Hainan Island is at the same latitude as Hawaii in the United States, with rich coastal tourism resources of 1528 km, which can be developed into a world-class tourist destination. The climate on the island is pleasant all year round, and it is rich in minerals, animals and plants, especially oil and natural gas. Tropical rain forests and mangroves are rare forest types in China, which are ideal places for scientific research, tourism and teaching. 4200 species of plants were found, accounting for 15% of the national plant species, and nearly 600 species were endemic to Hainan. Among the 4,200 species of plants, there are more than 400 species of trees and shrubs/kloc-0, accounting for 28.6% of the species of trees and shrubs in China, of which more than 800 species are timber trees with high economic value; There are more than 2,500 kinds of medicinal plants, accounting for about 30% of the national medicinal plants, including 137 kinds of plants with anticancer effect; 142 kinds of fruit trees; 89 species of oil plants; There are nearly 200 other economic plants. There are 104 species of reptiles in wild animals, accounting for 29.5% of the whole country; There are 76 species of mammals, accounting for 18.6% of the whole country. Hainan's rich biodiversity occupies a very important position in China. Protecting biodiversity is one of the key tasks of Hainan forestry. There are 58 species of national key protected plants, including class I 1 species, class II 19 species and class III 38 species. Protected animals 133 species, including national first-class 14 species, second-class 87 species and provincial 32 species.
Hainan Island is located in the middle of the Asia-Pacific economic circle, facing Leizhou Peninsula across Qiongzhou Strait in the north, including Hainan Island, Xisha Islands, Nansha Islands, islands and reefs of zhongsha islands and their territorial waters. There are Wuzhishan, Limuling Mountain and terraced fields in the middle, surrounded by plains of different widths. With modern facilities such as Haikou Airport and Sanya Phoenix Airport, the island has become one of the top ten airports in China, with expressways around the island and high-star hotels all over the province, providing people with high-grade food, accommodation, transportation, travel, shopping and entertainment. The suitable climate and excellent beaches make this place full of ideal bathing beaches and summer resorts, such as Luhuitou, Yalong Bay, Dadonghai and Tianya Haijiao in Sanya, Xiuying Sea in Haikou, Qinglan Bay in Wenchang County, Changpo in qionghai city, the north and south coasts of Tongguling, Monkey Island in Lingshui County and Fish Scale Island in Dongfang County. There are also wonders of volcanic eruption along the coast (such as Qiongshan? Quot underwater village "and Ma 'anling lava cave, etc. ) and mangrove coastal landscape. The South China Sea Monkey Island in Lingshui County is often mentioned. Wuzhishan is the main peak of Hainan Island, which is particularly majestic. The former site of Qiongya Column in Qiongzhong is a memorial to the modern revolution. Li nationality is only distributed in Hainan Island, with a population of about 700,000. They are good at textiles, printing and dyeing, clothing and food, and have distinctive national characteristics, making them the most important ethnic tourism resources in Hainan.
Hainan Island's charming seawater, snow-white beaches, bright sunshine, charming underwater world and legendary ethnic customs will definitely make you linger. The four seasons here, such as spring flowers in full bloom, fragrant melons and fruits, sunshine, beaches, seawater and air, as well as the affectionate and charming Li Miao girl and Xinglong leisure hot spring, all exude the special charm of this tropical island.
Two. Geography and climate
Location and area:
Hainan Province is located at the southernmost tip of China, bounded by Qiongzhou Strait in the north, facing the Democratic Republic of Viet Nam in the north, facing Taiwan Province Province in the South China Sea in the east, and bordering the Philippines, Brunei and Malaysia in the southeast and south respectively. The administrative areas of Hainan Province include Hainan Island, Xisha Islands, zhongsha islands, the islands and reefs of Nansha Islands and their sea areas. The total land area of the province (including Hainan Island and Xisha, Zhongsha and Nansha Islands) is 35,000 square kilometers, and the sea area is about 2 million square kilometers. Hainan Island is shaped like an oval Sydney, running from northeast to southwest, with a total area of 33,900 square kilometers (excluding satellite island). It is the second largest island in China after Taiwan Province Island. Hainan
Qiongzhou Strait, which faces Leizhou Peninsula across the sea, is about 18 nautical mile wide, and Zengmu shoal in Nansha Islands is the southernmost territory of China.
