I studied in Nian Gengyao (1679~ 1726), a native of Huaiyuan, Anhui province, Han nationality, and later transferred to Huangqi of the Han army (according to Nian's genealogy in Huaiyuan County, Anhui Province, I was born in Niuwangdian, Nianjiazhuang, Huomiao, Huaiyuan, Anhui Province, and moved to Hutuan Temple in the southwest of Huaiyuan, Anhui Province in the late Ming Dynasty. Date of birth is unknown (one said that he was born in the eighteenth year of Kangxi, that is, 1679). His father is an assistant minister of the Ministry of Industry and the governor of Hubei Province, and his brother Xirao Nian is also an assistant minister of the Ministry of Industry. His younger sister was Yin Zhen's side Fujin, and she was named the imperial concubine after Yongzheng acceded to the throne. Nian Gengyao's wife is the daughter of imperial clan assistant lord protector Su Yan. Growing Experience Although Nian Gengyao later made great achievements in the battlefield and became famous for his martial arts, he studied since childhood and was quite talented. In the thirty-ninth year of Kangxi (1700), he was a scholar, and was soon appointed as imperial academy for review. The Hanlin Academy is known as "the place where the Jade Hall looks clear". The officials in Jishi Shu and the Academy have always been outstanding scholars of the Han nationality, and it is remarkable that Nian Gengyao can be one of them. In the forty-eighth year of Kangxi (1709), Nian Gengyao joined the cabinet with a bachelor's degree, and soon became the governor of Sichuan and a government official. According to Yong Xian Zhi written by Qing Dynasty, Nian Gengyao was less than 30 years old at this time. Nian Gengyao expressed deep gratitude for Kangxi's extraordinary appreciation and exceptional promotion. In the memorial, he said that he was "grateful for three generations of fools" and must "try his best to repay the kindness". After Nian Gengyao took office, he became familiar with the general situation of Sichuan Province and put forward many measures to promote the advantages and eliminate the disadvantages. And he himself took the lead in setting an example and refused to accept the festival ceremony, "willing to be indifferent and impartial." Kangxi had high hopes for him and hoped that he would "stick to it and be a good official". Later, in the war to defeat Alabotan, the leader of the Junggar Department who invaded Tibet, Nian Gengyao once again showed his outstanding talents in order to ensure the logistics supply of the Qing army. In the fifty-seventh year of Kangxi (17 18), Nian Gengyao was appointed as the governor of Sichuan, in charge of the governor's affairs and the military, political and civil affairs. In the 60th year of Kangxi (172 1), Nian Gengyao made a pilgrimage to Beijing, and Kangxi gave him a bow and arrow. He was promoted to the governor of Sichuan and Shaanxi and became an important official of Wei. In September this year, there was a local rebellion in Golog Prefecture, Qinghai Province. While attacking directly, Nian Gengyao used the contradiction between local tribal chiefs, supplemented by the strategy of "attacking fans with fans", and quickly put down the rebellion. In November of the sixty-first year of Kangxi (1722), General Fu Yuan and Yin Chan of Beizi were recalled to Beijing, and Nian Gengyao was appointed to be in charge of military affairs together with Yan Xin, who was in charge of general print. Yongzheng's right-hand man came to the throne of Yongzheng, and Nian Gengyao was highly regarded. Longkeduo called him Yongzheng's right-hand man. Roncodo is Yin Zhen's own uncle, and he worked for Yin Zhen for many years before he ascended the throne. Needless to say, their intimacy. In May of the first year of Yongzheng (1723), Yongzheng issued an imperial decree: "If there is a place to dispatch troops and take meals, the frontier defense minister and the governor of Sichuan, Shaanxi and Yunnan shall handle it according to Nian Gengyao." In this way, Nian Gengyao was in charge of all the affairs in Xixiang, and actually became a confidant of Yongzheng at the front line of Xixiang, and his power position was actually above the governors such as General Yan Xin of Fuyuan. Yongzheng also warned local officials in Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan to obey Nian Gengyao's orders. In the same year 10, Tenzin Rebellion occurred