However, at present, Li people mainly live in seven counties and two cities in the south-central part of Hainan Province, such as Qiongzhong County, Baisha County, Changjiang County, Dongfang City, Ledong County, Lingshui County, Baoting County, Wuzhishan City and Sanya City, and the rest are scattered in Wanning, Tunchang, Qionghai, Chengmai, Danzhou and Ding 'an City and County of Hainan Province. Because of the differences in distribution areas, dialects and costumes, they call themselves "companions", "Qi", "Mobil" and "local".
Li nationality originated from a branch of ancient Baiyue. Luo Yue, Li and Man were used in the Western Han Dynasty, slang and Liao were used in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and some ethnic minorities in the South were used in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. The ancestors of Li nationality in Hainan Island are also included in these general terms. The proper name of "Li" began in the late Tang Dynasty and was not fixed until the Song Dynasty, and it is still in use today.
According to archaeological findings, there are 130 Neolithic primitive cultural sites in Hainan Island, about 5000 years ago. Historians and ethnologists believe that the owners of these Neolithic relics are the ancestors of the Li nationality. It was Li's ancestors who developed Hainan Island. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Hainan Island was closely related to the Han Dynasty. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent troops to Qiongdao many times, and set up two counties, Zhu Ya and Boer. Some mainland Han people moved to Hainan Island to live with the local Li people. After that, a large number of Han people immigrated to Hainan Island. "Village people", Miao and Hui also moved to the island. A large number of immigrants moved in, bringing advanced production tools (ironware) and production technology (farming), further developing social productive forces, and feudal rule gradually stabilized in the middle of the L century.
From the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the early Sui Dynasty, the central government's rule over Hainan Island was further consolidated, and the chief Mrs. Xian played an important role. She led more than 1000 caves (including Li ancestors) and other Yue people in Lingnan. She first begged for mercy in the Liang Dynasty and later returned to the Sui Dynasty. Mrs. Xian was deeply aware of justice and devoted to unity, which strengthened the ties between the Central Plains and Hainan Island and promoted the social and economic development of the Li nationality. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the relationship between Hainan Island and the Central Dynasty was closer, and Hainan Island was the transportation hub of the trade between the Tang Dynasty and the South China Sea countries. The Tang Dynasty attached great importance to the rule and development of Hainan Island. The gold, silver, pearls, hawksbill and spices produced in the Li area are both "tributes" and foreign trade products. At the same time, the feudal landlord economy in Li nationality area has further matured. The working people of the Li nationality are also subjected to increasingly heavy slavery and exploitation.
At the end of Song Dynasty and the beginning of Yuan Dynasty, Huang Daopo, an outstanding female weaver, fled to Yazhou when she was young because she could not bear the abuse of feudal families. She stayed in Yazhou for more than 40 years (30 years) and learned cotton textile technology from Li women. After returning to her hometown of Wunijing (now Huajing Town, Shanghai County), she improved the traditional textile processing of Li nationality and created a set of advanced cotton textile tools and technologies, which contributed to the development of science and technology. At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, the feudal rulers adopted a policy of imprisoning Li girls and appointed Tusi as hereditary "ten thousand households" and "thousand households", which accelerated the class division within Li society, further intensified class contradictions and ethnic contradictions, and aroused the continuous uprising of Li people.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, feudal landlord economy played a dominant role in Li society. The productivity level of most Li nationality areas is equivalent to that of the local Han nationality, and formal fairs and markets have emerged. Betel nut, coconut and cattle have become commodities exported to the mainland. In the hinterland of Wuzhishan, the farming mode of production is still in the primitive commune.