Mountains and rivers:
Most of the mountains in Hainan Island are between 500 meters and 800 meters, which are actually hills and low mountains. There are 8 peaks 1000 meters above sea level, which have become long walls rolling on low hills. The peaks above1500m are Wuzhishan, Ying Ge Ridge, Ozone Ridge and Monkey Mountain.
Ling, Yajialing, Diaoluoshan, etc. These mountains are generally divided into three mountains. Wuzhishan is located in the middle of Hainan Island, with the main peak at an altitude of 1867. 1 m, which is the highest peak in Hainan Island. Ying Ge Mountain is located in the northwest of Wuzhishan, with the main peak at an altitude of1811.6m; Yajialing Mountain Range is located in the west of the island, with the main peak at an altitude of 15438+09.38+0 meters. Hainan Island is high in the middle and low around, and most of the relatively large rivers originate in the central mountainous area, forming a radial water system. There are only *** 154 rivers on the island, and the catchment area of 38 rivers exceeds 100 square kilometers. Nandujiang and Changhua
Jiang and Wanquan River are the three major rivers in Hainan Island, and the basin area of the three major rivers accounts for 47% of the whole island area. Nandu River originates from Nanfeng Mountain in Baisha County, obliquely crosses the northern part of the island, and enters the sea in Haikou City and Qiongshan City, with a total length of 3 1 1km. Changhua River originates from Kongshiling, Qiongzhong County, traverses the western part of Hainan Island and reaches Changhua Port, with a total length of 230 kilometers. The upper reaches of Wanquan River are divided into north branch and south branch, which originate from Wuzhishan and Fengmenling in Qiongzhong respectively. Two tributaries flow to the mouth of Longjiang River in qionghai city and enter the sea at Boao Port, with a total length of 163km.
Climate:
Hainan is the place with the most tropical marine climate characteristics in China. It is warm and hot all year round, with abundant rainfall, obvious dry and wet seasons, strong normal wind, frequent tropical storms and typhoons and diverse climate resources. In Hainan Island, the annual total solar radiation is about11kloc-0/40 kcal/cm2, the annual sunshine hours are 1750-2650 hours, and the illumination rate is 50- 60%. By region, the sunshine hours are the most in the western coastal areas and the least in the central mountainous areas; According to the season, according to the order of summer, spring, autumn and winter, from more to less. The annual average temperature is between 23 and 25 degrees Celsius, which is lower in the central mountainous area and higher in the southwest. There is no winter throughout the year, and it is coldest from/kloc-0 to February, with an average temperature of 1 6-24 degrees Celsius and an average extreme low temperature of more than 5 degrees Celsius. Summer is from mid-March to165438+1early October, and July to August is the month with the highest average temperature, which is 25-29 degrees Celsius. The west, south and zhongsha islands have a tropical maritime climate, with no summer and no winter, and the average annual temperature is 26.5 degrees Celsius. There is abundant rainfall in most parts of Hainan Island, with the average annual rainfall exceeding 1600 mm. The east is humid and the west is dry. The rainy center is located in the eastern mountainous area of Central China, with an annual rainfall of about 2000-2400 mm, and the annual rainfall in the western rainless area is about 1000- 1200 mm, with uneven seasonal distribution. It is dry in winter and spring, and the dry season lasts for 6 to 7 months from 1 1 to April and May of the following year. There is a lot of rainfall in summer and autumn. May to 10 is the rainy season. The total rainfall in rainy season is about 1500mm, accounting for 70-90% of the annual rainfall. Rain sources include frontal rain, thermal thunderstorm and typhoon rain. The humidity in Hainan Island is high throughout the year, and the annual average water vapor pressure is about 23 hectopascals (Qiongzhong) to 26 hectopascals (Sanya). The central and eastern coastal areas are humid areas, the southwest coastal areas are semi-dry areas, and other areas are semi-humid areas.
