Give you a valuable article, a textual research on proton system in Yang Aimin during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
Proton system is an important way to deal with the relationship between Warring States in the Spring and Autumn Period. At that time, no matter whether it was a big country or a small country, it was everywhere to seek peace and help, deepen friendly relations or eliminate bad feelings, and conduct offensive diplomacy or defensive diplomacy. Zuo Zhuan, Guoyu, Warring States Policy and Historical Records all described the pledge, and some pre-Qin philosophers such as Gou Zi and Han Feizi also talked about it, which shows the important position and far-reaching influence of proton system at that time. However, up to now, our research on the qualitative subsystem is very lacking, and we rarely see the text except the proton table written by Mr. Ma, an expert in Qin history. However, Mr. Ma's proton meter is also slightly flawed, which makes people feel that there is always something to be done. To make up for this shortcoming. I have made a serious study of this problem, and occasionally I have gained something, so that I can attract the attention of sages.
First, the origin of proton system
Shuo Wen Jie Zi says: quality and reality are redundant. Another cloud: redundant, there is material money, from Aobei. If it is redundant, it should be taken back. From Xu Shen's explanation of the meaning of the word, we can know that quality first refers to the mortgage of goods in the process of exchange, and sometimes refers to goods used as collateral. There is a saying in "Zhou Li Underground Palace Map": the goods and bribes taken by hostages from the city, the people, cattle and horses, weapons and rarity. This pledge refers to the earliest meaning of quality. "Warring States Policy" Volume 24 says: Liang and Han. This quality has been extended to the mortgage. Because after completing this mortgage, the parties must perform it.
Some negotiations have reached some corresponding agreements, so the quality can be borrowed. Contract. Such as "Zuo Zhuan" Xianggong for twenty years:
Zhao Mengri: In the battle of Huangchi, the first king was betrothed to the prince of Wu. Another example is Mandarin, which tells the story of Zhan Jian's days: Jin and Zheng He's brothers. I first took charge of martial arts, helped the public with literature, and worked diligently to make it virtuous and endowed it with alliance quality. This day: "The world has begun". Since the Covenant has been concluded, both parties must abide by it, so quality can also be extended to the letter.
Such as Guo Yu today: son of Qin Bona. The son of the river prisoner gave his son a treasure, and the son said,' What is different from my uncle is like a river. Magic pen is quality. Another example is Zuo Zhuan, which records the words of Fan Wenzi in the eleventh year of Chenggong: Zhai Meng, so it is also credible.
From the point of view, quality is the commodity mortgage behavior in the exchange process based on good faith. First, when the ownership of a thing is established, it can be used to exchange mortgages. Moreover, as a bilateral activity, there are bound to be different cargo holders to exchange, and qualitative behavior can only be produced from this. Second, without the guarantee of good faith, qualitative behavior can't happen and can't be successfully completed. Because once the pledge behavior occurs, it has the function of binding the parties to keep the contract, otherwise the pledge activity will be destroyed. In other words, qualitative activities are based on the mechanism of moral restraint and are maintained by the power of faith. Third, on the contrary, the phenomenon of promoting honesty with quality is very common, which shows that mutual dishonesty and suspicion have become very common. Based on the above points, we can infer that qualitative activities came into being earlier, and when they came into being with private property, the individual's ownership of goods was established after the emergence of private property. However, influenced by the legacy of primitive society, people at that time still advocated honesty. but
The reality of "Tao is hidden, the world is home, people are close, people give, and goods are for their own use" makes psychological factors such as selfishness and suspicion appear in interpersonal communication. Qualitative behavior is produced under this background.
Of course, quality is aimed at things first, but in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, there was a situation of taking people as quality. "Historical Records of the Duke of Zhou Family" said: The world is not gathered, the prince of Wu is ill, unprepared, and the ministers are worried. Taigong is Mu, and Zhou Gongri said,' You can't blame me first'. Duke Zhou is too conceited. Set up three altars, the duke of Zhou stood in the north, and Dai Bi caught jade. Tell King Tai, King Ji and King Wen. Although this is the human sacrifice and the quality of ghosts and gods, there are strong traces of religious sacrifice, but it has since opened the precedent of human quality. It shows that people gradually realize that people are much more valuable than things. Taking people hostage is more sincere on the one hand, and more authoritative and binding on the other. It was on this basis, combined with the special political background at that time, that the proton system of taking human beings as hostages to solve bilateral relations was formed in the Spring and Autumn Period, and it flourished in the Warring States Period.
