The history of cotton in China, according to expert research, China began to grow cotton after the Northern Song Dynasty. In other words, people before the Northern Song Dynasty never used cotton, even? Cotton? This word, all started from Song Shu, only existed before? It is not difficult to explain why silk has always been a very important commodity in China. Major? .

The ancients were very clever. Even without cotton, they invented other ways to keep warm. As we all know, ancient people liked hunting very much. Since primitive society, there have been examples of making warm animal fur into clothes and blankets to keep out the cold. But the fur of animals is very expensive, such as fox skin and sheepskin. In ancient times, only the rich could afford it.

So how do ordinary people keep out the cold? In fact, in addition to fur, the fur of ordinary livestock is also very thick, which can keep warm, such as duck down, cashmere and other relatively cheap fur, which is the duck down quilt we use now. Moreover, the duvet is light and warm, which is not too heavy compared with fur. However, these things are not affordable for any family. If you are poor at home, you can only sew things like catkins, reed flowers and straw into clothes or stuff them into quilts to keep out the cold.

There are smarter ways. Because there was really no money to buy thick quilts, they invented a method. It is to fry the yellow sand in a pot and then spread it under the mattress. Fried yellow sand can also provide some heat.

Of course, after the Northern Song Dynasty, cotton was introduced to China. The ancients found this plant extremely warm, so they planted it in a large area and spun silk into flowers to make cotton-padded quilts.

Cotton robe is one of the main winter clothes of ancient people to keep out the cold in winter, and it is worn for the longest time.

The robe was originally a kind of thermal underwear. Release clothes says:? Robe, bud also; Bud, underwear also. ? Is the robe a long skirt that opens up and closes down, or is it ancient? Thick clothes? Evolved on the basis of. There are two layers inside and outside, and a soft cold-proof filler is placed in the interlayer, which becomes a robe.

The earliest robe mentioned by the ancients refers to a cotton robe to keep out the cold. But at first, cotton robe writing? Cotton robe? Or? Because of the different fillers used, cotton is not commonly used in modern times, but cotton with silk texture.

When did China start wearing robes?

According to historical records, three generations in ancient times generally began to wear robes. In the Zhou Dynasty, the robe was not in a high position, it was a kind of casual clothes, not a dress. Because of its good cold resistance, the soldiers who fought in the wild at that time were all in winter? Standard? Have a robe, so-called? A shirt? That's why. At this time, the function of robes is similar to that worn by modern soldiers? Military coat? .

However, it is not easy to have a robe in winter. The Book of Songs? There is a poem called "No Clothes" in Qin Feng. At the beginning of the poem, it says: How can you say that you have no clothes and you have the same robe as your son? ? I mean, who says I don't have a uniform, and you and I have shirts? This reflects that in the winter when materials are difficult, the soldiers in front of Qin Jun can only wear robes to keep out the cold.

Of course, there are also high-grade and low-grade robes. What if the mezzanine is filled? Hey? , that is, the new advanced natural silk floc, what is it called? Cocoon? ; What if it's full? Hey? That is, coarse and old fillers such as wadding head and finely chopped hemp are called? Robe? This is the Book of Rites? What's in the jade algae? Cocoon is cocoon, robe is robe, and Zen is folding. ? This robe is a poor man's cotton-padded coat.

Cotton trousers are another important winter clothes worn by the ancients to keep out the cold. Li Ruzhen, a famous novelist in the Qing Dynasty, starred in the 60th episode of "Flowers in the Mirror". Wearing purple silk shorts, purple silk cotton trousers and purple silk fisherman's towel on your head? . Although this is the character image in the novel, it is a popular clothing in winter: wearing cotton-padded jacket and trousers.

Due to the constant war in the Song Dynasty, the ruling class attached great importance to the warmth and coldness of the border guards. In addition to salary, clothes and charcoal fire will be given, which varies according to status. The troops responsible for guarding the imperial city will be better rewarded naturally and the materials will be superior. On the contrary, the conditions of soldiers who need to keep warm most at the border are much worse. For those soldiers stationed in the bitter and cold places in the north, life is extremely embarrassing, and even they wear paper armor to keep warm.