in Qinghai. The situation in Qinghai suddenly became chaotic, and Xiqiao war resumed. Yongzheng ordered Nian Gengyao to take over as General Fuyuan, and commanded the counter-insurgency in Xining. At the beginning of the second year of Yongzheng (1724), when the final stage of the war came, Nian Gengyao ordered the generals to "go their separate ways and pound their nests". Military forces from all walks braved the storm and hardships day and night, and quickly swept away the remnants of the enemy. Faced with this sudden attack, the rebels collapsed. Rob Zangdanjin only led more than 200 people to flee hastily, and the Qing army chased Wulanbuke, captured Rob Zangdanjin's mother and another rebel leader, Triranomuch, and captured all his people and animals. Rob Zangdan Jin himself escaped by disguised as a man and went to Alabo Temple. The battle lasted only 15 days (February 8-22), and the army swept thousands of miles, sweeping the enemy camp, plowing the fields and sweeping the caves in lightning speed, and won a great victory. Nian Gengyao's reputation as "General 2000" has since deterred Xiqiao, enjoying a high reputation in the ruling and opposition circles. Yongzheng was overjoyed at the success of the war to pacify Qinghai, so he gave Nian Gengyao a special reward: before that, Nian Gengyao had won the third-class merit and the second-class merit for his military achievements in pacifying Tibet and pacifying the Guoluoke rebellion. This time, he was promoted to a first-class public by careful planning and surprise. In addition, a viscount was awarded, which was inherited by his son Nian Bin. His father was made a first-class public when he was young, plus the title of a teacher. At this time, Wei Town, Nian Gengyao, northwest, can participate in Yunnan government affairs and become the main confidant minister of Yongzheng in other provinces. When editing this passage, the monarch and his subjects knew that Nian Gengyao not only monopolized all issues concerning the Western Regions, but was also ordered to directly participate in state affairs. He has the right to report to Yongzheng, such as the advantages and disadvantages of internal and external officials, the advantages and disadvantages of national government and people's livelihood, and so on. He also often participates in consultations and decision-making on major issues between the DPRK and China. For example, in the last years of Kangxi, there was a suggestion that officials should be dismissed, which was also put forward by Nian Gengyao and Nian Gengyao, but was reprimanded by Kangxi without success. After Yongzheng came to power, Shanxi Governor Nuo Min and others called for it, but there were different opinions in the ruling and opposition parties. In this case, Yongzheng specifically asked Nian Gengyao's opinion: "I don't know all about this matter, so it is difficult to decide right from wrong, so I will discuss it with you. What do you think? " The Testimony Hall revised the Testimony, and sent it to Nian Gengyao after reading it, asking him to make amendments. In the winter of the second year of Yongzheng (1724), before Nian Gengyao entered Beijing, Yongzheng ordered the local officials of various provinces to gather in Beijing because of the arrival of Nian Gengyao. The governor of Sichuan put forward different opinions on matters that could not be discussed, and Yongzheng asked for the opinions of Nian. Judging the actions of governors in other places by the conduct of titles, it can be seen that Yongzheng put Nian Gengyao's position above other governors, so that his political views played a decisive role. On the appointment and removal of important officials and personnel arrangements, Yongzheng frequently sought Nian Gengyao's advice and gave him great power. In the area under Nian Gengyao's jurisdiction, all civil and military officials, big or small, were appointed according to the recommendation of 1998. In April of the first year, Yongzheng ordered Fan Shijie to act as the agent of Shaanxi governor, and soon he wanted to change the original governor to assistant minister of the Ministry of War. Yongzheng specially discussed this appointment with nian. On another occasion, Yongzheng was "indecisive" when arranging Wu Zhi officials, so he asked Nian Gengyao if Shaanxi officials would be transferred to other provinces and promoted to "you are willing to give up" and