[Edit this paragraph] Social economy
Before the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), Li people mainly cultivated agriculture, such as rice, potatoes and corn. Handicraft, fishing and hunting, raising livestock and collecting wild plants are important household sideline businesses, and commodity production and trade are underdeveloped. At this time, although the social form of Li nationality area was feudal, its development was unbalanced, and there were two types: one was general area, accounting for more than 94% of Li nationality population and total area. Like the local Han nationality, the feudal landlord economy developed rapidly in a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. The landlord class exploited farmers through tenancy, usury and employees, and there appeared a big landlord with thousands of acres of cultivated land and thousands of cows. The other is in the center of Wuzhishan10.3 million population area, and the "mu system" production mode was still maintained on the eve of the founding of the People's Republic of China. Harmonious family leadership, unified use of means of production, collective labor of members according to strict division of labor, and equal distribution after harvest. The level of productivity in these areas is relatively low. Although the iron farm tools purchased from Han areas have been used for a long time, the farming technology is backward, and the farming methods of plowing cattle on the field, twisting rice by hand, no fertilization and slash-and-burn cultivation are still common. Grain yield per mu 100 kilograms. "Harmony" is an agricultural production unit, headed by "wood" and composed of several related "wood". Cultivated land and cattle, the main means of production, are basically owned in harmony and shared by several households, but they are all given to harmonious and unified use, and collective labor is carried out under the auspices of wood, and the products are basically distributed equally by households. Some acres, non-blood relatives have also joined in, and most of the means of production in the acre have been owned by the first household in the acre, which has been exploited in various ways, and the nature of the original farming organization has undergone fundamental changes.
Before the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), the social organization "Dong" (or "Gong") was still preserved in the Li nationality area. There is a fixed boundary, if it is violated, it will often lead to disputes and struggles between caves. Every cave has a cave leader who is responsible for maintaining social order and mediating disputes. Major events are decided by the plenary session. In the early days, blood relationship was the organizational basis of caves. With the development of economy and the strengthening of feudal rule, caves have become administrative units below the county level, and cave heads have become grassroots rulers.
At the beginning of 1948, most Li areas in Hainan Island were liberated, and land reform and democratic reform were carried out in the liberated areas. Since then, with the help of the Party and the government, industry, agriculture, transportation, posts and telecommunications, culture, education, health and other undertakings in Lebanon have developed rapidly. In addition to scientific farming, raising multiple cropping index and increasing yield, rural areas also give full play to the resource advantages of Li nationality areas and vigorously develop tropical cash crops. Such as rubber, oilseeds, sugar cane, pepper, coffee, cashew nuts, fruits, etc. Diversification has brought considerable economic income to Li farmers. Industrial production has formed an industrial system that has begun to take shape. From 65438 to 0988, after Hainan Island was approved as the largest special economic zone in China, its opening to the outside world was accelerated, the economic construction in the Li nationality area was changing with each passing day, and people's living standards were greatly improved.
Li nationality nose flute
[Edit this paragraph] Culture and art
Although Li nationality has no mother tongue, it has created rich and colorful oral literature. Its form is lively, with a wide range of subjects and rich content, which has been passed down from generation to generation. It mainly includes stories, legends, myths, fairy tales, religious genealogy and so on. The more famous ones are The Origin of Man Gong, The Great Fairy of Wuzhishan, The Legend of Flood, The Dry Palace Bird, The Deer Turn Back and so on. It not only reflects the social history, summarizes the life experience, spreads all aspects of knowledge, enriches people's spiritual life, but also entrusts the good hopes and pursuits of the Li people.
Li people are good at singing and dancing, and their music and dance have a distinct national style. Folk music has its own traditional musical instruments: nose flute, oral bow, jingle board, wooden drum, frog gong and so on. There are mainly two kinds of folk songs: one is called "China Ci" with Hainanese as lyrics and the rhythm of Li folk songs as aria; One is to use Li language as lyrics, which is called "Li tune". The content is diverse, including labor songs, life songs, love songs, carols, ritual songs, narrative songs, miscellaneous songs and so on. The singer improvised lyrics and sang heart songs, which was fascinating. There are different forms such as solo, duet, rap, chorus and lead singer. Melody The melody in different areas is slightly different.