Three. Hainan resources
Land resources: Hainan Island is the largest "tropical treasure land" in China, with a total land area of 3.442 million hectares, accounting for 42.5% of the national tropical land area. The land available for agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery is about 0.48 hectares per capita. Due to the superior light, heat and water conditions, the growth and reproduction rate of organisms are better than those in temperate and subtropical regions. Farmland can be planted all year round, and many crops can be harvested two or three times a year. According to suitability, land resources in Hainan Island can be divided into seven types: suitable cultivated land, suitable rubber land, suitable hot land, suitable woodland, suitable grazing land, water surface land and other land. At present, Hainan Island has developed and utilized about 3152,000 hectares of land, and undeveloped land is about 260,000 hectares, of which about 90% can be used for large-scale agricultural development and utilization. Most of the wasteland to be developed and utilized is concentrated and contiguous, which is suitable for reclamation and mechanical tillage. Hainan is rich in land reserve resources and has great development potential.
Crop resources: Grain crops are the crops with the largest area, the widest distribution and the highest output value in Hainan, mainly including rice, upland rice, Shan Lan slope rice and wheat, followed by sweet potato, cassava, taro, corn, sorghum, millet and beans. Cash crops mainly include sugarcane, hemp, peanuts, sesame seeds, tea and so on. There are many kinds of fruits, including cultivated and wild fruits, belonging to 29 families and 53 genera. The fruits cultivated into commodities mainly include pineapple, litchi, longan, banana, plantain, citrus, mango, watermelon, carambola and jackfruit. There are 120 varieties of vegetables. Hainan Island is rich in tropical crop resources. There are more than 3000 kinds of tropical plants on the island. After the founding of New China, more than 1000 species were introduced from abroad, and more than 1000 species of useful plants were excavated from foreign wild resources for cultivation experiments.
Experiments have achieved remarkable results. At present, tropical crops with large planting area and high economic value mainly include rubber, coconut, oil palm, betel nut, pepper, sisal, citronella, cashew nuts and cocoa.
Plant resources: Hainan is the birthplace of tropical rain forest and tropical monsoon forest, with rapid vegetation growth and various plants. Up to now, there are more than 4,000 species of vascular plants in Hainan Island, accounting for about17 of the national total, including more than 600 species endemic to Hainan. Among more than 4000 kinds of plant resources, there are more than 2500 kinds of medicinal plants; There are more than 2,000 species of trees and shrubs, among which more than 800 species are of high economic value, and more than 20 species are listed as special products and rare tree species under state protection. Fruit trees (including wild fruit trees) 142 species; More than 70 kinds of aromatic plants; There are more than 200 kinds of tropical ornamental flowers and garden trees. The largest plant resource reserve is the tropical forest plant community type, and the vertical zoning of tropical forest vegetation is obvious, with the characteristics of mixed, multi-layer, different age, evergreen, dry height and crown width. Tropical forests are mainly distributed in Wuzhishan, Jianfengling, Bawangling, Diaoluoshan and Limushan, among which Wuzhishan is undeveloped virgin forest. Tropical forests are famous all over the country for producing precious tropical timber. Among more than 65,438+0,400 species of coniferous and broad-leaved trees, there are 800 species of trees, of which 458 species are listed as national commercial timber, and 5 species belong to special timber, including pear, pollock, amethyst, litchi and wood, with 34 species in the first grade, 48 species in the second grade and 65,438 species in the third grade.