asked him to "play according to the facts, I will follow suit". Yongzheng also often solicited opinions from officials outside Sichuan and Shaanxi. Once there was a vacancy in Kaigui Road, Henan Province, and Yongzheng "couldn't remember anyone" for a while, so he consulted with Nian Gengyao about the candidate. On another occasion, Yongzheng heard that General He Tianpei of Jingkou had different opinions on his character, so he asked Nian Gengyao if he had heard of it, hoping that he would play truthfully to decide whether to stay or not. Nian Gengyao's secret service zhili governor was incompetent and could not take the responsibility of the governor, so Yongzheng dismissed Zhao. The company commanders in Gannan are vacant, and the court intends to use Song. Nian Gengyao claimed that he was incompetent and asked Huang Qixian to make up for it. Yongzheng followed Nian Gengyao's advice. After the pacification of Qinghai, Yongzheng wrote in Zhu Pi presented to Nian Gengyao: "I appreciate your true feelings and miss you very much. I want to discuss some questions with you." During Nian Gengyao's visit to Beijing, he handled military affairs together with Prime Ministers Ma Qi and Roncodo. Yongzheng also asked him to "convey the will and write the imperial edict" because he "can convey my words". Nian Gengyao has become the Minister of Prime Minister Affairs. Yongzheng had a good personal relationship with Nian Gengyao and gave him special honor. Yongzheng considered himself lucky to have a government official like Nian Gengyao. If there were more than a dozen people like him, the country would not worry about bad governance. After pacifying the rebellion in Qinghai, Yongzheng was extremely excited and regarded Nian as a "benefactor". He also knew it was disgraceful to say this, but he couldn't help saying it. In order to pass on Nian Gengyao's evaluation for a long time, Yongzheng also asked generations to remember Nian Gengyao's great achievements, otherwise he would not be his descendants and subjects: not only will I reward him with my heart as soon as possible, but my descendants and all the subjects in the world will be * * *. If you are a little ungrateful, you are not my descendant; A little disloyalty is not our subject. This is simply an attitude towards Nian Gengyao to judge people's correctness. At this point, Yongzheng's loyalty to Nian Gengyao is hard to see, and Nian Gengyao's kindness is unparalleled in ancient times. In October of the second year of Yongzheng (1724), Nian Gengyao entered Beijing and was given something extraordinary, such as peacock feathers with two eyes, four regiments of dragon clothes, a yellow belt, purple weights and gold coins. Nian Gengyao himself, his father and son Nianbin were knighted. 1 1 month, Yong Zhengdi was awarded the first-class public position for quelling the rebellion in Zhuozi Mountain, which was succeeded by Nian Gengyao's second son Nianfu. Nian Gengyao's fall from grace and subsequent punishment were triggered by his second visit to Beijing in October of the second year of Yongzheng (1724). On the way to Beijing, he asked Commander-in-Chief Fan Shijie and Zhili Governor Li to kneel down to see him off. When I arrived in Beijing, I was greeted by officials below princes in the suburbs. Nian Gengyao passed by safely on horseback without looking. The princes dismounted to meet him, and he just nodded. What's more, in front of Yongzheng, the attitude is very arrogant. "No one is polite." Yongzheng was awarded military service shortly after he entered Beijing in 1920. It is widely rumored that Beijing has accepted Nian Gengyao's request. It is also said that A Ling (a member of the Huangbazi Ginza Group) and others have also listened to the words of Nian. These words greatly hurt Yongzheng's self-esteem. After Nian Gengyao returned to his hometown, he received a letter from Yongzheng, in which there was a passage about the hero's honor: "mortal ministers are easy to achieve, but difficult to achieve;" It is easy to succeed, but it is difficult to keep working; It is easy to keep one's job, but it is difficult to achieve it in the end. ..... If you rely on your strengths, you will turn your back on your kindness and become an enemy. This has always been the case. " In this song "Zhu Yu", Yongzheng changed the tone of praise in the past and warned Nian to be cautious and self-sustaining. Since