Where there is a song, there is a dance. Li people are not only good at singing, but also love dancing. Their dance comes from production and life, and from the worship of their ancestors. The content mainly includes production dance, life dance and religious ceremony dance. The famous dances are "Zhao Fu Dance", "Firewood Dance" (bamboo dance/bamboo dance) and "rice dance". When dancing, singing, percussion and shouting are often combined, and the scene is cheerful.
The plastic arts of the Li nationality are most famous for their brocade techniques. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the textile technology of the Li nationality was more advanced than that of the Central Plains. Li Jin and Li Dan are famous all over the world. They use all kinds of textile tools, from cotton ginning, cotton elastic, spinning, dyeing, warping, weaving and embroidery, until they produce colorful brocade, quilts, quilts, skirts and ribbons. , and formed a set of systematic production technology. So far, the famous "Asian quilt" and "Shuang Mianxiu" are famous for their exquisite craftsmanship, gorgeous colors and rich characteristics. In addition, Li's unique wood production and bamboo and rattan weaving technology are also very famous.
At present, only some people keep the traditional costumes and tools of production and life of the Li nationality. Cotton and linen products include men's and women's tops, women's skirts, headscarves, kapok fabrics, linen fabrics, linen quilts, sacks and so on. Li women's clothing mainly includes tops, skirts and headscarves. Li's blouse is 6 1 cm long and 55 cm around the waist. Linen is 3.08m long and 25cm wide, and kapok is 4m long and17cm wide. Linen blouse is gray, copper pattern, black and light green, 76 cm long, 57 cm waist, and sleeve length 1 15 cm. The earliest ornaments include copper earrings, silver earrings, silver collars, copper bells, silver bracelets, silver robe buttons, silver rings and so on. Tools for production and daily life include wood, bamboo and rattan products, brocade tools, single wood, hat weaving and pressing tools, spinning tools, garden flat harrows, rattan baskets, single wooden benches, fishing tools, hunting tools, baskets, hats, single wooden cowbells, men's and women's knife baskets, ceramics, pottery pots and so on. Barnacle dome, brown, height 16 cm, diameter 10 cm, bottom diameter 12 cm. Fishing tools are made of hemp, with a diameter of 58 cm. These ceramics are made and fired by the Li people themselves. They are brown and have a completely flat surface. There are 7 breast enhancement needles on the shoulder, with a diameter of 23 cm, a height of 38 cm and a base diameter of 22 cm.
Women's shirts, skirts, cotton fabrics, linen fabrics, headscarves, belts, ribbons, etc. Chinese characters are embroidered on both sides of the scarf, and the scarf is 155cm long and 23.5cm wide. The style of Li's blouse is long at the front hem and short at the back hem, with embroidery patterns on both sides of the chest, with a length of 55cm, a waist of 40cm, a sleeve length of 106cm, a tube skirt of 50cm, a waist of 38cm and a cotton ribbon of 4m and 20cm. This ribbon was used by Li people to wrap around the bed when they got married. Clothing styles are characterized by diversity. The earliest ornaments include copper earrings, lead bracelets, silver buttons, beads, ear bells, anklets, necklaces, hair accessories and so on. Copper earrings have a curved buckle at the top and a curved hook at the bottom, which is orange. Lead bracelet: the bracelet body is forged into a circle of lead pieces, and the inside is smooth. The original two protruding lead pieces are curved and hooked outside, and the surface has rope patterns and chord patterns. Production and living tools include rattan boxes, vines, bamboo hats, fish cages, exposed leaves, hunting tools, fishing tools and various wooden utensils.
[Edit this paragraph] Important festivals of customs and habits
Li nationality is a monogamous patriarchal family. When their children grow up, they live in a "squatter house" outside the house. After marriage, once the wife settled in her husband's family, the husband and wife separated from their parents and did not cook. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, parents had the final say in early marriage, but before marriage, we were free to fall in love. The custom of not leaving the husband's family after marriage (the bride goes back to her mother's family to live in it for one or two years or even seven or eight years before settling in it) is prevalent. Children born out of wedlock are not discriminated against. Divorce and widow remarriage are more free.