Animal resources: There are more than 500 species of terrestrial vertebrates in Hainan, including 37 species of amphibians (1 1 species is only found in Hainan, and 8 species are listed as national endemic animals); Reptiles 104 species; 344 species of birds; 82 species of mammals (2 1 species is endemic to Hainan). Rare animals in the world are: black-crowned gibbon and deer, one of the four great apes in the world. Water deer, macaques and clouded leopards are also very precious. Southern medicine resources: Hainan is rich in animal and plant medicine resources and is known as the "natural medicine storehouse". Of the more than 4,000 substances, about 2,000 can be used as medicine, accounting for 40% of the country. There are 500 kinds in Pharmacopoeia, and 137 kinds of anticancer plants have been screened out. There are more than 30 kinds of southern medicines, among which the most famous ones are the four famous southern medicines. Areca nut, Alpinia oxyphylla, Amomum villosum, Morinda officinalis. There are nearly 50 kinds of animal medicinal materials and marine medicinal materials such as velvet antler, monkey ointment, bezoar, pangolin, hawksbill, sea dragon, seahorse, sea snake, amber, pearl, sea cucumber, coral, mussel shell, oyster, concha Haliotidis, shark's fin and tortoise plastron.
Fourth, Hainan is the best.
The largest rubber production base and the earliest test-tube rubber seedlings
Our island is the largest rubber production base in China. The rubber planting area has reached 4 million mu, and the annual output accounts for two-thirds of the national natural rubber sector. The earliest test-tube rubber seedlings were also successfully planted in our island. 1June, 1983, Baoting Tropical Crops Research Institute transplanted their rubber test-tube seedlings into the field and survived, blossomed and set fruit, which became the earliest record of rubber anther culture research in the world.
The most birds and animals
Compared with other parts of the motherland, Hainan has the most kinds of animals, including more than 70 kinds of mammals and more than 340 kinds of islands.
The oldest turtle and the largest cultured pearl.
The oldest surviving turtle in China is over 300 years old. Weighing 240 kg, I live in Xisha. It was escorted to Beijing by naval soldiers in 1983, and it laid eggs in the window of China Revolutionary Military Museum. The Japanese sea cucumber along the Xisha Islands is the largest of more than 1000 sea cucumbers in the world. It is 60-70cm long,10cm wide, 8cm high, and the maximum length can reach 90-1.20cm.. At present, the largest cultured pearl in China is butterfly pearl cultured in Lingshui County 198 1 year, with a diameter of 15.5× 19 cm.
The largest sea and the southernmost territory.
Our province is located in the blue sea of the South China Sea, the largest marginal sea in China. Among the islands in the South China Sea, the Nansha Islands have the widest range and the largest number of islands and reefs, and the Zengmu shoal at its southern end is the southernmost territory of China.
Minimum latitude and maximum annual average temperature
Hainan is the province with the lowest latitude and the highest annual average temperature in China. The annual average temperature of Xisha Islands is above 26.5℃, and the monthly average temperature of/kloc-0 is above 1 7.3℃, while that of Hailaer, Heilongjiang Province is MINUS 27.6℃ in the same month.
Maximum wind speed and maximum thunderstorm
Hainan Island is called "Typhoon Corridor". Typhoon 1973 14 passes through Qionghai county in the east of the island with a wind speed of 8 1 m per second, while typhoon 12 has a wind speed of only 37 m per second. Danzhou City, located in the northwest of the island, is the city with the most thunderstorms in China. It thunders every year on average 130.7 days, and is known as the "hometown of thunderstorms" in China.
The largest coconut grove and the earliest cocoa tree
Hainan enjoys the reputation of "the hometown of coconuts" among the famous specialties in China, and the largest Chen Lin in Hainan Province is built in Wenchang City. The first cocoa plant in China was planted in Xinglong Overseas Chinese Farm in Wanning City on 1954.
The longest, most poisonous and oily plant.
White rattan growing in the tropical dense forest of Bao Dao can be as long as 300 to 500 meters. Its flexible stem is an ideal raw material for rattan furniture and the longest plant in the world. The most poisonous tree in the world is to seal the throat with blood. Eating milk sweat by mistake will lead to heart paralysis and poisoning death. A hunter can draw arrows with his milk to kill animals. The "World Oil King" oil zongzi from Africa settled in Bao Dao. Its annual oil yield per mu is about seven or eight times that of peanuts and 10 times that of soybeans.
