First of all, painting has changed from objective natural representation to subjective spiritual expression, which embodies the aesthetic concept of impressionist painting independence. Impressionism opposes western classical traditional painting in artistic spirit and emphasizes the creation of artistic forms in the new era; They don't pay much attention to the thematic expression of reality, and suggest that life and objective images should be naturally and casually expressed; They are divorced from the social and educational functions that traditional art pays attention to, from the realistic plot and drama structure of artistic expression, and exclude the narrative literary content. They pay attention to the painter's self-feeling and conscious expression of the real situation, are good at visually and objectively reproducing and describing the living state and existing form of the real situation, and change painting from objective natural reproduction to subjective spiritual expression, so as to cater to the aesthetic needs of emerging citizens and strive to embody the independent aesthetic concept of Impressionist painting. Impressionism is not against taking nature as a teacher, but only emphasizes "don't lose the first impression you feel". Impressionists believe that "memory" and "imagination" can be "liberated from the bondage of nature". Cezanne also reminded painters to "avoid literary tendency" and exclude narrative literary content from painting. The simplicity and truthfulness of pissarro's Peasant Girl and the agility and vividness of Shepherdess embody "taking nature as a teacher" and describe "my first impression". The devotion and emotion of degas horse racing, the leisure and chic of riding and walking, and the joy and ecstasy of ballet dancers on the stage are superimposed with "memory" and "imagination" in an attempt to "liberate from the bondage of nature". Cezanne's Curved Tree is open-minded and wild, Bridge over the Mana River is quiet and pure, and Giant Pine on the outskirts of Aix is concise and open-minded, following the "color logic". Impressionist painters walked out of the traditional artistic tendency with "sociological function" and entered the social life at that time with "independence of painting". Manet's outstanding genre paintings, such as "Coffee Concert Singer in Cafe" and "Foley Baker Tavern", are representative works in this respect. Lautreck, despite his aristocratic background, expressed reality with irony. The nightlife of the upper class in Paris described by him has no elegant and noble life interest, but a degenerate, filthy and deceptive world. The revelry in the hustle and bustle in "His Ball at Moulin Rouge" and the meditation and helplessness of the characters in "Sayoko the Clown" are really painful groans. Here, we can also understand that Impressionism can't really reverse the "sociological function" in traditional art. Impressionism lives in a society full of contradictions, and even if it repeatedly emphasizes the aesthetic concept of painting independence, it can't really step into "independence" that is divorced from "sociological function".
Second, it pays attention to the integration of light, color, shape, meaning and beauty in painting, which embodies the main characteristics of the combination of impressionist art and optics. Impressionist painting has made a breakthrough in the expression of light and color, seeking form in light and color, eulogizing meaning and beauty in light and color, understanding the dialectical relationship between light, color, shape, meaning and beauty in painting language, introducing flickering sunshine and subtle shadows into the picture, and making painting fresh, bright and full of vitality. In impressionist painting, light and color are the basic painting language, artistic elements, fast-flowing musical melody and slow-flowing cultural symbols. Light and color are the artistic starting points of form, meaning and beauty, and form, meaning and beauty are all shaped, expressed and displayed in light and color. The most basic painting technique of impressionist painters is to explore an effective method to break through the single and seemingly unchangeable "inherent" color of objects; They try to capture the instantaneous color of objects at a specific time, which is influenced by certain environmental conditions, spatial distance and other objects around them. They began with painting water and vividly described the color reflected by water waves. They further extend to the expression of light and color from architecture to the sky. Impressionists' exploration of light and color benefited from scientists' new discovery of the nature of light at the beginning of the19th century, which gave birth to the cultural leap produced by the combination of art and science. Monet repeatedly described Rouen Cathedral and haystacks in different periods, precisely to capture the instantaneous light and color. In this rare exhibition, "Rouen Cathedral, the door from the front, brown harmony" and "Rouen Cathedral, the effect of sunshine at night" are two of more than 30 oil paintings painted by Monet for the church. While painting these paintings, he wrote in a letter to his wife that he would make some new discoveries that he had never seen before every day, so he would soon make up for them, but at the same time he would lose something.
Thirdly, the juxtaposition, overlapping and complementary colors of primary colors form a new impressionist painting language. In order to express the dynamic changes of objects and colorful and bizarre light colors, impressionist painters adopted the method of juxtaposition of small strokes and tones. Some colors are no longer allocated on the palette, but the three primary colors of red, yellow and blue overlap side by side from time to time, and the red, green, yellow, purple, blue and orange complement each other, which makes the colors produce new harmony in the strong visual impact. Impressionism's new "light and color" technique has formed a new painting language, which is refreshing.