Li women tie a bun at the back of their heads, insert hairpins made of porcupine hair or metal and cow bones, wear embroidered headscarves and have no buttons on their coats. They wear knitted clothes, collars, bracelets, anklets, earrings and so on. In some places, when women dress up, there are many and heavy earrings, and their ears hang down to their shoulders, which is called "earlobe" in history. Residents in some areas still retain the ancient custom of tattooing and tattooing, especially for women, which is usually completed between the age of 12 and before marriage, and some after marriage. Tattoo tools are plant needles, small bamboo sticks and plant dyes. Tattoos are mainly located on the face, neck, chest and limbs. Tattoo patterns vary greatly in different regions. This custom has basically disappeared at present and can only be seen in remote areas. The man has a mane on his head, a collarless double-breasted coat, and two hanging eaves on the front and back. These clothes are made of cotton and hemp. They are self-spun, self-woven, self-dyed and self-stitched. The diet is relatively simple, with rice, sweet potatoes and corn as the staple food, mostly non-staple food collected by hunting, and only a small amount of vegetables are planted, mostly imported from Han areas. Women love to chew betel nuts. Most houses are golden huts, and the walls are made of mud and bamboo. In the remote mountainous areas and harmonious areas of Baisha County, there are still boat-shaped houses with roofs like awnings and floors overhead from the ground.
Love story on March 3 rd
The third day of the third lunar month is an annual event for the Li people. The venue is generally located in an open rubber forest, with green leaves covering the sky and a "carpet" at the foot, which is quiet, cool and quiet. No wonder "March 3" has become the freedom of local people to choose their spouses, and it is called "love plot". Legend has it that in ancient times, Li people living in Changhua River suffered a big flood. Only a couple survived in a ladle and were drifted to the edge of the Bird's Nest Mountain. On the third day of March, the flood receded and they got married. Men plow and women weave, have children, care for each other and work hard, which gradually makes the Li nationality multiply and develop. Later generations regard them as ancestors and solemnly commemorate them on March 3 every year. In festivals, men, women and children are dressed up and eating cakes and zongzi. Boys fish, girls cook and fish, and then sacrifice the cave with Tianfei and Guanyin fossils. After the sacrifice, young people came to the activity venue to shoot arrows, climb poles, wrestle, tug-of-war and swing. As night fell, a bonfire was lit on the shore, the boys spread their flower umbrellas, and the girls' silver ornaments and shell ornaments flashed in the firelight. Love songs are euphemistic, and the dance gradually rises, from gentle lyricism to unrestrained joy. Sometimes couples leave the bonfire quietly. The young man hung the ear bell on the girl's ear, inserted the hairpin made of deer bone into the girl's bun, and the girl tied her carefully woven colorful belt around her lover's waist. The two sides vowed to meet on March 3 next year. Because March 3 is related to marriage and love in terms of its origin and main activities, it is also called love plot.
Funeral ceremonies vary from place to place, and there are customs close to Han areas, such as stopping coffins, watching Feng Shui, and choosing a place to start a grave. In harmonious areas, the dead are buried in clan cemeteries, with wooden coffins, no graves and monuments, and no sacrifices after burial.
[Edit this paragraph] Religious belief
Li nationality did not form a unified religion. Ancestor worship is the main form in all regions, and so is nature worship. There are still traces of clan totem worship in some areas. Li people believe in ghosts, especially those of their ancestors. Sacrificing ancestors is an important religious activity of Li people, in order to protect the safety of their families. In order to remember the great achievements of Li mother in the reproduction of Li nationality, Li people warned future generations that female embroidery and tattooing were the rules set by their ancestors. If women don't embroider tattoos, their ancestors won't recognize each other after they die-offering sacrifices to their ancestors.
