The Yellow River basin is located between 32 and 42 north latitude and 96 and119 east longitude. It starts from Bayan Kara in the west, borders Bohai Sea in the east, Yinshan Mountain in the north and Qinling Mountain in the south. The east-west length is about 1900 km, and the north-south length is about 1 100 km, with a drainage area of 75.
Most areas of the Yellow River Basin have an arid and semi-arid continental monsoon climate.
The upper reaches of Heyuan to Hekou Town in Tuoketuo County, Inner Mongolia can be subdivided into Heyuan section, canyon section and Hetao section. There is more water and less sand in the upper reaches, which is the main source of fresh water in the Yellow River.
The middle reaches, from Hekou Town to Taohuayu, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, can be subdivided into loess plateau canyon section, Wei Fen graben section and western Henan canyon section. There is a big drop in the middle reaches, with steep cliffs on both sides of the valley and many rapids and rapids, such as the famous Hukou Waterfall (also known as Longmen).
The downstream from Taohuayu in Zhengzhou to Kenli County in Shandong Province can be divided into alluvial plain and estuary delta. The downstream river channel is flat, the water flow is slow, and a lot of sediment is deposited. There is a lot of sediment in the lower reaches of the Yellow River: about a quarter of it is deposited in the river course, which makes the river bed rise year by year and become a world-famous "suspended river". About three-quarters of them are sent to the estuary, and siltation prolongs the estuary and expands the triangle state; About 50 square kilometers of land are reclaimed from the sea every year, and the coastline is advanced by more than 1 km every year.
The population of the Yellow River basin is about10.60 billion, and the cultivated land area accounts for about 12.5% of the whole country. At present, the energy industry layout of upstream hydropower base, midstream coal base and downstream oil base has been gradually formed.
The Yellow River is a hidden worry in China, because there are frequent floods and droughts.
Interviewee: some _ thing-director level 9 3-10 21:10
The Yellow River reaches Hekou Town, Tuoketuo County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, with a total length of 3,472 kilometers. The middle reaches are from Hekou Town to Taohuayu, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, with a river length of 1206 km. Below Taohuayu is the downstream, with a river length of 786 kilometers. There are many opinions on the division of the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, and the division scheme of the Yellow River Water Resources Commission is adopted here. The Yellow River runs across China from east to west, with a length of 1.900 km from east to west and a width of1.654,38+0.000 km from north to south, with a total area of 752,443 square kilometers.
The annual average flow of the Yellow River 1774.5 m3/s, the annual average natural runoff of the whole river is 58 billion m3, the annual average runoff depth of the basin is 77 mm, the per capita water volume of the basin is 593 m3, and the per mu yield of cultivated land is 324 m3.
The middle reaches of the Yellow River flow through the Loess Plateau, and tributaries bring a lot of sediment, making the Yellow River the largest river with sediment concentration in the world. The annual maximum sediment discharge is 3965438+ 1 100 million tons (1933), and the maximum sediment concentration is 920kg/m3( 1977). The average sediment discharge of Sanmenxia Station for many years is about 65.438+0.6 billion tons, and the average sediment concentration is 35 kg/m3.
Directory [hidden]
1 explanation
2 Hydrological characteristics
2. 1 source
2.2 Delimitation
2.2. 1 upstream
middle reaches
lower reaches
2.3 Main tributaries and lakes
2.4 Mainstream Canyon
2.5 Main Stream Water Control Project
2.6 Bridges
3 Environmental conditions
3. 1 soil erosion
3.2 cut-off
4 History and culture
4. 1 river course change
4.2 Brief History of Water Conservancy
4.3 Cradle of Chinese Civilization
4.4 People related to the Yellow River
4.5 Tourism cultural resources
5 others
6 See also
7 off-site link
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Explain a name
Before the Qin and Han Dynasties, the word "river", the mother of the Yellow River, was basically the proper name of the Yellow River, and the river was called "Sichuan" or "water" (but there were exceptions, such as the book of Mountains and Seas, which said: "Kunlun Mountain runs across Wan Li, with a height of 1,000 miles, and reaches 50,000 miles in Shan Hao, surrounded by Qinghe, Baihe and Heihe." ) The word "Yellow River" can't be found in the pre-Qin literature, and the statement of the Yellow River can't be found in the full text of Historical Records written by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. According to the textual research of scholar Li Erong, the word Yellow River first appeared in the explanation of "Yuanshi County in Changshan County" in the Geography of Hanshu written by Ban Gu in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The word "yellow" of the Yellow River is used to describe the turbidity of the river. It has long been recorded in ancient books: "Zuo Zhuan Xiang Gong Eight Years" in the Warring States Period, the son of Zheng quoted Yizhou as saying: "Initiate the river to be clear, life is geometric!" ; "Erya Shi Shui" records that "the river flows out of Kunlun, the color is white, and the canal is 1701 rivers, and the color is yellow."
