famous emperors like Alexander and Caesar can only admit defeat compared with him in military achievements.