The feudal system based on patriarchal clan system was implemented in the early Western Zhou Dynasty. Feudal relatives will hold a grand conferring ceremony when they are enfeoffed by Fan. Zhou Tianyu will issue decrees to fiefs, that is, vassals, grant people territory, and give them official slaves, sacrificial utensils and rituals. The vassals should undertake the obligations to Zhou Tianyu, such as guarding the territory, sending troops to be loyal to the king, paying tribute, reporting to the king, and offering sacrifices with the king, so as to defend the royal family. Just as Guo Yu and Lu Yu said, the princes should be king first, and the four kings should confront each other for five years. Therefore, this system of enfeoffment has played a positive role in the political, economic and cultural development of relaxed areas, especially in remote areas. At the same time, it also strengthened the control of the Zhou royal family over the four major territories, thus establishing a huge slavery dynasty. However, with the passage of time, due to the uneven political and economic development in various places, some vassal States gradually became stronger and formed regional centers, and the kingship was excluded. In the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it finally evolved into a complicated situation in which vassal regimes and disputes among countries continued. It is against this background that we try to solve these problems.
During the interaction between Hou and Guo, a proton system was formed.
Liu Xiang of the Western Han Dynasty saw this great change from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Warring States Period. He said: Self-writing, martial arts heyday, moral respect, long ceremony and righteousness, Bi Gong set up teaching, Chen Xiange changed his style. Syria's human relations and husband-wife exchanges are well known to the world. On the meaning of loyalty and filial piety, the way of benevolence and righteousness is all over the world, and the punishment of death is wrong for more than 40 years. In the distance, I admire benevolence and righteousness. I will take my clothes and swim in elegant carols to think about my kindness.
In the Spring and Autumn Period, it has been four or five hundred years, but the rest of the work is fierce and has not been extinguished. Jude helps each other with righteousness, sings about feeling for each other, invites the DPRK to meet, and vows to save each other. God willing, do something. The country that will enjoy it is still shameful. Small countries have to rely on, and the people have to rest.
After his death, Tian took Qi, but he was promoted, which is a great moral waste and immoral behavior. Donate comity and expensive war to Qin Xiaogong, abandon benevolence and deception, just to gain strength. Those who usurp thieves are listed as Marquis: a country that deceives others and is rich and powerful. At this time, although there is morality, it is not allowed to make plans; Have strong determination, passive resistance and solid dependence; According to Liu Xiang's point of view, Lian made an oath to defend his country. In the case that the vassal States gradually separated from the Zhou royal family and righteousness was challenged by fraud, people not only remembered relatively equal's trustworthy exchanges in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period, but also had to face the struggle for victory, and the winner was king:
In the social reality of the Warring States period, wars broke out endlessly, and fraud and forgery appeared, leading to the proton system. Liu Xiang's analysis is very pertinent, and later generations have similar views. He said: In the Spring and Autumn Period, Zagreb was respected and trusted, but the seven countries never talked about Zagreb and faith. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the king of Zhou was still respected, but the seven countries never talked about being kings. In the Spring and Autumn Period, they sacrificed heavy sacrifices and enjoyed re-employment, but the seven countries did nothing. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the surname clan was still respected and the seven countries did nothing. There are still banquet poems in the Spring and Autumn Period, but the seven countries don't smell them: there are still books to tell in the Spring and Autumn Period, but the seven countries don't smell them. However, influenced by the thought of respecting the king and resisting foreign countries, Liu Xiang and Gu both promoted the Spring and Autumn Period and suppressed the Warring States Period, so Liu Xiang's assertion that proton system originated in the Warring States Period was wrong. When talking about the time when the proton system was formed, Gou Zi once said: Oath is not as good as five emperors, oath is not as good as three kings, and proton is not as good as five tyrants. "It is asserted that the proton system came into being earlier than the Warring States period, but it will not exceed the Spring and Autumn Period. Mr. Ma's views are similar to those of grapes, but he thinks they are all inferior. Investigate its reason, he said: Beggars are in the heyday of hegemony, although
Solution, faith still exists. Therefore, Qi Huan did not support the Cao Mo League, and Jin Wen did not lose his original letter. A bully calls for faith, so he won't threaten others with power. By the time of the Warring States period, the paranormal was beyond recognition. "But according to the existing historical data, the record of proton system first occurred in 720 BC. In Zuo Zhuan, it was recorded that Zhou Zheng had been at war for three years: Zheng Wugong and Zhuang Gong were Wang Ping bluestones, and Wang Er and Zheng Bo complained. Wang Ri said,' Nothing'. So, the prince was pledged, the fox was pledged to Zheng, and Zheng Gongzi was suddenly pledged to Zhou. Accordingly, the matter of handing over the quality should be earlier than the era of the five tyrants, and it should happen when the ceremony collapsed in the early Spring and Autumn Period. This should be an indisputable thing.