then, Nian Gengyao's situation has plummeted. The reasons for Nian Gengyao's fall from grace and conviction can be summarized as follows: 1. Making a fool of yourself. Nian Gengyao's arrogance is getting worse and worse. He was arrogant and majestic in official contacts: he presented objects to subordinate officials, "making the North kowtow and thank you"; The official documents sent to governors and generals are parallel official documents, but they are called "orders" and treat the same officials as subordinates; Even Fu Bao, the king of Zasak County, Mongolia, would bow down when he saw him. The imperial guards sent by the imperial court should have been given preferential treatment, but they were locked up as slaves around 2000 to "lead the way back and forth with whips and throw stirrups." According to the system of the Qing Dynasty, when the imperial edict reached the place, the local officials should receive the imperial edict, kneel down and knock on the gift, and beg for holy peace. But the imperial edict of Yongzheng went to Xining twice, but Nian Gengyao "didn't understand the imperial edict". What's more, he once presented Yongzheng with the engraved "Liu Memorial" at his own expense. Yongzheng intends to write his own preface, but he hasn't written it yet. Nian Gengyao drafted an article by himself, asking for Yong Zhengdi's consent. In front of Yongzheng, Nian Gengyao also lost his temper and said, "There is no formal ceremony." Yongzheng is very unhappy. Second, form parties for personal gain. At that time, when selecting civil and military officials, priority was given to officials and soldiers recommended by Nian Gengyao, the so-called "annual election". He also rejected dissidents and appointed private individuals to form a clique headed by him, with officials from Shaanxi, Gansu and Sichuan as the backbone, including officials from other regions. Tang Shi in Jixian County, written in the novel Legend of Heroes of Children, refers to Nian Gengyao, saying that he is a general of seven provinces. "He has hundreds of soldiers and thousands of troops. He is like a cloud and his counselors are like rain." These are artistic exaggerations, which are quite different from the actual situation, but they also show that Nian Gengyao has great influence. Seeing Nian Gengyao gaining momentum and expanding power, many people hanging out in officialdom came to the door. And Nian Gengyao is also a person who pays attention to cultivating folk forces. Whenever there is a profitable job, he must put his personal cronies. "Dissidents are screened out, and those who are eager to go are recommended to quit." For example, he impeached the governor of Zhili, saying that he was a "poor boy" and "had never been a governor" and recommended his personal Li. Zhao Zhiyuan lost his official position, so he turned to Nian Gengyao and gave him jewelry worth 202,000 yuan. Nian Gengyao took advantage of the opportunity of entering Beijing in the second year of Yongzheng to bring Zhao to Beijing, "pleading to introduce Si Geng" to ensure its availability. General Nian Gengyao was given a blue-and-white calligraphy jar by Ge Daqing, the provincial judge of Jiangsu Province, who was demoted by the Senate in 2000. Then Nian Gengyao promised to "take care of" him in the future. In addition, Nian Gengyao also took the opportunity of joining the army to make his unmarried domestic slaves, Sang Dingcheng and Wei Zhiyao, become the official positions of Zhili Taoist priest and acting lieutenant respectively. Third, greedy for money. Nian Gengyao took bribes and embezzled money and grain, amounting to millions of yuan. In the early years of Yongzheng, it was an important reform measure to rectify bureaucracy and punish corruption and perverting the law. At this juncture, Yongzheng will not let go easily. Yongzheng punished Nian Gengyao step by step. The first step was before and after Nian Gengyao left Beijing in November of the second year of Yongzheng. At this time, Yongzheng had made a decision to attack Nian Gengyao. The Zhu Yu that Nian Gengyao received after he left Beijing was a hint to him. The second step is to say hello to relevant officials. One is Yongzheng's cronies, asking them to draw a clear line with Nian Gengyao and expose the misdeeds of Nian in order to save themselves; Second, people Nian Gengyao doesn't like, let them know that the emperor wants