Group fan, also known as public fan and ten thousand fan. This is a round fan with a handle. Before the Song Dynasty, fans were called round fans. Wang Changling's poem "Long Letter and Sorrow" says: Next autumn, the broom will open and the round fan will haunt. "New Records of Fan Zhang" contains: plain silk is commonly used in modern times, stretching on both sides, or clay gold, porcelain blue, lake color, full moon, round waist and hexagon, all of which are famous calligraphy and painting, with plum blossom, brown bamboo as handle and painted and ivory outside. This is called a round fan. A circular or nearly circular sector with a short handle. The round fan was invented by China, also known as Wan Fan, and was later introduced to Japan. Folding fans were invented in Japan and later introduced to China. Round or nearly round, with a short handle, the round fans in the Tang Dynasty were mostly worn by women, while those in China were generally painted with pictures of ladies. Japan used to perform geisha, and ancient Japan used it as the national emblem. The round fan was invented by China, also known as Wan Fan, and was later introduced to Japan. Folding fans were invented in Japan and later introduced to China. The wisdom of Japanese and China people has enriched human life. This is an interesting thing in the history of Japanese-Chinese exchanges. Reunion dinner was introduced to Japan from the Tang Dynasty in Nara era. In Japan, the court nobles were the first to use round fans. It was not until the end of the Heian period that ordinary people were allowed to use it. At that time, no matter in China or Japan, there were only round and square round fans, and they were widely used, so they were called round fans. When Japan entered the Muromachi era, a military round fan made of iron and leather appeared as a tool for commanding positions in wartime. The fan face of this military round fan is painted with red paint or gold and silver powder, with stars, the sun and the moon, and the handle end of the round fan is decorated with spikes. In sumo wrestling, the military equipment used by the referee is in the shape of a round fan used in the battlefield. In the late edo period, Japanese urban residents used round fans to enjoy the cool. With the prosperity of Japanese Summer Festival and Kasahara Festival, round fans are widely used. One of the three major sacrifices in Northeast Japan is the fan-shaped lantern. It is said that the Three Kingdoms of China have the image of samurai painted on fans. In the era of Lu Yuan, the round fan became an indispensable accessory for Japanese women to enjoy the cool at night. The relationship between Tuanfan and residents is getting closer and closer, and businessmen begin to sell Tuanfan as a commodity in the market. This also further promoted the development of round fans. Silver round fan and silk round fan appeared one after another, and became extremely particular. As a result, the round fan has developed from practicality to ornamental and decorative. Therefore, there are more types of round fans. If there are large fire-fighting fans, painting waterproof fans, and fans for air supply and fire adjustment. League fans related to people's beliefs also came into being. First of all, in southern China and Okinawa, there is a kind of round fan made of Malva leaves, which is mainly used by witches. There are also fans of Fagui and Tiangou for religious beliefs. As we all know, there was a fire in Edo Zhihua. In order to avoid fire, people used to be superstitious and hung a round fan at the door to avoid fire.

Tuanfan-Tuanfan Poetry

Newly cracked, fresh and clean as frost and snow.

Cut into acacia fans, round like the bright moon.

In and out of your arms, shaking the breeze.

I am often afraid that the autumn festival will come and the cold will seize the heat.

If you give up your donation, your kindness will be lost.

Round fan-the origin of the fan

China's fan culture has a profound cultural background.

Tuanfan is an integral part of national culture, which is closely related to bamboo culture and Buddhist culture. China has always been called the kingdom of fan manufacturing. The main materials of fans are: bamboo, wood, paper, fans, ivory, tortoise shell, jade, bird feathers, other palm leaves, betel nut leaves, straw, cattail and so on. It can also be woven or made into various daily craft fans with beautiful shapes and exquisite structures, which are carefully carved, carved, ironed, drilled or waved by celebrities. China fan culture originated in ancient times. In hot summer, our ancestors hunted plant leaves or poultry feathers and simply processed them to attract the sun's wind, so fans are called shading days, which is the original source of fans. Fans have a history of three or four thousand years in China. After thousands of years of evolution, improvement and perfection, it has developed into hundreds of fan families, but it is generally divided into two categories. Flat fan 1 handle (that is, round fan, sunflower fan, wheat straw fan, tracts fan, etc.). ) cannot be folded, and the two folding fans can be folded freely. The flat fan comes from the barrier fan (palm fan) bamboo+agility (the fan made of bamboo chips in ancient times was called bamboo+agility). During the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties, a semi-regular instant noodle was shaped like a single door, so it became the mainstream of fans at that time. Instant noodles are made of thin bamboo strips, which are used by emperors and civilians.

Fans originated in China and have a history of more than 3,000 years in China. It first appeared in the Yin Dynasty and was made of colorful pheasant hair. It's called a barrier fan, so there is a feather in the fan word. At that time, the fans were not used to fan the wind and enjoy the cool, but to keep out the sun and sand when the emperor went out for inspection. After the Western Han Dynasty, fans began to enjoy the cool. During the Three Kingdoms period, Zhuge Liang gently shook the goose feather fan, and his clever plan came into being. The wind of the feather fan is slow and soft, which is not reasonable. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, feather fans were mostly made of silk, silk, silk and other fabrics to decorate embroidery. A moon-shaped fan is called Wan Fan or Tuan Fan, also called Acacia Fan. At that time, fans were rectangular, sunflower-shaped, plum-shaped, hexagonal and round; There are also handles made of wood, bamboo and bone; There are also fan pendants, tassels and jade ornaments. Landscape flowers are often embroidered on the fan, with different styles. The boudoir ladies hand-cranked round fans, and the breeze is Xu Lai, which can not only add the elegant and quiet manners of the host, but also reflect the innocent and lively personality of women.

