The identification of jade ornaments should be based on hardness, transparency, color, luster and spots. Real jade is very hard and wear-resistant, crystal clear, pure and beautiful in color and sparkling. If you can see cracks, fibrous cotton threads or dark wounds in jade, it is inferior jade. All fake jade has wrinkles on the surface and bubbles inside, which is light in weight and low in hardness, and the sound is crisp when knocking each other.

Agate Jian Zhen method

Agate is a rare and precious thing, and there are many fakes on the market. Most of them are made of refined turpentine, mirabilite and broken glass. To identify the authenticity, it must be rubbed in the palm of your hand, and the color, shape and smell remain unchanged. However, some people think that everything that is prone to fever after friction is genuine, which is misunderstood and unreliable.

Method for naked eye identification of gemstones

Gems can be divided into natural gems and artificial gem. When we choose precious stones and jewelry, how can we identify them with the naked eye? Natural gemstones are generally soft and natural in color, and sometimes the colors are very mixed. Several kinds of * * * in a gem, the pattern is irregular, but very delicate. Observing the gem with naked eyes under strong light, or carefully observing it with a magnifying glass for more than 5 times, sometimes you can see cotton wool, reticular or tree-root inclusions and small cracks in the gem, and occasionally you can see obvious flat growth lines. Some gems feel cold and slippery, and look wet, as if they had been soaked in oil. A good gem has the effect of "cat's eye" and "starlight" after polishing, that is, there is a white line in the gem, just like the white line in the cat's eye under strong light during the day; "Starlight" is a gem that rotates in the sun, and the reflected light shines like the blink of an eye of the stars at night. Artificial gem is generally bright, uniform and pure. After polishing, the luster is dazzling and the color consciousness is strong. Because some rare earth elements are added, there are monochromatic ones, such as black, red and yellow. There are also composite colors, such as rose red and sauce purple. But there will never be a phenomenon that several colors of natural gems are in the gem. In addition, some gems have obvious circular bubbles and traces of synthetic growth products; Obviously, the growth line is linear; Larger particles; There are many specifications of the same color; Harder ones, generally above Mohs level 6, can't be carved with a knife. Instead, these stones can mark glass.

Identification of true and false gems

In the sun, with a light silver pot or white satin as the lining, put the gem at a height of about five inches from the lining to make it exposed to the sun. If the light passing through the gem shows the appearance of the silver wing of Venus in the lining, it can be concluded that it is genuine. If it is a fake gem, a shadow will appear on the lining. If you put the gem in your mouth for a while, you will drool, not only will you not feel dry, but your mouth will be very cold. If the gem itself gets hot, you can conclude that it is genuine.

Emerald Jian Zhen method

Fill a bowl with clear water, and put the gem into the bowl, which can make the whole bowl appear pale green and is a real emerald; Or put Jian Zhen's gems in a copper basin, enclose them with paper, and light the white paper with fire. If fire can turn green, it is true jade; Or prepare a pot of burning coal, and put Jian Zhen's gems into the burning coal. When the charcoal smells, the emeralds will go out immediately.

Whenever people see a piece of jade (a stone containing jade), they often suffer from the inability to identify whether it contains beautiful jade, which is really a pity. In fact, its identification method is also very simple. If precious jade is hidden in the stone, look at the stone in the light at night. If there is light in the stone, just like the light color of the rising sun, it means there must be precious jade in it. On the contrary, it is not.

Diamond identification method

Yupu identification method

Real diamonds glow green in the dark, just like sparks from wires. If it is a fake diamond, it can only emit a small amount of white light or even no light. Even if it glows, it looks dark and there is no flicker. In addition, the hardness of the diamond is the greatest. When the real diamond and the fake diamond are cut, the properties of the diamond will be obviously different immediately.

2。 Simple identification method of ordinary jade and nephrite

1. Rock characteristics: nephrite is a metamorphic rock, which is formed by contact between magnesium marble and intermediate-acid magma. The main minerals are amphibole and a small amount of actinolite. The chemical composition is Ca2(Mg, Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2. Block structure, fiber interwoven structure, delicate aphanitic texture.

The color is mainly white, which can be green, brown, yellow, black, gray, cyan and other colors. The tremolite content in white jade is above 95%. The contents of green actinolite and epidote in green and cyan nephrite are increased, and the total content can reach more than 10%.

Nephrite is oily and its fracture is serrated. Translucent to opaque. Good toughness, hardness 6-7, specific gravity 2.95. The refractive index is 1.6 1.

According to different colors, it can be called white jade and sapphire. As shown in Figure 57, it is a green nephrite ornament produced in Xinjiang, commonly known as jasper.

