The usage difference between "Zuo" and "Zuo" in modern Chinese is complicated and sometimes controversial. According to the viewpoint put forward by Lv Shuxiang, a famous linguist, in the book "800 words of modern Chinese", customarily, the manufacture of specific things is generally written as "doing", such as "making a table, making clothes, making a fuss"; Words in written language, especially idioms, which are more abstract and colorful, are generally written as "doing", such as "giving up, being invalid, opposing, making trouble, pricing, composing, writing, fighting, pretending, and recognizing the thief as the father". However, Lv Shuxiang thinks that the standard of distinction is not absolute, and he would rather write "do" than "do" when encountering uncertain words. Referring to the dictionary and the opinions of relevant experts, this paper classifies and analyzes the usage differences between "Zuo" and "Zuo" from two aspects of grammar and semantics.

First, the usage of "Zuo" as a disyllabic word and idiom morpheme.

(1) manufacturing: manufacturing, counterfeiting, ticket making, preemptive strike, preemptive strike, self-mutilation, marriage and self-restraint.

(2) Work and workmanship: work, rest, operation, intensive cultivation and sunrise.

(3) Engaging in or engaging in certain activities: practicing, cheating, fighting, doing evil, committing crimes, doing evil, doing mischief, obstructing, raping, insuring, accompanying, giving up, acting as a guarantor (referring to actions, behaviors and positive behaviors), making meritorious deeds, doing evil and committing crimes.

"Practice" has three uses: (1) Taoist priests and others practiced in the old days; 2 methods of writing articles or paintings, such as "novel practice" and "Chinese painting practice"; (3) the method of doing things or making things. When used in meaning ③, it is generally written as "practice".

(4) Creation: writing, composition, painting, poetry, composition, writer and author.

(5) Books and works: masterpieces, masterpieces and humble works.

(6) Doing, acting and doing: vanity, being a companion, being the head of the family, being sick at home for the tiger, recognizing the thief as the father, and being guilty.

(7) What is deliberately pretending: pretending, pretending, behaving, pretending to be deaf and dumb, pretending.

(8) rise, rise, appear: cheer up, work hard, and make waves.

(9) as: ① as, such as "treat him as a friend"; (2) In terms of a certain identity of people or a certain nature of things, such as "as a reporter, we should respect news facts"; As a dictionary, there must be a retrieval method.

(10) Attack: nausea and acid reflux.

(eleven) artificial, artificial.

Among the above eleven usages, the pronunciation of "left" is not pronounced. But "Left" is another word of Yin Ping, especially the name of the workshop.

Second, "Zuo" is a phrase composed of monosyllabic verbs and disyllabic gerund.

It refers to "engaging in or carrying out certain activities", such as making contributions, handling, investigating, reporting and mobilizing. Special reminder: Considering the connection with usage such as "contribute and deal with", it is suggested that "contribute and deal with" be changed to "contribute and deal with".

Thirdly, "Zuo" is a phrase composed of monosyllabic verbs and disyllabic nominal objects.

Draw a conclusion by analogy. Special reminder: Considering the connection with usage such as "give an example and draw a conclusion", it is suggested to write "give an example and draw a conclusion" instead of "give an example and draw a conclusion".

Fourthly, the usage of "Zuo" as a disyllabic morpheme.

(1) Do, engage in or engage in certain activities: do work, celebrate longevity, do exercises, have sex, dream and act.

(2) the method of doing things or making a fuss: practice.

(3) Being, being as, as a certain identity: working, being an official, being a host, being a guest, being a host, being a ghost, being a matchmaker, being a relative.

(4) manufacturing: cooking.

(5) Be a man: be a man.

(6) as: called.

(7) loading things: artificial.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) The usage of the phrase "left" consisting of monosyllabic verbs and monosyllabic adjectives or verbs.

Do it as soon as it is done.

The usage of the phrase "Zuo" consisting of monosyllabic verbs and polysyllabic nominal objects.

(1) Do, engage in or engage in certain activities: do business, do good deeds, do bad things, do full moon, juggle, do business, celebrate birthdays, study, do morning exercises and do exercises.

(2) Manufacturing: making clothes, steamed buns, wardrobes and traps.

(3) marking: marking.

(4) Creation: Make a fuss.

(5) Act as a worker, teacher, doctor, matchmaker, nanny, capital, intermediary and shield.

(6) Pretend what: Pretend.

Seven. The usage of "Zuo" as an idiom morpheme

Although idioms are generally written as "left", as a morpheme of idioms, there are still some "left" that are not commonly used, such as: being a ghost, feeling a little depressed, making a gesture. In different dictionaries, the common idioms "have a guilty conscience" and "have a guilty conscience" coexist.

Considering that idioms are generally written as "left", it is suggested that "have a guilty conscience" be used instead of "have a guilty conscience".