Second, the pledge activities during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the exchange of oaths between vassal states became a common practice and occurred frequently. Mr. Ma said: During the Spring and Autumn Period, every six people had different opinions. During the Warring States period, it took only 254 years for the princes to hand over the hostages.
However, the historical materials such as Zuo Zhuan, Guoyu, Warring States Policy and Historical Records are investigated. I've seen much more than that. Even if this kind of oath affects the monarch and his subjects, it is also to express sincerity and seek peace of mind by paying protons, so the role of oath is beyond the scope of resolving disputes between princes and involves the settlement of interpersonal relationships. Of course, this was not the mainstream of proton system at that time, but the borrowing of mass subsystem.
During the Spring and Autumn Period, the vassal states exchanged protons for trust for the purpose of pledging oaths.
After three years of seclusion, Zhou Zheng made an oath.
In the seventeenth year of Wengong, Jin and Zheng made an oath.
Anyone who goes in and out of protons for trust:
In A.D. 400, Gou Jianfeng, the King of Yue, and Zhong You became the marquis of Wu.
Send a proton to ask for a truce:
In seventeen years, the position of the king of Jin surpassed that of Qin.
In the twelfth year, Zheng was a general in Chu.
Fourteen years, conquering Chu.
In the fifteenth year of Gong Xuan, Song Huayuan was taken hostage to Chu.
In eighteen years, Qi Gongzi was stronger than gold.
In the second year of Chenggong, Lu Gongheng was defined as Chu; Song Gongzi's encirclement of turtles is that the quality exceeds Chu.
In the year of A.D., Qi Gongzi was only good at gold.
Send protons to borrow reinforcements or beg for protection:
In the seventeenth year of his official career, Prince Zheng was stubborn, and Hou Yi was Chu.
For three years, the son of Prince Cai Yuan and Dr. Cai was in the Jin Dynasty.
For four years, Cai regarded his son's son and the doctor's son as his own qualities.
Anyone who sends protons as a sign of obedience:
Thirteen years, Xu was a Chu.
Zheng Junchen trusts each other for everyone:
In twenty years, Luan, his mother Chen and his son Tian were taken as the quality, and Song took his son Huahai as the quality.
Wu died, taking Qi, the son of his son, as the quality.
Sovereign, who does the Minister of Quality think threatens:
In the twentieth year of Zhao Gong, King Chu Ping was the second son.
There are three people who intend to hand over the quality but fail:
After eight years of mourning, Lu wanted to exchange protons with Wu.
In the second year, Jin Yu and his uncle were taken as hostages.
In the twenty-sixth year of Zhao Gong, Sun Chao, a doctor of Lu, wanted to send protons to Lu Quanchen Ji to gain trust.
The purpose of pledging activities in the Warring States period is basically the same as that in the Spring and Autumn Period, including those who seek mutual trust, those who call for peace, those who beg for reinforcements and protectors, those who threaten to acquire land and property, and so on. However, the swearing-in activities between the monarch and the ministers have disappeared, and they have completely become a means to solve various relations between vassal States. Judging from the pledgor, there are five pledgors in Chu:
In 303 BC, Jing Chu was in the Qin Dynasty.