Li nationality wine
Li people love life. Festivals and weddings; When entering a new house, giving birth to a child, socializing and other activities, banquets and drinking should be arranged. At ordinary times, guests are also greeted by drinking, toasting and singing all night, and forming their own wine culture.
yellow rice wine
Take high-quality rice or glutinous rice. Soak the rice for half a day, take it out and put it in a steamer, steam it into dry rice and let it cool. Then put it into a brewing bamboo basket (the bamboo basket is conical, with a diameter of about 80 cm and a sharp bottom, which is covered with banana leaves when brewing). Add wine cakes according to the amount of wine materials, mash the wine cakes, put them into a pottery basin and brew them with warm water, then pour the wine cake water into the wine materials, drain the water through the small holes at the bottom of the brewed reed, and seal the reed mouth with banana leaves. After three days of fermentation, the wine gave off a strong bouquet. Then poke a small hole under the reed with chopsticks, and the thick wine juice will flow into the basin drop by drop. "Ice" juice is commonly called "wine drop" and "south drop" in Li language. The wine is brewed for 7 days, and the juice is put in a pottery jar and the honey is put in a big jar. At the beginning, the alcohol content of unitary juice and unitary honey was low, and the more it was sealed, the stronger it became. Li often puts honey in a big jar and buries it underground for three or five years. The wine is mellow, and he drinks the juice with clear water. There is another way to make "cakes": cook glutinous rice into dry rice, let it cool, put it in a pottery basin, put it in wine cakes, and seal the mouth of the basin with banana leaves. You can smell the mellow wine after 3 days, and you can drink it after 7 days. "Ice" has a unique and mellow aroma and is known as "Li Jia Jia Niang". "Ice" is Li's tonic and fitness wine. It is steamed with eggs, which is the top grade for pregnant women and the welcome wine. The wine cake is made of Redmi with high starch content in Wuzhishan area, and is matched with the epidermis of Jiang Ye, sugarcane and fragrant bark tree (a shrub with sweet bark). When all the raw materials are ready, pound them into powder with a wooden mortar, knead them into cakes and dip them in black grass ash. The longer the wine cake is placed on the bamboo shelf, the higher the alcohol content will be. Therefore, Lijia rice wine has a unique flavor, which is due to the preparation and brewing technology of wine cakes.
Corn wine
Corn is rich in starch and high in alcohol. Li people chop up corn, cook it into dry rice, put it in a pottery basin, sprinkle with wine cakes and cover the mouth of the basin. After 15 days of fermentation, the wine juice can be drunk. After the wine was sealed for one month, the high-concentration corn wine was distilled in the retort.
Sweet potato wine, cassava wine
Clean raw sweet potato, cut it into small pieces, cook it in a pot, dry it, add wine cake and mix well, put it in a vat and seal it for one month, ferment it into wine, and pour it into a steamer to distill it into mellow sweet potato wine. This wine has a strong sweet potato flavor, and the concentration is not high, so it is suitable for drinking in summer. The steaming method of cassava wine is the same as that of sweet potato wine, but cassava wine has a high concentration and is suitable for heavy drinkers.
Banana wine, pumpkin wine
Cut the immature banana fruit into small pieces, cook it, dry it, put it in wine cakes, mix well, put it in an jar and seal it for one month, and ferment it into aromatic wine. Diluted wine and clear water were put into a steamer to boil, and the fragrant plantain wine was made. Pumpkin is rich in starch and is a good raw material for brewing. After the Li family processed the pumpkin, the glutinous rice was mixed and steamed into wine, and the fermented wine was made into pumpkin wine. Another brewing method is to make a small hole in the stem of the pumpkin, put the wine cake into the pumpkin, and seal the hole for one month. After the koji is fermented, the pumpkin is full of wine juice.
Mountain fruit wine
A unique fruit wine was brewed with wild fruits as raw materials. Such as steamed stuffed bun wine, mangosteen rice wine and so on.
Luobangcuotengling Waterfall Orchid Bamboo Shoots, Four Willow Plows, Soothes Xiang Bo, Competing for Honor.