In addition to the classification and analysis from grammar and semantics, according to the latest opinions of relevant experts on the arrangement of abnormal words, "acting, cheating, beautiful, teasing, noisy and showing off" is regarded as abnormal words, and "acting, cheating, beautiful, teasing, silence and showing off" are recommended respectively.

Also, "companion" is now generally written as "companion" (20 14), and "master" is now generally written as "master".

After Modern Chinese Dictionary, some new dictionaries put forward different views on the usage of "left" and "left", and some experts also put forward their own normative opinions. These views are worthy of reference, but they cannot be simply used as the basis for judging right and wrong and investigating the responsibility of editors and proofreaders for mistakes.

Any usage recognized by a regularly published dictionary, or usage that can't be clarified by a regularly published dictionary, although there are different opinions to discuss, can't be considered as a mistake. Only those who violate the usage stipulated in Modern Chinese Dictionary and have no basis for other dictionaries published regularly can be judged as misuse, and then mistakes can be identified. (Ai Wenji)

How to distinguish between "doing" and "doing" when using?

In the written language of modern Chinese, "Left" and "Left" not only follow the historical idioms, but also are standardized. The usage of "left" and "left" is roughly as follows.

(1) From the perspective of stylistic color, the basic criteria for distinguishing the usage of "left" and "left" are "Wen" and "Bai". "Left" is mostly used in words with written language color, especially in classical Chinese, and almost all idioms use "left"; "Do" is often used for words with colloquial color. This situation is related to the fact that "Left" originated from classical Chinese and its origin was very early, while "Left" originated from northern vernacular and its origin was very late.

The former includes: completion, giving up, saying goodbye, answering, cutting, voiding, passing away, practicing, ending, insurrection, committing iniquity, companionship, causing trouble, putting on airs, combining work with rest, thanking, doing homework, bowing, shaping, fighting, operating and creating.

Idioms generally use "left". For example, be a cow and a horse, dare to act, dare to act, pretend to be deep, act rashly, act affectedly, have fun in hardships, cheat, talk without deeds, do no evil, be evil, be married, pretend, have fun, lead by example, be smart, romantic and lead by example.

The latter such as: ghosts, matchmaking, dreaming, business, eyebrows (blinking), traps, affection, human feelings, life, business, cheating.

(2) From the semantic content, the action of "Zuo" is not strong, and its meaning is abstract and generalized; "Doing" means strong action and concrete meaning. The former, for example, crime, voucher, deception, evil, style, obstruction, pricing, making faces, making figures, rushing, acting, forging, acting, testifying, giving permission (making figures), speculation, cooperation, cooperation, operation and mischief. The latter are cooking, cooking, making faces, doing housework, making gestures, posing, playing games and sewing.

(3) From the perspective of grammatical features, the object is a disyllabic verb, and "left" is often used. In this case, the object has become a nominalized gerund, and the verb nature of "Zuo" has been blurred; The object is a disyllabic noun, which often means to do something or something. The former, for example, reports, tests, compares, supplements, changes, processes, instructs, investigates, struggles, analyzes, contributes, responds, introduces, explains, decides, strives, judges, reflects, explains, adjusts, compromises, sacrifices, revises, speaks, etc. Among them, "Left" is also used now, but it is generally used according to past practice. The latter, such as: doing engineering, doing homework, marking papers, doing housework, doing topics, doing things, doing business, doing property, doing projects, doing study and doing business. As for the commonly used word "Shi", the usage is basically the same as the former. Generally, two-syllable verbs, such as "make a decision" and "make an effort", can also be said to be "make a decision" and "make an effort"; In a few cases, there are disyllabic nouns, such as "make achievements" and "make conclusions". "Make" and "make" can be used universally, but using "make" is more in line with the characteristics and usage habits of written language. In addition, as a monosyllabic verb without an object, "do" is generally used. For example: do it well, make it, do it (do things in a down-to-earth manner), finish it, do it well, become bigger and stronger, and learn from it. In addition, when collocated with words with "left" behind them, "left" is generally used instead of "left". For example: affectation, homework, action, work, composition, little tricks.