Xinghu Lake in the upper reaches of the Yellow River consists of a large number of Shui Bo and Haizi, such as Zhaling Lake and Eling Lake. Under the sunshine, countless lakes and swamps in Xinghu Lake are dazzling, just like proud peacocks, very beautiful and spectacular. Therefore, local Tibetan residents call this section of the Yellow River "rma chu", which means "Peacock River". Maqu County, Gansu Province is named after this reach.
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Hydrological characteristics
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source
The Yellow River originated in bayan har, Qinghai, but the real source is still controversial. Historically, people's understanding of the source of the Yellow River has a process.
"Shangshu Gong Yu" once recorded that "the stone is accumulated by drawing water from the river, but as for Longmen", and "the stone is accumulated" is located in Qingshan, Anima, near Xunhua Salar Autonomous County, Qinghai Province, which is still far from the source of the Yellow River. It is recorded in Shan Hai Jing and Er Ya that the river flows from Kunlun. After Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions in the Western Han Dynasty, it was said that the Yellow River originated in Khotan, flowed to Yanze in the east, then flowed underground, and flowed to the source of the river in the south (see Biography of Dawan in Historical Records). These statements are not accurate, but they continued until the Sui and Tang Dynasties.
After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, people gradually established a correct understanding of the source of the Yellow River. In the fifth year of Yang Di the Great (609), Tuguhun was destroyed and later moved to Heyuan County, which is now part of Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Qinghai and Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, indicating that people know that the Yellow River originated here. In the ninth year of Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan reign (635), in order to quell the Tuguhun rebellion, Li Jing, Hou, Li Daozong and other generals once led troops to the area around the Star Sea. The Book of the New Tang Dynasty contains them "visiting the stars, Suzhou, Dabahai, Jishishan and Heyuan." . Xinghai has been called the source of the Yellow River since the Tang and Song Dynasties.
In the Yuan Dynasty, people began to make field trips to the source of the Yellow River. In the 17th year of Yuan Dynasty (1280), Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu sent Du Shi and others to explore the source of the Yellow River and made a detailed investigation of the area around Xingsuhai. 13 15, Pan Anxiao wrote a book "Heyuan Zhi" based on his investigation in Du Fu's poems, clearly pointing out that the Yellow River originated in the southwest of the Star Sea, where "there are more than 100 wells with water gushing from the ground".
In the 43rd year of Qing Emperor Kangxi (1704), Emperor Kangxi ordered Laxi and Lan Shu to explore the source of the Yellow River. When they arrived in Xinghai, they found that there were three rivers in the upper reaches of Xinghai, but they didn't catch up with the source. After Lacey and Lan Shu returned to Beijing, they drew a map of Heyuan, and Lan Shu also wrote a record of Heyuan. At the end of Kangxi, a nationwide topographic survey was organized. In the fifty-sixth year of Kangxi (17 17), Lamar Qinzangbu, Ramba, the director of the hospital and others were sent to the Heyuan area for investigation. This trip "crosses the source of the river and involves Wan Li". After returning to Beijing, the survey results will be drawn into the imperial map. This mapping also explored and mapped the source of the river above Xinghai.
In the forty-seventh year of Qianlong in Qing Dynasty (1782), Amitabha, the bodyguard of the famous gate in Qianlong, paid tribute to Heyuan. Amitabha arrived 300 miles west of Xinghai and made a field survey of three rivers in the upper reaches of Xinghai. It is determined that Allerstam Guole River (now Kaliqu) in the southwest of Xinghai is the upstream source of the Yellow River.