Five, Hainan exotic customs
breadfruit tree
This variety was cultivated by Baoting Tropical Crops Research Institute of Hainan Province. Its fruit weighs more than 40 kilograms, sliced and baked, and tastes bitter bread, so it is called "bread tree".
There is also a precious baobab tree, which has settled in Haikou Park and is one of the trees with the largest DBH in the world. This tree is about 20 meters high and its trunk is very thick. The stem is 50 meters around and needs more than 20 people to hold it. With a life span of 5000 years, he is a long-lived man in the plant kingdom. Traveler tree
It grows in Wuzhishan area of Hainan Province. This tree is very strange. There is a "container" at the base of the petiole, which can store several kilograms of crystal clear sweet water. Travelers and tourists can drink it on their backs by tearing off the petiole, just like "Jianlibao", which is clean, hygienic, cool and delicious, exhausted and refreshed.
Eucalyptus
It is located in the herbarium of South China Tropical Crops Research Institute. The leaves are thick and green and open in an umbrella shape around them. The crown of the tree is very gorgeous, and the red and yellow flowers are in full bloom, which looks warm and elegant. As long as the breeze blows, the petals will drift with the wind, such as butterflies flying in groups, and the scenery is charming.
Rain tree, whose hometown is on the desert edge of South America, will slowly close its wide leaves at night and accumulate dew and rain in rainy days. The next day, the sun shines, the leaves open, the dew accumulates and splashes, all of which are beautiful scenery, and it is clearly "raining", which is not funny at all. Tourists who travel in the desert or climb mountains and mountains often wait for this gift "manna" under the tree to quench their thirst whenever they are thirsty.
Underwater jewelry red coral
The South China Sea of the motherland has nurtured countless lives and various red corals, which are wrapped in crystal tropical seawater as if covered with a veil of obscurity. But it shines brilliantly, competing for beauty, better than the morning glow in May and the spring flowers in March. Red agate-like thick branches are delicate and flexible, shiny and moist, seemingly airtight, with tree-like texture on the surface and section. More interestingly, the coral of red coral is white.
Whenever night falls, the white coral meets the stagnant tide and stretches out its soft tentacles, just like the paddle that swings around. Suddenly, it contracted tightly like an electric shock. Ah, it caught a little creature and couldn't wait to send it to its mouth. Although it has no digestive system, it has a unique way of digestion. Food is digested by its peripheral blood vessels, and it secretes a powdery substance, which is calcareous. It is it that enlarges the bones of red corals. Height.
Baihualing waterfall
Baiyao Waterfall is more beautiful. At the top of the green hills, among the green forests, a silver chain descended from the sky, which was loud, white, magnificent, picturesque and spectacular. With a drop of 300 meters, the waterfall presents a three-stage falling rock flow, forming various beautiful landscapes. The first-class "Golden Dragon Spitting Beads" is the source of the waterfall. Water gushes from the top of the mountain and shines in the sun. The second level is the panacea pool, where the water quality is pure and warm, and it is pure natural mineral water, which contains minerals needed by the human body. Regular drinking can cure diseases. Three-level "white skin pond", the spring water is scattered along the cliff, and the spray is flying, which looks like "fairy scattered flowers".
Romantic alpine waterfalls
Fengshan Waterfall is located 8 kilometers east of Shilu Town, Changjiang Li Autonomous County. It originates from the nearby Bao Mei Mountains, flows through the hillside on the east side of Liu Feng Mountains and flows into Shilu River. The waterfall exhausts air from the 700-meter-high rock flow on the east side of the main peak of Romantic Mountain, forming a rapid three-stage cascade waterfall, which is vast and spectacular with a drop of more than 600 meters.
There is a huge Tianchi Lake in the waterfall of Romantic Mountain, which is deep and urgent, boiling endlessly, forming a rotating vortex. Water patterns are full of color, sometimes like blooming honeysuckle, and sometimes like floating jade belts. The cliffs around Tianchi Lake have been treated like knives and axes, and the adjacent canyons and streams are covered with exotic flowers and trees, which are colorful and particularly beautiful and charming. Website:/