First, the Nordic school of Nederland's paintings, represented by the transparent Bo Tu paintings of Jan Van Eyck;

Second, the opaque and heavy painting method represented by Venice Titian in the Italian painting school in southern Europe;

The third is eclectic painting, represented by the Flemish painter Rubens, which combines the North and South techniques: transparent Bo Tu in the dark and thick painting in the bright and opaque. /kloc-painters after the 0/7th century have their own styles and unique techniques, but they have not divorced from these three basic traditional oil painting techniques.

From the development history of European oil painting, oil painting gradually developed from wax painting and egg glue painting. /kloc-In the 5th century, the Dyke brothers in Yang Fan completed the transformation from rubber to oil. Due to the innovation of materials and techniques, the expressive force of oil painting has been fully exerted, and the works have made a great leap in depth and perfection. Therefore, in the15th century, the Nederland School represented by the Yang Fan Echo brothers was an important turning point in the history of oil painting development. 17th century (Kangxi period of Qing dynasty), through the continuous improvement of several generations of artists, the expression form of oil painting has produced an important turning point, that is, the multi-level covering dyeing method has gradually developed into comprehensive expression method and direct drawing method, which greatly enriched the expression language and expression skills of oil painting and made it perfect day by day.

The limitations of oil painting tools and materials lead to the complexity of oil painting techniques. For centuries, artists have created a variety of oil painting techniques in practice, so that oil painting materials can give full play to the performance effect. The main techniques of oil painting are:

1, transparent Bo Tu painting

Transparent painting is the oldest known painting technique of easel painting, which can be traced back to15th century. It is a traditional European painting technique before19th century. Transparent painting is mainly to cover the color and let the two colors produce a third color through visual harmony. Although it has the same hue as the third color derived from physical harmony, the visual effect is different. The former is deeper and has a jewel-like luster.

The transparent Bo Tu painting method comprises the following steps:

(1) transparent color reproduction.

That is to say, paint that is not white but diluted with color oil is used for multi-level description. It is necessary to brush the next layer after each layer is dry. Because the color of each layer is relatively thin, it can vaguely reveal the color of the lower layer and form a subtle tone with the color of the upper layer. For example, painting a stable blue color on a deep red layer will produce a rich effect of purple in the blue, that is, heating up in the cold, which is often a tone that cannot be transferred on the palette. This painting method is suitable for expressing the texture and heavy feeling of objects, especially for vividly depicting the delicate color changes of human skin, making people feel that blood flows under the skin epidermis. Its shortcomings are narrow color gamut, meticulous production process and long time to complete the work, which is not easy to express the artist's current artistic creation feelings. (In photo portrait making, this technology is often used to draw portraits of children and women to show the crystal clear skin color. )

(2) Transparent cover color and thin bottom. Draw a rigorous plain oil painting in dark brown or silver gray on a grayish brown background with intermediate tones, and cover it with transparent color after drying. Avoid adding too much white to the transparent color, so as not to affect the transparency. Therefore, the plain oil painting of the base painting needs to improve the brightness in advance, leaving room for multi-layer cover color.

(3) Thick bottom transparent cover color. Refers to the transparent color on glossy surface with thick background and the concave-convex surface with thick background. Thick coating smooth surface refers to smoothing with thick color before drying, and covering with transparent color after drying. This method is mostly used in classical oil painting. For example, the light-receiving part of skin is usually coated with thick pigment to separate it from the thickness of dark parts (such as background). When the thick paint is not dry, lightly brush the strokes to smooth it evenly, and then cover it with transparent color after it is dry, which can achieve a thick and transparent effect.

"Optical grey" is a visual effect of transparent painting. Ancient artists used resin varnish to glaze Tampere or oily background, and then coated with transparent or translucent paint, so that each layer was exposed by overlapping, that is, the "optical gray" with strange color was produced. Compared with mixed gray, this transparent gray has different visual effects. It is impossible to draw directly. Rubens was famous for creating optical ash at that time. He once said to his students, "At least the last layer of color in the dark should be transparent."

Transparent superposition method, that is, using pigments that are not white but only diluted with colored oil for multi-level description. It is necessary to brush the next layer after each layer is dry. Because the color of each layer is relatively thin, it can vaguely reveal the color of the lower layer and form a subtle tone with the color of the upper layer. For example, painting a stable blue color on a crimson layer will produce a rich effect of blue in the purple, that is, cold in the middle and warm in the middle, which is often a tone that cannot be transferred on the palette. This painting method is suitable for expressing the texture and heavy feeling of objects, especially for vividly depicting the delicate color changes of human skin, making people feel that blood flows under the skin epidermis. Its disadvantages are narrow color gamut, meticulous production process and long time to complete the work, which makes it difficult to express the artist's current artistic creation feelings.

2. Opaque superposition method

Also known as multi-level coloring method. When painting, first draw a large figure with a single color, and then shape it with multiple colors. Dark parts are often painted thin, while middle tones and bright parts are painted thick layer by layer, or covered or left, forming color block contrast. Because of the different thickness, it shows the rich charm and texture of color.

There is no strict difference between transparent and opaque paintings, and painters often use them comprehensively in one painting. When expressing objects in darkness or shadows, transparent masking color method can produce a stable and profound sense of volume and space; The rule of opaque color superposition is easy to shape the body outside the dark part and increase the saturation of the picture color. /kloc-before the 0/9th century, most painters used these two painting methods, which usually took a long time to make their works. Some have painted a layer and left it for a long time, and then painted it when the isochromatic layer is completely dry.

3, opaque disposable coloring method

Also known as direct coloring. That is to say, after the outline of the object is made on the canvas, the color laying is basically completed at one time by virtue of the color feeling of the object or the idea of the color of the picture, and the incorrect part is scraped off with a painting knife before the color adjustment is continued. In this painting method, each dip has thick pigment, high color saturation and clear brush strokes, which is easy to show vivid feelings when painting. /kloc-Many painters have adopted this painting method since the mid-9th century. In order to achieve the effect of full-color layer after one-time coloring, we must pay attention to the use of brushstrokes, that is, painting. Commonly used painting methods are divided into flat painting, loose painting and thick painting. Flat painting is to draw a large area of color with one-way strength and even strokes, which is suitable for shaping a static body in a stable and calm composition; Casual painting means that the brush strokes are loose and flexible according to the natural turning trend of the painted object; Thick coatings are all or part of the thick piles of pigments, some of which form color layers or blocks up to several millimeters, which make the pigments present interesting textures and enhance their image.

/kloc-Most painters before the 0/9th century used these two painting methods. It usually takes a long time to make a work, and some of them are left for a long time after painting a layer, and then painted after the isochromatic layer is completely dried.

The oil painting techniques in this period are very different from the "direct painting" we are used to today. It is a mixed technique of using Tampere or other pigments to complete the monochrome modeling of objects, and then using oily pigments for multi-layer transparent cover dyeing, also known as "indirect painting" of oil painting. Since then, the development of European oil painting in the past three hundred years has experienced hundreds of schools, such as Caravaggio in Italy (1573-10), Rembrandt in the Netherlands (1607- 1669) and Vermeer (/kloc). Dacker (1599- 164 1), Spanish Velasquez (1599- 1660), French Delacroix (1798-/kloc-).