(D) From the semantic point of view, each has its own scope of application and overlaps. 1. Only use "left" or "left" (1) in the sense of "getting up, rising, appearing, having an attack, etc.". For example, doing things at sunrise, resting at sunset, making waves, shooting loudly, cheering and jumping for joy, as well as pranks, nausea, noise, dull pain, rage and so on. As for "silent" and "silent", Modern Chinese Dictionary only accepts "silent", but the use case of "silent" notes is "silent"; Cihai only accepts "silence"; Modern Chinese Standard Dictionary takes "silence" as its main rule and accepts "pronunciation"; The Chinese Dictionary has both, with the same interpretation. Therefore, the two are universal, and "silence" can be preferred. (2) The meaning of "writing and creating" is different from the idiom "doing" and "doing". Writers, authors, painters, composers, composers (writing articles), prefaces, biographies (writing biographies), etc. , use "left" as usual. When writing poetry, it is customary to use "left", but it is not necessary to use "left". The annotation of "Left" in Modern Chinese Dictionary takes "Left" as an example. This is followed by a disyllabic word or a polysyllabic phrase, usually called "do". For example, write an essay (an article), a novel, a painting, a preface, several poems, two songs, etc. Make a fuss, make a mountain out of a molehill, and use the metaphor of "doing" to seize one thing to speculate or use it. The meaning of "writing" is just "writing". For example, "haste makes waste." The meaning of "works and articles" is only "works". For example: composition (written by students as exercise questions), masterpiece, imitation, excellent work, masterpiece, masterpiece, quasi-work, fake work, exercise, original work, book, humble work, poem and play.

(3) both the meaning of "forming a certain relationship" and the meaning of "holding, holding" use "doing". The former is like being a relative, a husband and wife, a partner, an opponent, a neighbor and a friend. The latter are: birthday, church, full moon, mass, birthday and banquet.

There is a general division of labor between "doing" and "doing"

(1) The meaning of "engaging in certain activities" is either "doing", "doing" or universal. "Left" is mostly used in general activities, and its action is not strong. Its usage is equivalent to "in progress", which means nothing. For example: arrangement, interview, commitment, sprint, communication, conception, observation, expansion, review, explanation, communication, thinking, prompt, modification, request, guidance, comment and instruction. Among them, "Left" is also commonly used now.

"Doing" is mostly used for specific affairs or professional and professional work. For example: working, running classes (holding demonstration or experimental classes), working, doing problems, making medicines (selling medicines), making accounts, making insurance, doing charity (doing charity), advertising, making cards, doing building materials (doing building materials business), doing it, doing real estate, doing surgery, doing web pages and doing jewelry (doing jewelry business).

The word "doing things" is only used now. "Master" and "Master" can be used universally. Modern Chinese Dictionary adopts "initiative", while Modern Chinese Standard Dictionary takes "initiative" as its main rule, while Chinese Dictionary adopts "initiative" and "initiative" regardless of the main rules and sub-rules.

The meaning of "the method of dealing with things or making things" is now often used in "practice" rather than "practice". The two meanings of "composition or painting" and "magic" only use "practice" instead of "practice". From historical records? The idiom in Biography of Shang Jun means that if you legislate for yourself, you will suffer, and you can't use "doing".

The usage of "pai" and "pai" is different. Behavior means posture, posture, style or practice. Pie, that is, doing work, refers to the actions and expressions of actors in traditional Chinese opera performances.

Doing work, or referring to the actions and expressions of actors in traditional Chinese opera performances, or the physical force that directs objects to move in the direction of force, can only be regarded as "doing"

(2) "Pretending" means doing more. As mentioned above, "pretending", "pretending to be deaf and dumb" and "putting on airs" are often used instead of "doing". Pretend, pose, and smile, just use "do". The word "do" is often used because it has the color of written language, but it is not absolutely impossible to use it. There is a use case of "doing" in the annotation of Modern Chinese Dictionary. Make a gesture, make a gesture, and then use "do". The meaning of "performance" is "performance" and "doing"; The idiom "take part in accidental amusement" uses "work". The transliteration of Hong Kong and Taiwan can also be written as "putting on a show".

4. "Left" and "Left" can be used universally.

(1) The meaning of "forever" is common. Modern Chinese Dictionary (6th Edition, 2005) interprets the meaning of "left" as "dang", and illustrates with examples: "Bark can be used as raw material for papermaking | This article can be used as a teaching material." It "made" the entry "Manjianghong" in Ci Hai: "Plant name ... whole grass can be used as feed for fish and livestock ..." Use "left". As a pledge, memorial, etc. You can also use "make". But "adverbs as adverbials" and so on, according to the convention, use "left" instead of "left".

(2) The meanings of "success" and "behavior" are universal. Its usage is attached to other verbs to form a verb-complement structure, followed by a noun or noun phrase, indicating the action or the result of the action. This usage comes from the northern vernacular, so the word "do" is more motivated. The Chinese Dictionary takes "as" as the main sentence and "as" as the auxiliary sentence, which is based on etymology. But in practical application, the word "left" is more common, so "left" and "left" can be used universally. Modern Chinese Dictionary does not accept "as" and "as", but its 3rd edition 1996 and 4th edition in 2002 both interpret the word "as" under the annotation "Kan" and the ⑤ meaning of the annotation "Zuo" as "As"; As ","Zuo "and" Zuo "are not uniform in usage (Modern Chinese Dictionary, 6th edition, 2005, revised). However, Modern Chinese Standard Dictionary does not accept "as" and "as", but accepts "as" as a positive rule under the annotation of "Kan", and its definition is "as, as".