Fourthly, "moving the easel outdoors" has become an important painting method of Impressionism. It is not a simple displacement of painting place, but a change of painting method, which changes the traditional western painting method to sketch the scene in the sun and capture and describe the subtle effect of the color of objects in the sun. Renoir likes to sketch models in the outdoor forest, so as to carefully study the green reflection and bright spot effect on the model's body and face. Renoir revealed the mystery of color blooming and flowing from the fresh natural scenery, and realized the beauty and harmony of color, the joy and change of sunshine, the rhythm and frankness of nature, and the clarity and warmth of life. Therefore, with the shadow under the umbrella, the crystal visual color and the sincere charm of non-visual color in Li Si's eyes, the summer capital is bright and beautiful in spring. Painting in the sun laid the foundation for the rise and development of impressionist painting in the way of painting.
The fifth is to change the traditional western painting, learn from various painting schools, and leave the cultural track of impressionism knocking on the door of modern art in the 20th century. Impressionist artistic thoughts came into being with impressionist painting, which flourished in the surge of impressionist artistic thoughts. The rise of impressionism lies in the transformation of western traditional painting and the reference of various painting schools in the first half of the 9th century, including classicism, romanticism and realism. The rebellion of impressionist painting is manifested in many aspects. Impressionism soon formed its own artistic style, painting characteristics and cultural style. In the second half of the19th century, it was unique, but it also showed the limitations of its own artistic choice and cultural orientation, which led to confusion and division. In this process, Impressionism, New Impressionism and Post-Impressionism came into being one after another. After the decline of Impressionism, Neo-Impressionism and Post-Impressionism, Cubism and all kinds of rational abstract art in the 20th century have gained impetus from it. Impressionism, neo-impressionism and post-impressionism opened the door to modern art in the 20th century.
Cultural Portrait of Impressionist Painters
In the evolution of impressionism, new impressionism and post-impressionism, some influential painters appeared, who consciously or unconsciously walked under the banner of impressionism; Although some people do not have the "team consciousness" of Impressionism, their works reveal the artistic style of Impressionism. Although some people participated in the artistic activities of early impressionism, their overall artistic tendency was closer to post-impressionism, or they became the representatives of post-impressionism. This "French Impressionist Painting Exhibition" has selected 5 works1piece, and more than 4 works are Manet, Monet, pissarro, Sisley, Renoir, Degas and Cezanne. Manet is the founder of impressionism. He created a painting method based on daily life and natural scenery, emphasizing that the color block operation of painting is higher than the description function. Monet is the initiator, leader and unswerving practitioner of the impressionist painting movement, and is the eulogist of "light and color". Pissarro is the leader of pointillism. Sisley's painting style is relatively stable among impressionists. Renoir is a pioneer of French Impressionism, and his early works are a true portrayal of typical Impressionism, full of flashing colors and light. Degas is regarded as a master painter who expresses dynamic figures. Cezanne is one of the outstanding post-impressionist painters and the father of modern painting art. His works and thoughts have had a great influence on the aesthetic concepts and artistic movements (especially cubism) of many artists in the 20th century.
Impressionist painters have their own style and personality, and at the same time they are distinctive and distinctive.
The first is the criticism of artistic thought. Impressionist painting is essentially critical and "rebellious", which is rejected by orthodox salons, and strengthened its "rebellious" because of the rejection, and embarked on the road of exploration more tenaciously. 1874, a group of young painters held their first exhibition under the guise of the studio of the famous photographer Nadal in Paris, which was rejected by the orthodox salon. Up to 1886, Impressionism * * * held eight exhibitions. In the meantime, impressionist paintings developed in twists and turns, and impressionist painters gathered and dispersed. However, on the whole, the criticism of impressionist artistic thought is certain.
The second is the originality of the artistic system. Although the representatives of Impressionism still maintained the classical form and general aesthetic concept of painting, they shook the traditional way of painting, loosened the artistic chain with strong inheritance, and created a new artistic system in aesthetic concept, light and color treatment, visual construction and aesthetic taste.
The third is the exploration of artistic spirit. Impressionist painters are always in the process of exploration, starting from exploration, developing in exploration, coming together in exploration, opening up new artistic tracks in exploration, colliding and breaking in exploration, and coming from Impressionism, Neo-Impressionism and Post-Impressionism in exploration to modern art in the 20th century.