to punish Nian Gengyao and make them stand firm; Third, people with ordinary relations with Nian Gengyao should be vigilant, alienate and get rid of Nian Gengyao, and don't take the wrong side. This is for Nian Gengyao's public treatment. The third step is to point the finger directly at Nian Gengyao and pull him out of Xi 'an's lair. In the first month of the third year of Yongzheng (1725), Yongzheng's dissatisfaction with Nian Gengyao began to become public. In 2000, Shaanxi Governor Hu Jiheng was ordered to participate in the performance of Jin Nanying in Shaanxi Post Road. Yongzheng said that this was the practice of appointing private individuals and disorderly forming cronies in 2000, and it was not allowed to play. Nian Gengyao once participated in the killing of Jiang Xingren, the governor of Sichuan who threatened the magistrate, and Cai was dismissed from office. After the trial, he was given a suspended sentence. Nian Gengyao's private Wang Jinghao was appointed Governor of Sichuan. By this time, Yongzheng had made up his mind to attack Nian Gengyao. After Cai Wei was escorted back to Beijing, Yongzheng did not agree to imprison him with the punishments, but specially summoned him. Cai Wei stated that he was framed for his struggle with Nian Gengyao when he was in office, and also played various situations of "greed and violence" in Nian Gengyao. Yongzheng then issued an imperial edict, which read: "Nian Gengyao plays Cai Wei. If he is brought to justice, people will think that I listened to Nian Gengyao before killing him. In this way, Nian Gengyao holds the handle of the court. " Therefore, Yongzheng not only failed to convict Cai Wei, but promoted him to Zuodu suggestion and became an effective tool to deal with Nian Gengyao. In March of the third year of Yongzheng (1725), the so-called "auspicious sign" of "the sun, the moon and the five-star pearl" appeared, and the ministers congratulated them one after another. Nian Gengyao also congratulated Yongzheng on his hard work day and night. However, the handwriting in the table was scrawled, and for an instant, I mistakenly wrote "morning and evening" as "evening morning". Yongzheng seized on this and said that Nian Gengyao was not a careless person. This time, he deliberately ignored the words "admonition in the morning and evening" in my ear. And think that this is his "self-reliance, showing disrespect", so his meritorious military service in Qinghai "is also between my permission and disapproval." Then Yongzheng replaced officials in Sichuan and Shaanxi. First of all, Nian Gengyao's confidant Hu Jiheng was removed from his post, and Tanner, the agent of Sichuan magistrate, was transferred back to Beijing, so that he could not have an accident during his term of office. In April, Nian Gengyao was dismissed from the post of Governor of Sichuan and Shaanxi, and was ordered to hand over the seal of General Fuyuan and transfer to General Hangzhou. The last step is to order Nian Gengyao to commit suicide. After Nian Gengyao was transferred, officials at home and abroad knew more about the situation and exposed his crimes. In the name of treating courtiers condescendingly, Yongzheng deprived Nian Gengyao of his official position, and in September of that year, he ordered Nian Gengyao to be arrested and sent to Beijing for joint trial. 1February, the court minister presented the trial results to Yongzheng, listed 92 major crimes for Nian Gengyao, and requested the establishment of standardized punishment. The charges are as follows: 5 crimes of disobedience, 9 crimes of bullying, 16 crimes of trespassing, 13 crimes of arrogance, 6 crimes of monopoly, 6 crimes of avoiding engraving, 4 crimes of maltreatment, 18 crimes of greed and 15 crimes of erosion. Yongzheng said that more than 30 of these 92 paragraphs are to be executed and beheaded, but considering Nian Gengyao's achievements and fame, the reputation of "General Nian" is well known throughout the country. If he is punished, I'm afraid the people all over the world will not accept it. He will inevitably bear the notoriety of being ruthless and killing heroes, so he expressed pity and gave him a jail. All the officials in Nian Gengyao's fathers and brothers were dismissed, and the first-in-law descendants sent troops into exile, and their property was copied into the officials. The all-powerful young general was finally discredited.