In 303 BC, the King of Chu was born in the State of Qin. ,
In 300 BC, the king of Chu was born in Qi. Chu Huaiwang was born in Qin.
In 272 BC, Huang Ge, the left disciple of the King of Chu, and the King of Chu were completely in Qin.
Swear three:
About 300 BC, Hou's younger brother was born in Qi.
In 239 BC, Yan Taizi Dan was established in Zhao.
In about 238 BC, Yan Taizi Dan was made in the State of Qin.
Qin pledgor every six:
In 328 BC. Qin Gongzi was born in Wei.
In 307 BC, Qin Gongzi Ji Proton Yan.
In 30 1 year BC, Qin Jingyang was in Qi.
In 267 BC. Qin mourned the quality of the prince in Wei.
In 250 BC, he was taken hostage in Zhao.
In 243 BC, Qin Proton was born in Zhao.
Zhao's pledgor is five:
In 270 BC, Zhao Gongzi was born in the State of Qin.
In 265 BC, Zhao Changan was born in Qi.
In 243 BC, Prince Zhao Chunping was born in the State of Qin. Zhao Ping was born in Qin.
In 206 BC, Zhao Chengxiao became the king of Qin.
Korea Pledger Fan San:
In 3 15 BC, Prince Han was born in the state of Qin.
In 30 1 year BC, Prince Han was born in Chu.
Around 256 BC, Han was betrothed to Zhao.
Wei pledger every six:
In 336 BC, Wang Wei became famous in Qi. The quality of Wei Gongzi is higher than that of Chu; Wei Pangcong and the Prince of Yan are both in Zhao.
Wei was born in Qi in 333 BC.
In 306 BC, Wang Wei was located in Chu.
In 247 BC, Wang Wei was promoted to Qin.
Qi every pledge twice:
About 342 BC, Zhou was born in Yan State.
Qi Gongzi was born in Zhao in 30 1 year BC.
In addition, according to Records of the Historian Biography of Xiongnu, there was a wise general in Yan State, and Hu believed it because of his quality. At that time, this kind of Covenant with ethnic minorities was relatively rare.
Third, my humble opinion on proton system
The proton static J degree, which was formed and prevailed in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, occurred under the background of mutual suspicion and trust, and it was guaranteed by moral binding force. So its function cannot be generalized.
In the twenty-fourth year of the Warring States Policy, Jia Weiwei said that there must be quality at least, or you will be bullied, and quality will oppose bullying. Explain that delivery activities are based on integrity. When the value system of faith has not completely collapsed, dealing with the relations between vassal States in this way, whether it is mutual appeasement, peace talks, asking for help or blackmail, can achieve a certain goal without bloodshed, thus avoiding bloodshed and destruction. From this point of view, proton system should be the most commendable method to solve mutual problems at that time.
For example, after the publication of Zuo Zhuan for seventeen years, Jin recognized that Zheng Bo had colluded with Chu, which was not good for him, so he refused to meet Zheng Bo who came to visit. Master Zheng wrote a letter of credentials, which stated Zheng's sincerity in serving Jin. Finally, Jin sent the doctor Gong Shuo to Zheng to repair it, and asked her husband to take Zheng's quality. Zheng also sent Prince Yihe to the State of Jin. Through the pledge, mutual doubts were eliminated and relations between the two countries were repaired. At the same time, the Warring States Policy was published in 27 volumes. Hu Yan made several appearances in Chu and called it the day of the King of Wei:' The prince is in Chu, and Han dare not leave Chu.' In a few words, it is pointed out that South Korea has formed a close attachment relationship with Chu through the oath. For another example, Zhang Yi, who has been in the Warring States policy for fourteen years, said that the King of Chu Day: Qin and Chu are now connected and become pro-countries. Your majesty can listen to me. I invite the king of Qin to be a hostage in Chu. The king of Chu entered Qin; Please take the daughter of Qin as the concubine of the king's dustpan and broom and serve the city of ten thousand families. Think of Tom's city; Chang weikun
A country of brothers will never attack each other for life. Although this was Zhang Yi's words to lobby the King of Chu for breaking the alliance of Qin, it was full of fraud and deception.