Because nephrite is mainly produced in Hotan, Xinjiang, it can also be called Hotan jade. According to national standards, the name of "Hetian Jade" does not mean that it is produced in Hetian.

2. Identification features: high hardness, strong toughness and heavy specific gravity. Grease luster, fiber interwoven structure.

3. Common white jade fakes and identification: White jade fakes often include white marble, quartzite jade and emulsified glass. In addition, dushan jade and serpentine jade are similar to white jade. Marble jade has low hardness (3) and low specific gravity (2.7). Because of the rough surface of marble, there is no oily luster like white jade, and the surface is often coated with a layer of liquid wax, which confuses the vision. This waxed marble has a wax-like luster and will get your hands dirty. Leave it for a while until the wax evaporates and the marble regains its earthy luster. Marble has a granular structure, and sometimes bands with different shades can be seen. Quartzite jade has high hardness (7) and low specific gravity (2.65). Granular structure, dry luster, no oily luster of white jade. Emulsified glass is glassy and has no unique structure of rock. The naked eye can see that there are bubbles inside. Generally, the hardness is small (5) and the specific gravity is small (2.4).

4. Nephrite resources: The most famous nephrite producing area in China is Hotan, Xinjiang. Nephrite is also produced in Qinghai Province, Russia and Canada.

Hetian jade is mainly distributed in Altun Mountain and Kunlun Mountain in southern Xinjiang, starting from Qiemo County in the east and reaching Tashkurgan in the west. The length of the east-west ore belt is 1500 km. It is a contact metamorphic deposit occurring in the contact zone between Precambrian magnesium marble and Variscan intermediate-acid granite. Hetian jade can be divided into seed jade, landscape jade (or Gobi desert jade, new mine jade) and mountain material jade (primary mine). Sheep fat white jade in seed jade is moist as fat, and mineral crystals are almost invisible to the naked eye, showing aphanitic texture. The color is calm and dignified, luxurious and unambiguous, and the light is restrained and frank. Hetian jade seed jade often has a little sweet-scented osmanthus skin, jujube skin, autumn pear skin, brown sugar skin and crow skin. This is also a major feature of Hetian jade. When making jade articles, clever colors and carvings will greatly enhance their artistic value. As shown in Figure 58, it is a white jade boy toy with yellow skin. Mountain jade is not as moist as seed jade, slightly bluish gray, dry and cracked.

Qinghai white jade is produced in the southwest plateau hilly area of Golmud City, Qinghai Province, and is mainly made of mountain materials. Qinghai white jade has good transparency and tender but not old color. Often contain more stone flowers, flocs, spots and so on. White is usually yellow gray, smoky gray or light green. The greenish one is similar to the emerald one.

Russian white jade is produced in Lake Baikal, and its color is similar to that of Hetian jade, but it is not moist. Generally, the structure is loose and has a sense of glass. Good Russian white jade, with high whiteness and slight grease, is very popular with collectors. The color of ordinary Russian white jade is gray and yellow, and sometimes it is smoky gray.

Canadian nephrite is green, commonly known as jasper. Colors range from light grayish green to dark green, and dark green often contains black spots.

3。 Some simple methods to identify jade

Do you really want to buy some jade, but you are worried about buying fake and shoddy goods! So let's give you some simple ways to identify jade now.

1 water identification method → drop a drop of water on jade, and it will become dew after a long time, which is the real jade; The water droplets disappear quickly, which is a fake.

2 Touch by hand → Real jade will feel cold and lubricated if touched by hand.

Inspection method → Put jade in bright places such as sunshine and light. If the color is clear and the green is evenly distributed, it is a real jade.

3 tongue licking method → licking real jade with the tip of the tongue has a astringent feeling; Fake jade has no astringency.

4 Magnifier viewing method → Put the purchased jade under a magnifying glass to see if there are cracks. The jade without cracks is the best quality jade, followed by cracks. Even if it is real jade, the value of cracks is greatly reduced. The more cracks, the more obvious and the lower the value.

Tie a hair to the jade, and then burn the jade with a lighter. Hair is real jade, but it is fake or inferior jade! Because jadeite is a cool gem, it can fully absorb some heat given by the outside world.