Speaking of paper clothes, you may be curious, how do clothes made of paper keep warm? In fact, this was also a helpless move of some poor people at that time. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, most of the farmland was used to grow grain, and the cultivation of hemp was relatively reduced. At this time, papermaking began to develop, and the poor had to draw materials from it. At this time, there is a kind of paper coat specially used to strengthen the cold-proof effect, called? Paper wool? The raw materials are generally thick and strong paper, which is tough in texture, durable after wrinkling, cold-resistant and relatively breathable. Coupled with the low cost, it is simply the first choice for the poor to go out.

Gloves and hats

In terms of warmth, ancient people not only considered wearing clothes, but also kept their hands and head warm. Among the cultural relics unearthed in Mawangdui, there are short gloves with bare fingers.

As for keeping the head warm, there are more patterns. Before the Ming Dynasty, I used to wear a handkerchief on my head to keep warm. In the Yuan Dynasty, women in the upper class all wore trowels. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, this kind of trowel became the favorite of folk women to keep out the cold. Compared with the ordinary class, the ordinary poor are only different in the use of materials and jewelry. A noble woman. What else is there? Lying rabbit? Or? Zhaojun collection? . When the Ming Dynasty entered the DPRK every winter and November, officials warmed your ears? .

Speaking of hats, the ancients didn't call them winter hats and cotton hats, but called them? Warm hat? This term was most widely used in the Tang Dynasty. After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, cotton was widely planted and filled with cotton wool, which became a real cotton hat. The hood was actually improved according to Hu Mao's design and appeared in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. From the hood? Wearing a hat? It is another style that northerners like in winter during the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Wearing this kind of hat requires a cloth belt on the top of the head and a bun. What was the most popular in the Tang Dynasty? Hu Mao? In this series? Fan Mao? This was one of the most popular styles at that time. Is the rice cat the best in the western regions? Imported goods? There are ear protectors on both sides of the hat. Earmuffs? It hangs down in winter, just covering two ears, which is very warm.

Hu Mao became cold in the Song Dynasty, and the headscarf, which was very popular in the Han and Wei Dynasties, rose again. Ordinary people, literati and bureaucrats all like to wear headscarves. These so-called towels are actually soft hats. For example, Shantou, which used to belong to the category of towels, had a name in the Song Dynasty, but now it has become a hat.

Hats became popular in the Ming Dynasty. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, people wore cotton-padded jackets, trousers and hats in winter. What was the most popular hat in Ming Dynasty? Liuhe unify? Little round hat, is it better than? The quartet pacified? Towels should have appeared long ago. This hat is cut into six pieces with equal proportion of cloth, and a brim is sewn under it. The official name is? Liuhe unify? . This kind of hat is commonly called watermelon because of its lines and shapes. Guapi hat? . This kind of melon hat was designed by Zhu Yuanzhang himself. Shen's "Man Chao" records that the small hat worn by modern people is sewn with six petals and decorated with Zhan-shaped eaves. Yan Xian's deputy, Hong Jiao, was also made of Mao. What if? Liuhe unify? Cloud. ?

Firewall and floor heating

We all know an ancient poem by Bai Juyi called Selling Charcoal Weng. From this poem, we can know that the ancients burned charcoal to keep warm in the most primitive way.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, people began to use utensils to burn charcoal for heating, and the name of the utensils was called Liaolu. Burning stoves are generally accompanied by charcoal dustpans, which are used to transfer kindling and add charcoal.

Of course, the so-called Liao furnace is just a huge bronze ware with a little charcoal fire in it to keep warm. However, after all, the combustion furnace has its limitations, and the extended family began to think about how to keep the whole house warm, so they soon had two methods: fireplace and fire wall. The principle is also very simple. If you make a pipe on the wall to the stove and make a fire on this side of the stove, the hot air can naturally reach the wall to keep warm. Although the principle is simple, it is not affordable for ordinary people, so both fireplaces and fire walls are mostly used in palaces and aristocratic officials' homes.

The fire wall was naturally high-end at that time, but compared with the famous pepper house in history, both cost and technology were dwarfed. Li wrote in San Fu that the Pepper Room Temple, in Weiyang Palace, was painted with pepper and mud to make it warm and fragrant. ? So this? Warm fragrance? Pepper House is the exclusive residence of the Empress of Han Dynasty. Although it is not universal, it can also be used as one of the evidences of ancient heating black technology.

Most of the above are big projects that are rigged on the house. Can you enjoy this? Black technology? Are either rich or expensive. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, there was a large-scale circulating flue under some special palaces or houses of large families, which was connected with a fire pit and made of charcoal for heating. Make a fire to keep warm? , that is, low-grade heating. If the poor can't stand it, they can only make a little firewood, or hide in some cellars that are warm in winter and cool in summer, and add more straw to spread.