Fourth, art treasures gradually dominate. Impressionist painting has a process of being accepted by the world. When the works of impressionist painters were rejected by orthodox salons, their works were left out in the cold, and even the bought works were required to be returned. 1in July, 933, when Renoir's Little Artist was sold in Paris for170,000 francs, Mr. Chang Shuhong wrote down Renoir's victory in Paris with emotion: "Renoir and Monet can be said to be the most unique two pure artists in the impressionist vanguard who tried to challenge the times ... Some people said that Renoir won! However, please don't forget his struggle in hatred and ridicule. He kept pursuing, and the return of this victory was 1933, which was 14 years after his death. " Here, the gradual process of artistic treasures has gone through 14 spring and autumn!
The fifth is the reference of artistic techniques. Impressionist painters used the techniques and aesthetic concepts of barbizon painters and British painters for reference. Sisley once said to critic Dolf Davini, "Who is my favorite painter? If only contemporaries are mentioned, they are Delacroix, Connor, Miller, Rousseau and Courbet, all of whom are our teachers. They love nature and feel it strongly. " The influence of barbizon landscape painters on impressionist painters is obvious. Pissarro admitted: "Our road began with Turner, a great British painter ..." Impressionist painters also absorbed nutrition from China, Japanese and other oriental arts. Van Gogh pointed out: "I dare to predict that other painters will like a color in strong sunlight and the crystal clear colors in Japanese painting." "Japanese art ... has taken root among French impressionist artists." Monet became interested in Japanese ukiyo-e in 1870, and began to collect ukiyo-e prints in 187 1.
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Post-impressionism is an artistic phenomenon that existed in11980 s and 1990 s after impressionism, and it has no stylistic significance. These artists are different from the impressionist school's fanatical pursuit of external light and color, and from the new impressionist school's analysis of light and color and the use of logical thinking for artistic creation. They advocate re-emphasizing the concept of form in art, attaching importance to the author's subjective personality, expressing the author's subjective feelings and emotions in his works, and paying attention to the expressive force of form. Painters who are usually called post-impressionism are Cezanne, Van Gogh and Gauguin.
The exploration process and achievements of post-impressionist painters had a great influence on the western modern art schools in the 20th century. Cezanne advocated that painting should get rid of literariness and plot, and give full play to the expressive force of painting language, which promoted the popularity of pure painting concept in Europe and the development of formalism painting, and was known as the "father of modern painting" in the West. His works pay attention to the concept, structure and architectural beauty of the picture. His in-depth study and great concern for dignity gave birth to cubism. Van Gogh's works contain profound tragic consciousness. He boldly explored, freely expressed his inner feelings, and pursued a strong personality and unique form, far ahead of the times. Later barbarism, German expressionism and even lyrical abstraction in the early 20th century benefited from Van Gogh's art ... Gauguin was influenced by symbolism aesthetics. His works are full of abstract, mysterious and symbolic primitive artistic factors, and combined with his exquisite artistic interest, flat painting form and rich decorative effect, they have formed distinctive artistic characteristics. He promoted the development of modern symbolic art and had a far-reaching influence on later surrealism.
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A movement and school in the history of modern western art. Also translated as cubism, 1908 began in France. The appearance of this name is accidental. 1908，g.bu。
Rucker exhibited his works in Carnivelle Gallery, and critic L. Pistons commented in Jill Brass magazine: "Mr. Braque restored everything."
..... become a cube ",hence the name of this painting style. The masters of cubism are Picasso and Braque. Picasso's oil painting "The Girl Playing the Mandolin" (19 10), was
A work that is considered to contain cubism.
The emergence of cubism painting method has gone through a brewing process. At the beginning of the 20th century, painting in Paris was very active. After post-impressionism and symbolism, young art
In the rapidly changing industrial society, scientists are generally concerned about how to innovate forms to express people's inner feelings and psychology. The new schools are located in France, Germany and Italy.
Russia and Russia have appeared one after another. In France, following the rise of animism, another group of writers and artists often meet in Montmartre's "mobile laundry room". Join Picasso or something.
Dick, M. Laurent Sen, G. Apollinaire, A. Salmon, M. renard, J. Grice, F. Leger, etc. They are supported by D.-H. Kanweiler, an art dealer who works in 1907.
Opened a gallery in Paris, which is what people call cubist society. Dellauren and Glades also took part in cubist activities. 19 10 year, taking roewe as an example.