Tools used in professional evaluation:

1 strong light. Magnifier is about 2 15 times. Portable microscope. 4 polarizer. 5 Charles color filter. 6 Antique appraiser

4。 Cui Fei Changshi

I. The origin of the name

The word jade comes from the jade bird. The male of this bird is bright red, called flying bird, and the female is bright green, called kingfisher. Because the jadeite produced in nature is mostly green and red, the word "jadeite" has gradually changed from bird to jade. The color of jadeite is natural and changeable, and it is integrated with nature, representing the vitality and youthful vitality of all things, and is deeply loved by the oriental nation, especially the Chinese nation. There are two kinds of jade, jadeite and nephrite. Emerald has different colors due to different metal impurities, such as green containing chromium (emerald), red containing iron (emerald), and other colors such as purple, orange, yellow, white and black. The color of nephrite is not as diverse as that of jadeite, only white (suet color), dark green, dark green, ink color and so on. Nephrite has oily luster, which is different from the glass luster of jadeite.

The history of human wearing nephrite is longer than that of jadeite. As early as 2000 years ago, China people mined nephrite and carved it into ornaments to wear. Emerald was not introduced into China until18th century. But with its lovely bright colors, it quickly replaced the nephrite market. At present, nephrite has become a treasure of many antique lovers and jade collectors, and its price is expensive; Emerald is a kind of jadeite jewelry seen in the market, and its price is much cheaper than nephrite.

How to distinguish the quality of jadeite, the simple method is:

Look at the color first. Color is the most important factor to evaluate the quality of jadeite. The colorless jadeite is just a stone. Jade with uniform color, sunshine, massiness and integrity is the top grade. "Unity" means unity; "Yang" means bright colors, giving people a cheerful and non-stagnant feeling; "Thick" means dark color; "Positive" means that no other variegated colors are mixed together.

The second is to look at the texture. Emerald is a polycrystalline mineral formed by silicate under high temperature and high pressure. The size of its constituent crystals will directly affect the smoothness, transparency and tone after polishing. Therefore, the finer the polycrystalline structure, the better the texture of jadeite.

The third is transparency. Transparency is a physical phenomenon that complements texture. The finer the texture, the higher the transparency. If jadeite is as transparent as glass, then the fineness of the crystal inside can make the light straight through without being blocked.

The fourth is to look at the handling of the day after tomorrow. Emerald is mined just like ore. It must be carefully cut into different shapes by experienced professional craftsmen, and then processed, polished and carved, polished and waxed before it can be sold in the market. Those that are not bleached or dyed at all during the processing are "A" and have the highest value; Bleaching and fading are "B", followed by value; The value of dyeing grade "C" is low. Excellent acquired processing can make jadeite icing on the cake and double its value.

Fifth, look at the cracks. Cracks in jadeite may be produced during mining or processing. With cracks, no matter how good the color, texture and transparency are, it will affect the value. Sometimes cracks are not obvious on its surface, but they can be seen by careful observation in the sun. Especially jadeite that has been bleached, faded or dyed is a common phenomenon.

While distinguishing the quality of jadeite, we should also prevent artificial imitation of jadeite from confusing the real with the fake. Artificial imitation jade is made of glass, plastic and other materials after dyeing. Most artificial imitation jade in glass contains bubbles, and the color is bright, and green has a strong light, which is different from real jade. Plastic artificial imitation jade is lighter than real jade, with poor transparency and dim tone, which is far from real jade.

Mastering the above simple identification methods, you can basically get the grade of jadeite.

Nephrite and emerald

Nephrite is a kind of jade composed of interwoven fibrous small crystals. It can be seen that variegated jade is composed of interwoven fibrous small crystals, but there are no transparent granular small crystals, which are called "speckled crystals". Its transparency is relatively poor compared with jade that may be confused. Although it is translucent to opaque, in fact, most jade is slightly transparent, and translucent nephrite is not easy to see.

Identification of jadeite: there are star-shaped, linear and flaky flashes on the surface of jadeite. The color of jadeite is rich and colorful, which is not found in other gems, so we should not only look at the color and tone, but also pay attention to the combination and distribution of colors. The luster of jade is glass luster, greasy luster or greasy glass luster. Jade with good transparent water head is thoroughly hydrated, which is not available in other jadeites. Put the smooth surface of jade on your face or lips to feel cool. Characteristics of hetian jade

colour

All kinds of jade are fascinating with their own natural colors and rank among the world's treasures. Jade experts attach great importance to color. Color is not only an important criterion for evaluating the quality of Hetian jade, but also the main basis for its classification. The color of Hetian jade is the best among all kinds of jade, and it is highly valued for its unique jade color.