Fan-painted poems first appeared in the Three Kingdoms period. According to Zhang Yanyuan's History of Famous Paintings in the Tang Dynasty, there is a story that Cao Mengde's master book and Wei Taizu's painting fan were extended into flies. Jin Shu? There is a story in The Biography of Wang Xizhi. Wang Xizhi wrote a fan to an old woman. At that time, an old mother with a hexagonal bamboo fan asked Wang Xizhi for books. When she sold them, she went from 12 to 100. Today, there is a Fan Bridge at the southern foot of Jishan Mountain in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, which is said to be Wang Xizhi's Fan House.

The folding fan actually originated in Japan, and its manufacturing inspiration comes from the opening and closing of bat wings. During the Northern Song Dynasty, folding fans were introduced into China as a tribute, but they were not widely used. By the Ming and Qing dynasties, it had been quite prosperous. Easy to carry and comfortable, it has become the apple of the eye of literati. Fan bones are made of precious materials such as ivory, tortoise shell and sandalwood. Fan is divided into three types: sprinkling gold, mixing gold, beating gold and painting incense. Some also ask skilled craftsmen to carve carefully on the surface of the fan bone, making it a precious work of art, and the price of a fan is worth hundreds of gold. The folding fan is semicircular, wide at the top and narrow at the bottom, radiating all around, so it has unique charm in composition, brushwork and image. In the Northern Song Dynasty, poems and paintings were written on folding fans. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, intellectuals like to dance on the fan, which makes the fan painting and calligraphy art shine brilliantly in China, with a wide range of themes and diverse styles. Although the written fan is not large in scale, it has become a special artistic variety in China's paintings, with flowers, birds, insects and fish, beautiful women in mountains and rivers, stories of characters and diverse shapes.

Development of round fan

The folding fan appeared in the Northern Song Dynasty, which was extremely convenient to carry. Folding fan,

The round fan is also called gathering fan, scattered fan or gathering bone fan. Its fan bones are made of precious materials such as horn, tortoise shell, ivory, jade, torreya grandis, sandalwood and so on. The forms are Qin-style, Ruyi-style, Bamboo-style and Grasshopper-eye-style. Fan bones are divided into seven, nine, twelve, fourteen, sixteen and eighteen strands.

During the Southern Song Dynasty, painting fans, selling fans and Tibetan fans prevailed, and fan shops and art dealers appeared. It became a fashion for literati to write fan paintings in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Modern Yun, Jin Nong, Shi Tao, Ren Bonian, Wu Changshuo, Qi Baishi, Zhang Daqian, Xu Beihong, Fu Baoshi, Li Keran, etc. They are all masters of fan painting At present, the calligraphy works of these famous painters are worth tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands of yuan each.

Fan-shaped figures are pleasing to the eye and give people beautiful enjoyment. Appreciating fan-shaped calligraphy and painting must be savored carefully, and the artistic meaning should be chewed slowly. Mr. Lao She is keen on collecting calligraphy and painting fans all his life. In the past few decades, he has collected hundreds of fans, including poems and paintings written by painters in Ming and Qing dynasties and modern times, as well as fans of drama celebrities. Mr. Zheng loves fans and regards fans as treasures in calligraphy and painting. He cherishes Zhang Taiyan's seal fan and Wu Hufan's childhood fan most. Ye Wenling, a contemporary female writer, has a generous collection of antiques, and her fans of calligraphy and painting are also among the collections. There is a fan in the bookcase of her study with the word "cool breeze" inscribed by Liu Haisu. Feng Youlan inscribed the word bright moon; Pei Yanling wrote the word "Yanyun"; Hua's humorous paintings, Cao Yu's poems, etc. Are treasured by Ye Wenling.

The history of fans was originally called nameless fans. According to legend, Shun wrote Wu Ming Fan for the purpose of broadening audiences and seeking talents. During the Yin and Zhou Dynasties, a Zhai fan appeared, which was made of colorful pheasant tail feathers, so it was called feather fan. It is said in Erya that leaves are named after wood and fans are named after reeds. It can be inferred that the early fans may be rectangular reeds. The early fans were not used for enjoying the cool, but as etiquette tools for rulers, so they were also called etiquette fans. After the Qin and Han Dynasties in China, the shapes of fans were mainly square, round and hexagonal, and the fabric of the fan was silk. Because it is widely used in the palace, it is also called Gongshan. The popular fans in Sui and Tang Dynasties were mainly Wan Fan, Feather Fan and a few paper fans. After the Song Dynasty, folding fans gradually became popular. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Zhejiang, Suzhou and Sichuan were rich in folding fans, and inscriptions and paintings were also popular here. This exquisite skill was introduced to Europe from the Ming Dynasty, and then it became popular all over the world.