Center, established a new cubist society, because of its frequent activities in Pito, France, known as Pito Group. Dutch painter P mondriaan and Mexican painter J de Rivera also cooperated with Pi.
Contact with the trust group. They endowed analytical cubism with order and rules, thus promoting cubism to develop in a more abstract and subjective direction. From 19 12.
At first, Picasso and others conducted a comprehensive cubist experiment. There is still a strong sense of light and space in the broken and transparent structure of analytic cubism.
The painter concentrates the objects observed in different states and different viewpoints on one plane, resulting in the overall experience effect. Integrated cubism is no longer
Starting from dissecting and analyzing an object, we use a combination of different materials to create a new theme and try to make artists
Close to the ordinary truth in life.
Although the Golden Section Society, as a branch of cubism, continued to hold exhibitions in 1920 and 1925, cubism, as an art movement, lost its vitality as early as 19 14.
Cubism is an artistic school full of ideas. It mainly pursues the beauty of a geometric form and the aesthetic feeling produced by the arrangement and combination of forms. It denies coming from a person.
The traditional method of observing and expressing things from the viewpoint simplifies the three-dimensional picture into a plane and a two-dimensional picture. Showing light and shade, light, air and atmosphere.
Interest gives way to the interest and mood of contours and blocks formed by straight lines and curves. Don't look at things from one viewpoint, but observe and reason from different viewpoints.
The solution is shaped in the picture, thus showing the persistence of time. In doing so, obviously, we don't mainly rely on visual experience and perceptual knowledge, but mainly rely on rationality, ideas and thinking.
Cubism has a strong formalism tendency under the slogan of anti-tradition. However, its exploration in artistic form has endowed modern arts and crafts, decorative arts and architectural arts.
The field of practical art, which pays attention to formal beauty, has a great impetus to it.
Leonardo da Vinci is an outstanding representative of the Italian Renaissance. Leonardo da Vinci is the most legendary figure in the history of western art, and his achievements and contributions are various. He is not only a talented artist, but also a scientist and a learned scholar.
Leonardo da Vinci has made outstanding contributions to mankind in various fields, whether it is leather goods, clothing, jewelry, furniture, bicycles, automobiles, airplanes, submarines, military engineering, military weapons, anatomical medicine ... For 500 years, mankind has achieved today's achievements just by following in the footsteps of Leonardo da Vinci. The advanced countries in the world and Asian countries such as Japan, South Korea and Israel all have research institutions dedicated to Da Vinci. Today, some of his scientific thoughts have been discovered, understood and applied. Facts have proved that leonardo da vinci's thought is still eternal today, and I believe that his theory will still have a far-reaching impact on a country and even the whole world in the future scientific and academic fields.
As a modern interpretation of classical art, the Da Vinci brand represents the fashion trend, and stands for Excellence, nobility and quality. Italy, the birthplace of the European Renaissance, is full of poetry and painting with its brilliant historical poems. With the development of modern science and technology, Da Vinci showed consumers a modern way of life: Da Vinci's business philosophy and consciousness to consumers, that is, "Da Vinci B TO C". Da Vinci's unremitting pursuit of product quality and service finally made Da Vinci a famous fashion brand.
Leonardo da Vinci's self-portrait is called "the old man's head" by consumers in China. In fact, the real "old man's head" is "Da Vinci", and only the "Da Vinci" produced by Italian Da Vinci International Group is the real international brand. Please make sure that "Da Vinci" and personal data images are true.
Da Vinci memorabilia
1452 April 15, Cel pierrot Da Vinci and Katrina were born in the suburb of the Italian town of Finch in Florence. /kloc-entered verrocchio Studio in 0/465 and became an elementary disciple (13 ~ 14 years old).
1473, he created the "imperial edict".
1476, he was accused of same-sex love with other disciples of verrocchio. Because he denied it, he was finally released (24 years old). 1482 painted "Worship the Three Sages" and returned to Milan (30 years old).
1483 was accepted by San Francisco, and the cathedral ordered the Madonna on the rock (3 1 year old).
1495 began to draw the last supper (43 years old).
1502 ~ 03 He returned to Florence and began to paint the Mona Lisa (50 years old).
15 16 went to Amboise, France (64 years old) at the invitation of the French king.
15 19 died in Amboise, France on May 2nd (aged 67).