Compared with nephrite in other areas at home and abroad, Hetian jade has more colors and formed its own series. Hetian jade has four basic colors: white, cyan, yellow and black, and some transitional colors, such as innocence and gray. Hetian jade has rare white jade in the world, especially sheep fat white jade, which is unique to Hetian jade and has high value. In addition, Hetian jade has a variety of skin colors. Many jadeites in the world have this color, but it is not as beautiful as Hetian jade. Especially Hetian jade, there are many colors, such as autumn pear, reed flower, bordeaux, black and so on. Jade carving artists use various skin colors as jade names, such as autumn pear skin, tiger skin, bordeaux skin and black skin. Using skin color can make beautiful jade, which is naturally interesting. From the stone to the present, the original jade is very valuable and is called the treasure.

difficulty

Hardness is one of the important marks to identify Hetian jade. The hardness of minerals is a mechanical property of minerals to resist the invasion of other objects. Hardness is usually expressed in two ways: (1) relative hardness, or Mohs hardness, which is a kind of scratch hardness. (2) Absolute hardness, also called indentation hardness. According to the weight that the mineral surface can bear. The Mohs hardness of Hetian jade is about 6 .5, with slight differences among different varieties. Generally speaking, the hardness of sapphire is slightly greater than that of white jade. In the jewelry industry, hardness is generally regarded as an important symbol to distinguish gems from jade. The hardness of gemstones is generally above Mohs 7, and the hardness of jade is generally between Mohs 4 and 7. Hardness below Mohs 4 is usually called colored stone or carved stone. High hardness, good polishing performance, can make jade shine, and is also convenient for storage.

toughness

Toughness is usually the inherent bonding ability of jade, that is, the ability to resist external pressure or crushing force. Toughness is characterized by hard fracture and wear resistance. The mineral with the greatest toughness in the world is black diamond, for example, black diamond is 10 degree, while the toughness of other gems is relative: jade is 9 (nephrite); Emerald, ruby and sapphire are 8; 7-7.5 parts of diamonds, crystals and aquamarine. For example, the toughness of nephrite is 1000, while the toughness of other minerals or rocks is relatively: jadeite (jadeite) 500; Serpentine 250, etc. Nephrite has great toughness, which is not found in other jadeites. Hetian jade has great toughness, which can be used as a kind of fine workmanship, carefully crafted by skillful hands and not easily damaged.

transparency

Transparency is the degree to which jade allows visible light to pass, which is mainly related to the absorption of light by jade. Mineralogy is generally divided into three types: transparent, translucent and opaque. In the jade industry, transparency is more important and there are special provisions. Those with good transparency are called "Shuitou Group", "Diziling" or "Kengling". Poor transparency is called "waterless head", "boring in the ground" and "boring in the pit". To identify the degree of moth-eaten, it is necessary to polish jade and see through other objects (jade products) under a certain thickness, which can be divided into four grades: transparent body, Translucent, Micro-transparent body and Non-transparent body. Hetian jade belongs to micro-transparent body. Under the general enterprising degree, you can penetrate the light, but you can't see the object clearly.

Basic identification of hetian jade

White jade refers to nephrite (hetian jade) mainly composed of tremolite, while jade mainly composed of other minerals can never be called white jade because of its white color. Some operators call white jade that is not white jade white jade, which objectively misleads consumers and deliberately calls white jade that is not white jade white jade, which is illegal. On the Internet, some sellers often deliberately refer to a white Dongling jade produced in Xinjiang as "Xinjiang White Jade", which confuses people. Many buyers complained after being cheated, and the seller also argued that there were many kinds of white jade in Xinjiang, but he did not say that it was Hetian jade-white jade. In the jade market, there are often two kinds of white jade called white jade. First, quartzite jade is white in color and delicate in texture, and looks like white jade. In the past, the so-called "Beijing white jade" was fine-grained quartzite, and the "oilstone" mine evaluated by the geological and mineral department had fine grains, but it could not be called white jade. Shi Ying jade has higher hardness than Hetian jade, so it shows stronger glass luster than white jade, so it can be distinguished without instrument testing.

If experts are not invited, people who use jade for the first time should identify the authenticity of jade by themselves, which can be observed from three aspects:

1. Because the texture of glass is very brittle and hard, the structure is clearly arranged, and it lacks the density and toughness of jade, so it can't stand strong and high-speed rotary carving, so it is generally impossible to process high relief and round carving on glass.

Second, use a magnifying glass to find bubbles, even if you can only see one, you can confirm that it is not jade.

Thirdly, chromium oxide is added into the glass, and the color is close to ruby; Adding cobalt oxide, the color is close to sapphire; Adding chromium oxide and copper oxide, the color is close to emerald ... and so on, there are many kinds of fake jade. However, their colors are always relatively thin, lacking the oily and rich feeling of natural jade color.

The identification of new jade and old jade is different. The identification of new jade focuses on the authenticity of the variety, the quality of the texture and the fineness of the sculptor. The identification of old jade is relatively complicated. In addition to several basic requirements, new jade also needs to identify its production and historical value.