/kloc-from the 10th century to the early 20th century, western explorers and geographers went deep into the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau for investigation activities, and they also went to Heyuan to collect natural and cultural materials, such as Akbar, Indian, Dutol, Aolun, Russian, Poole Geval, snook, kozlov, Faessler, Taibel, etc.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), he visited the source of the Yellow River many times. From 65438 to 0952, organized by the Yellow River Conservancy Commission and led by Xiang Lizhi and Dong Zaihua, the source of the Yellow River was explored for several months. Heyuan exploration team determined that Yuegu Zonglequ is the main source of the Yellow River, and Yahe Lada Heze Mountain is its source, with Ering Lake above and Zhaling Lake below. This result is not consistent with the previous investigation results, which has caused controversy in academic circles, but the statement that the Yellow River originated from Zonglie Canal in Yuegu is widely circulated. During the period of 1978, Qinghai Province invited relevant scientific research professionals from the central and local governments to make another field trip to the headwaters of the Yellow River and the two lakes of Zhaling Lake and Eling Lake, and confirmed that Kaliqu was the main source of the Yellow River, with Zhaling Lake above and Eling Lake below. From 198 1 to 1982, scholar Yang traveled all over the Yellow River on foot. He thinks that the farthest source of the Yellow River is the love song of Lalang, which started from bayan har Ridge, which is 30.5km longer than that of Bjorgu Zonglie Song and 1 1.9km longer than that of Kari Song. From 65438 to 0985, the Yellow River Conservancy Committee confirmed Maqu as the main source of the Yellow River according to historical traditions and opinions of various factions, and set up a sign of the source of the Yellow River in Maqu Fruit Tree in the southwest corner of the Yogu Zonglie Basin.
The three tributaries of Xinghai Shangyuan are Zhaqu, Yuegu Zonglie and Kariqu. Zhaqu, located in the northernmost part, originated in Cha Hasila Mountain. This river is 70 kilometers long and narrow, with few tributaries and limited water, and it is cut off for most of the year. Yoguliequ is located in the west of Xinghai, among the three upstream sources, and originated in the southwest corner of Yoguliezong Basin, with an altitude of 4,750 meters. The water volume is very small, and it is a stream with a width of 1.0- 1.5 meters and a depth of 0. 1-0.2 meters. Kaliqu, a tributary in the south, originated at the northern foot of Geziya Mountain, a branch of bayan har, with an altitude of 4,800 meters. Five springs gushed out of the valley and merged into a small river with a width of about 3 meters, a depth of 0.3-0.5 meters and a flow rate of about 3 meters per second. This river has water all the year round. Yueguzong Liequ and Kariqu merged at the source of the Yellow River to form the original river Maqu, which was then injected into Xinghai. According to the aerial survey of1:100000, the length of Kazqu is 25 kilometers longer than that of Beyogul Zongqu. Kariqu basin covers an area of 3 126 square kilometers, and Yuegu Zonglequ basin covers an area of 2,372 square kilometers. Near the intersection of Kariqu and Guzong Liequ, the measured discharge of Kariqu is 6.3 m3/s, and that of Yogu Liequ is 2.5m3/s. Through the investigation of the source of 1978 Yellow River, it is determined that Kariqu is the main source of the Yellow River.
References:
The source of the yellow river
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boundary
There are different opinions about the boundary between the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. The Yellow River Conservancy Commission divides Hekou Town and Taohuayu into upper, middle and lower reaches. Traditional middle school textbooks divide Hekou Town and Jin Meng into upper, middle and lower reaches. Scholar Yang thinks Qingtongxia and Harmony are more suitable. Scholar Xu advocated Jiayingguan in Wuzhi County, Jiaozuo City, Henan Province as the dividing line between the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. This paper adopts the division scheme of the Yellow River Water Conservancy Commission.
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Upstream
The first Yellow River Bridge in Lanzhou is the upper reaches of the Yellow River above Hekou Town, Tuoketuo County, Inner Mongolia. The total length of the upper reaches is 3,472 kilometers, and the basin area is 386,000 square kilometers, accounting for 5 1.3% of the total Yellow River. The total upstream drop is 3496m, with an average gradient of10 ‰; There are 43 large tributaries (basin area 1000 square kilometers or more), and the runoff accounts for 54% of the whole river; The upper reaches of the Yellow River only account for 8% of the annual sediment discharge of the whole river, with more water and less sediment, which is the clear water source of the Yellow River. The upper reaches of the river are controlled by Qingshan Mountain, Xiqiao Mountain and Nanshan Mountain in Anima, Qinghai, with an S-shaped bend. According to the different characteristics of rivers, the upper reaches of the Yellow River can be divided into three parts: source section, canyon section and alluvial plain section.