China is an ancient civilization, and jade articles appeared in the Neolithic Age, such as Yufu, Yuchong, Yuhu, Yutu and Jade Necklace.
Jade consists of nephrite and jadeite.
Nephrite is a special aggregate composed of amphibole minerals, that is, jade formed by amphibole minerals.
Jadeite is composed of sodium aluminosilicate minerals.
First, the nephrite we usually see is white jade, blue white jade, sapphire, jasper, jet, topaz, sugar jade, jadeite, dushan jade and pretty jade.
1. White jade includes sheep fat white, pear white, snowflake white, ivory white, fish-belly white, brown rice white, chicken bone white and so on. Fine and clean suet white is the best.
2. Sapphire and sapphire, cyan has different concepts of "blue" and "black" in China, and cyan here is a vague color, not gray, not green or green, but actually an unknown light green. Say white blue, say blue white, it is sapphire, between sapphire and white jade, it is blue white jade. There is no standard boundary between sapphire and white jade and sapphire, which is determined by the naked eye.
Jasper means that the color of jade is green or dark green, which is easy to distinguish.
4. Ink jade is grayish black and black. Often appear uneven, cloud-like or pure ink, with dark clouds, light ink, golden mink hair, beautiful hair, pure black and so on. More precious is pure darkness, black light like black boots. Ink jade, also known as jade, is caused by black impurities in sapphire. Sometimes ink jade appears on sapphire, and sometimes sapphire appears on it.
5. Topaz includes yellow, beige, beeswax yellow, chestnut yellow, autumn chrysanthemum yellow, yellow flower yellow, egg yellow, beige, yellow and so on.
6. Tangyu is named after brown sugar, which is caused by iron oxide. Sugar jade can appear on sapphire like jet. Most of them are purplish red or brownish red, and those who are red are rare.
7. dushan jade was named after being born in Dushan, Henan. Its main feature is multicolor. Blue, green, yellow, white, black, brown and other colors appear on a piece of jade at the same time, and the hardness reaches 7 degrees individually.
8. xiuyan jade is mainly composed of serpentine minerals, which is an aggregate composed of hydrous magnesium silicate. A small amount of calcite, tremolite, chlorite and other minerals can appear in jade. The hardness is 2.5-4 degrees, and some reach 5.5 degrees. Colors are white, yellow, pink, light green, emerald green, dark green and so on. Mainly used for processing jade carvings in factories. China's Liaoning, Gansu, Guangdong, Xinjiang and Taiwan Province provinces are rich in mineral resources.
Secondly, jadeite is jadeite, which means "Hong Fei is green". The jadeite recorded in China ancient books is not today's jadeite.
Jadeite is a sodium aluminosilicate mineral with a hardness of 6.5-7 degrees. Jade with pure chemical composition is colorless or white. When the composition contains metal pigment ions, it appears green, emerald green, yellowish green, blue-green, brown, red, orange, lavender, pink purple and other colors. Green is called Cui, and brown and red are called Fei.
Emerald jade is naturally formed by natural minerals, and it must have natural beauty, inexhaustible, stone lines, crystals and flaws. The best green jadeite is the high green and bright green of the glass floor.
When identifying the authenticity and quality of jadeite, we must use our own practical experience flexibly and be careless. To master the color and texture of jadeite, we should make a correct judgment by combining the processing technology of utensils and other factors.
The world-famous jadeite is produced in the Wulong River Basin in Myanmar. According to the Qing History, when the jadeite from Myanmar was imported into China, it was collected in Tengchong and Dali, Yunnan, and then transported to the mainland. It still exists from the early Qing dynasty to the present.
Because jadeite is expensive and scarce, fake jadeite appears gradually. Stone jadeite and stone jadeite common in Qing Dynasty.
Stone jadeite is made of ceramics or glass, melted at high temperature and cast with colorant (green).
Colored jadeite is false in color with relatively low grade jadeite or colorless jadeite. In recent years, due to the progress of science, colored jadeite has reached the point where it is genuine. Colored jadeite is a colorless jadeite, which is transformed into beautiful jadeite by soaking, heating and acidification with chemicals such as chromium salt and nickel salt as colorants. Natural jadeite is a natural color formed by chromium ions entering hard mineral crystals, while colored jadeite adheres to the surface and cracks appear. It is afraid of acid, alkali and sunshine, which is not good-looking.
Third, the identification of nephrite.
Nephrite is mostly a vessel-like ornament, leaving many decorative patterns, age characteristics, physical changes (Qin color) and so on. At the same time, we should fully understand the characteristics of the times, the changes of vessel shape, knife work and decoration.
At present, there are five common fakes in society:
1. Old jade and new carving.
2. New jade and new carving.
The identification of the above two kinds of fakes is mainly due to the rough, irregular and different shades of carving by the knife workers, which has no style of the times, artistic beauty and antique taste. But the real situation is quite different. Its knife carving is regular, symmetrical and reasonable, leaving no tail and no flaws. The more you look at it, the more comfortable it is.
3. Die casting.
The so-called die casting is to mix jade ore, melt it at high temperature and cast it in a specific mold, just like casting a workpiece in a factory. There is also stamping, that is, grinding the ore into powder, adding chemical glue and colorant or some jade powder, and then stamping the product. This new product is elegant and expensive, and it is sold in all major shopping malls on the market.
Step 4 build a nest. (glass products)
It is made by melting glass ore and adding colorant.
It is characterized by unsightly appearance, bubbles and no jade lines, which can be recognized after two or three times.
5. Plastic.
It is made of modern plastics and colorants, heated and die-cast, and then polished by hand. It is characterized by no hardness, light specific gravity, elasticity and unattractiveness, and is marked with pins and nails.