The ancient geographer Li Daoyuan (AD 472-527) once described the floor heating in Hebei in the Notes on Water Classics. He said that the foundation of Guandi Temple lobby was made of stone. The interior of the building foundation is connected, and the fire is lit from the outside. The hot air flows into the stone building foundation and the lobby is warm.

There is a poem in Daoguang:? The dark and hot pine branches dried up underground. ? Warm ground is also the origin of the names of East Warm Pavilion and West Warm Pavilion. For example, in Sanxi Hall, hall of mental cultivation, there are two rooms inside and outside, each of which is only four square meters, which is very suitable for gathering warmth.

Brazier, stove and fire pit

Where do firewalls and floor heating belong? Big guy? Not every family can have it, but fortunately, we still have braziers, stoves and fire pits.

There are two kinds of braziers: cloisonne and copper plating. The matching of enamel braziers is often seen in the archives of the Qing palace. The ancients also played two in one: burning pine branches in the brazier can add fragrance to the room, and the combination of aromatherapy and heating will also drain water and humidify the brazier. While heating, it can add fragrance to the house and keep it moist. I have to say that the ancients were really full of wisdom.

As for the stove, Bai Juyi's "Gift to Liu" in the Tang Dynasty says: there is a ray of green in the old bottle and a touch of red in the static stove. It feels like snow outside at dusk. How about a glass of wine inside? . ? The main function of the stove is to warm wine and hot dishes.

Firewalls and floor heating can not only keep the daytime warm like spring, but also sleep is indispensable at night when the temperature is lower than the daytime. But this way of keeping out the cold is very expensive, and most people don't have it. Therefore, the solution to their sleeping problem is the kang, and its invention can be regarded as a solution to a big problem of keeping warm when most ancient people sleep in winter. Because it is late at night, the brazier dare not burn indoors all the time. First, it may be poisoned. Second, everyone is asleep. If there is a fire, it will be troublesome. Therefore, kang is very scientific, warm and safe for everyone.

Ms. shou Lu he Tang

But as we said before, there were burners made of bronze tripod in ancient Qin dynasty, so if they were reduced, they would become another hand stove for heating the sacred vessels.

The earliest history of hand stoves can be traced back to the Spring and Autumn Period. Later, with the improvement of production technology, hand stoves not only provided? Keep the baby warm? In addition to its functions, it also became an ornament in winter in the palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, so you will see that hundreds of nuns in costume dramas all hold a delicate and unique handmade stove full of patterns in winter.

Hand stoves are mostly copper round, burning charcoal in the furnace, holding them in your hand to warm your hands and heart. The hand-cranked stove evolved from the stove. From the beginning of the Tang Dynasty to the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the hand-held stove reached the state of perfection, but after the end of the Qing Dynasty, the hand-held stove began to decline, and now it has become the favorite art of many collectors.

Ancient people wore wide robes, and hand stoves could be put in sleeves or held in their arms, so there was another one. Sleeve furnace? 、? Holding the stove? In the cold winter, it is also a very pleasant thing to chat while drinking tea by the exquisite hand stove.

With the hand stove, naturally derived from the smoked stove and foot stove. As the name implies, the foot stove is used to warm feet. Smoker is an ancient aromatherapy machine, which uses smoke to spray smoke indoors? Air conditioning? By the way, adding some spices can kill two birds with one stone. No wonder Xie Huilian, a writer in the Southern Song Dynasty, wrote in Snow Fu? Burn incense, light candles, drink osmanthus wine, and sing serenade? . In addition to copper and iron, well-off families will also use clay to make this thing, so the cost will drop a lot.

Similar to the hand stove, there was a special kind of warm-keeping appliance called? Mrs. Tang? Also known as? Mrs. ding. 、? Tang Wei? 、? Foot girl? , similar to a hot water bottle. Generally, it is an oval or pumpkin-shaped bottle made of tin or copper, with a hat at the top opening. Hot water is poured out from this opening and put in the quilt before going to bed.

This kind of soup is not easy to damage, most people have it at home, and it will be used as a gift when they get married, and even some soups will be passed down from generation to generation. Until the Qing Dynasty and even modern times, Mrs. Tang still belonged to many people. Heating artifact? .