However, Zhang Yi's statement that he will be the country of Kundi through pledging activities and never attack each other for life shows us the role of proton system from a certain side. In addition, in the sixteenth year of Lu, Song and Chu made a vow. Chu lifted the siege of Zhu Zhibing. In eighteen years, the State of Qi sent protons to the State of Jin, and the State of Jin only scattered the soldiers of the State of Qi. In the fifteenth year of Lu Chenggong, Zheng Bo sent a prince to Chu to be a proton, and Chu sent troops to defend Zheng and resist the attack of Wei. In 328 BC, the State of Qin sent a son to Wei as a proton, thus obtaining a large area of land including Shaoliang in fifteen counties of Wei. In 3 15 BC, South Korea sent Prince Cang to Qin State to be a proton, which pacified Qin State's attack on South Korea, and so on, all of which are historical evidence.
However, during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the social, economic and political changes in China were great, and the vassal states all took farming as the foundation of their country and strength as the evidence to resolve disputes. Although they are also influenced by the wind of trust and reconciliation of the previous generation, the rulers first consider their own vital interests when dealing with mutual relations. So the proton system has gradually become a bargaining chip for the rulers to weigh the pros and cons, a means of intrigue, and the peaceful color of the system has become a hypocritical coat. For this, Zuo Zhuan hit the nail on the head. Zuo Zhuan has been hidden from the public for three years. After handing in the oath, Zhou Zheng said: Gentleman's Day:' If the letter is not correct, the quality is useless. If you walk with forgiveness, you should be polite. Although there is no quality, who can do it? If you have a clear letter, the hair of the stream and swamp website is a plate full of algae. Baskets, accessories and pots can be recommended to ghosts and gods, but they can make princes feel ashamed. What's more, how can a gentleman keep the trust of the two countries and act with courtesy? Wind includes collecting flies and frequency, elegance includes walking reeds and taking care of offspring, which is also faithfulness.
When loyalty conflicts with the vital interests of the rulers, they can't believe it, which makes the proton system lose its conditions. Although the two countries have an agreement, they are not bound by it. This was the so-called empty pledge or empty pledge. Ten years after the publication of the Warring States Policy: When the King of Chu died, Prince Qi. Su Qin called Xue Gongri:' Why not keep the King of Chu and take him to the East Palace'. Xue Gongri:' No .. I left the prince as a neutral king, but I did injustice to the world empty-handed. Su Qinri: Otherwise. Won the neutral king, called him the new king, and said,' I will go east, and I will kill the prince as king. Otherwise, we will stand on the opposite side of the three countries. However, you can get it in the East.
Through the question and answer between Su Qin and Meng Changjun, the debate about justice and injustice of proton system is vividly displayed, while Su Qin's otherwise is a judgment. Explain that vassal States will never keep their moral commitments for the benefit of the land.
Volume 18 of the Warring States Policy also has Su Qin's right words: (Qin) I am afraid that I can't do it, and I send my troops to pretend to show Zhao Wei; Fear of the world shaking, so micro-Korea to two; I'm afraid the world will doubt myself 1, so I'll take it as a token. Su Qin pointed out in parallel that the first three kinds of smoke bombs used by Qin State to send protons were among them, which also showed that the pledge activity became a strategy to paralyze opponents. The so-called pledge also makes it impossible to talk about the fact that Zhao was held hostage for seven years in the Warring States policy. Lv Buwei asked Wang Zhao to send foreigners back to China, but Wang Zhao refused. Lv Buwei advised Wang Zhao that the son of Qin was an outsider and had no mother among them, so the queen wanted to take it. It is this emptiness that makes Qin want to slaughter Zhao, regardless of his son's future. If a stranger's son is allowed to stand back, Zhao Hou will send him to the task, but he dare not do it again and will say it himself. Qin Wang is an old man who drives a car a day. Although he has different sons, he is not enough to decide Qin.