1980 Italy Leonardo da Vinci international foundation was established in Florence, Italy, the small town of Fonsi.
In 2000, the Asia-Pacific representative office was established in Hong Kong and upgraded to the Asia-Pacific headquarters, the predecessor of Italy Da Vinci International Group Co., Ltd.
From 200 1 to 2004, the Da Vinci brand entered the period of intellectual property protection, and dozens of trademarks in Chinese mainland and Hongkong were protected by law.
In 2004, the Da Vinci brand officially entered the Asia-Pacific market.
In 2005, Italy Da Vinci International Group Co., Ltd. was established in Hong Kong.
In 2005, Guangzhou Representative Office was established to promote the Chinese mainland market.
In 2006, Guangzhou Da Vinci Industrial Co., Ltd. was invested and established, and "Da Vinci" leather goods officially entered the China market.
Mona Lisa. Also known as LA GIOCONDA
The Last Supper
uomo vitruviano
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Rembrandt (1606 ~ 1669)160615 was born in Leiden in July and died in Amsterdam on October 4th. His paintings have a wide range of genres, and he is good at portraits, landscapes, genre paintings, religious paintings and historical paintings. The self-portrait works in Leiden period (about 1625 ~ 163 1) use strong contrast between light and shade, and use light to shape characters, which is layered and dramatic.
Rembrandt's position in the history of painting-not only in the Netherlands, but also in Europe as a whole-can be compared with the Italian Renaissance masters. He represents the nation and national genius in Northern Europe. What makes Rembrandt's great face is a special way to express his special soul: light and darkness. This word, once used to talk about this painter, has a special meaning. In other words, Rembrandt's light and darkness have completely different functions from those of Italian writers in the Renaissance. /kloc-the French painter and critic in the 0 th and 9 th centuries called him a "night bug." Others say that he paints light with darkness.
There are two masterpieces in The Louvre, The Carpenter's Family and The Dinner of Emmaus. We can use them to understand the truth of Lanjing's "light and darkness".
The work St. Stephen who was stoned to death (Lyon Art Museum, Tibet) reveals the inner activities of the characters by capturing facial expressions. In order to create characters with individual characteristics, he has been studying physiognomy all his life, and his exploration results are an important part of his painting techniques. During the period of Amsterdam (1632 ~ 1648), he settled in Amsterdam 1632 ~ 1640, which was the mature stage of his creation. The famous work "Anatomy Course of Professor Tilp" (in the Royal Morris Painting Exhibition Hall in The Hague) broke through the rigid procedure of group portrait painting and handled the composition and characters vividly. A large number of religious paintings in this period showed secular content and baroque painting style. Samson's Blindness, written by 1636, is described by critics as equivalent to Lady Macbeth in Shakespeare's works because of its delicate and complicated expression. Similar masterpieces include The Painter and His Wife, Self-portrait Embracing saskia (Dresden Gallery) and so on. From 1640 to 1648, the misfortune and torture of personal life made his observation and understanding of society more profound, and his artistic creation also entered a deepening stage. 1642 The death of his son made him extremely sad, but the appearance of Night Patrol (at the Amsterdam National Museum) was not understood at first. This epic masterpiece with genre paintings and historical paintings can remind people of the struggle of the Dutch people against foreign rule. Because it further broke through the traditional painting method and was not accepted by painters, it was once deadlocked. During this period, his other works, such as Night Patrol, adopted a more theatrical expression and implicitly portrayed the main characters on the screen, so they were not as popular with the upper class as they were in the 1930s, and their lives became more and more difficult. In his later years of night patrol (1648 ~ 1669), Rembrandt had a hard life in his later years, his property was auctioned off, and there were not many buyers of oil paintings, only ordering etched paintings with religious themes. One of the works, entitled "100 Dutch Coin Prints", was named according to its selling price. During this period, his most famous works are depicting the plot of C. Sifelis, an ancient Dutch hero, against the tyranny of Rome and the group portrait of the directors of Nepal Merchants Association (in Amsterdam National Museum). The former one has a commemorative spirit, but now there is only one fragment, which is hidden in Stockholm National Museum. The latter is his immortal work because it shows the appearance and personality characteristics that vary from person to person. Family misfortune and a series of tortures did not destroy the stubborn old man. He always adhered to his own artistic ideas and creative methods until his death, and drew famous paintings such as The Return of the Prodigal Son and Saul and David. According to the statistics in 1960s, he had 600 oil paintings, 350 etched paintings and 1 500 sketches in his life, and made new discoveries after 1970s.