After persuasion, Zhao finally sent the aliens back to Qin. Lv Buwei persuaded the Prince of Zhao because he listed three possibilities of development: first, if Qin wanted to attack Zhao, it would not be bound by creating strangers in Zhao, and it would be useless to leave them; Secondly, once the king of Qin died of old age, the new king of Qin and Zhao could not have a good relationship with Qin by virtue of strangers, and it was of little significance to leave strangers; Third, reciprocate, repay the stranger, and let him thank Zhao Guo in the future. This result is most favorable to Zhao. The possibilities of proton events listed by Qin State and Lv Buwei for the development of different nationalities show that the proton system has completely become a tool for the interests of various vassal States.
Since it can become a fact and can be used for profit, the situation of protons in quality countries is not optimistic. Originally, Proton's pedigree and status in China were very noble, mostly princes or courtiers. But once promised to other countries, it often becomes a pawn in the hands of princes, unable to control their own destiny. Although in peacetime, in order to win over and stabilize each other, protons will get better treatment, and even royal children can marry them. For example, in the seventeenth year of Zuo Zhuan, the king of Jin was the quality of Qin, and Qin returned to Hedong to marry him. However, even so, it is only the captaincy that regards protons as a means to control the quality of the country by controlling protons, and all the lifetimes of protons cannot be compared with those of their own country. The same thing happened in the twenty-second year of Xi Gong in Zuo Zhuan: the king of Jin died because he was superior to Qin and would flee. It's called "the day of winning the family": "returning to the son" is against Japan: the son was promoted to the king of Jin, but he was humiliated by Qin. Anxious to return, the son, is not just a widowed gentleman servant holding a towel comb to hold his son steady. Return from your son and abandon your life. Dare not follow, also dare not speak. And run home. Won's family is Qin's daughter, married to Zi. Judging from the fact that she finally refused to escape with her son, she was very loyal to Qin, and at the same time she was facing the fate of being abandoned. However, it was from her 12 1 that Zi was humiliated to Qin. In a word of humiliation, Zi was a proton. Biography of Jing Ke, a historical record, contains the reasons why Yan Taizi Dan fled the State of Qin, saying that the king of Qin met Yan Taizi Dan after a brief encounter, so Dan died of anger.
As for the tense relationship between the two vassal States, even if they meet, the life of Proton is even more difficult to guarantee.
Seven years after the publication of the Warring States Policy, Lou Wu made an appointment with Qin and Wei, taking Wang Wei as a pledge. Queen Mother's Day is called' Queen Mother's Day':' The country and those who return it will also benefit Wei after defeating Qin, and Wei will bear it. On the day of Qin, the prince was shit! Strong arguments are by no means alarmist, and similar situations were everywhere at that time. For example, Qin attacked Zhao, Zhao asked Qi for help, and Qi proposed to send troops again with Chang 'an as the quality. Queen Zhao refused, and the ministers urged it to be feasible. Empress Zhao said angrily, if there is a reply and Chang 'e is taken hostage, the old woman will spit on him! Empress Zhao has every reason to worry about her son's life. Another example is The Warring States Policy, which has been published for thirty-one years. Zhang Chou is a general of Yan State, and the prince wants to kill him. "Zhang Chou had to flee. Historical Records Wei Shijiazai. In the thirty-third year of Andrew West, Zi Wuji returned to Wei, led five soldiers to attack Qin and defeated Hanoi. Wang Wei added quality to Qin, and Qin was very angry and wanted to imprison him. proton
It has completely become a victim of the warlord's struggle for power and profit, and the function of quality -Y'~J degree in solving international relations has been destroyed.
In a word, proton system, as a way to deal with the relations between vassal States, gradually lost its color of keeping promises and peacefully handling disputes in the process of development, and became a means for vassal States to compete with each other. This great change was an inevitable reflection of the division and reorganization of social economy and politics, the melee and the relationship between vassal States at that time, and was not transferred by the will of the vassal States at that time. However, no matter how the proton system changes, we can't deny the fact that it existed and prevailed in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, nor can we ignore its special role. Even we should see that in the history of China after the Warring States Period, the proton system appeared and disappeared, and it is still regarded as a special way for the Central Plains Dynasty to deal with the relations with neighboring minority regimes, and to deal with the bilateral relations between regimes during the separatist period. Therefore, it is very useful to explore the origin of proton system to show its appearance.