Structural morphology
1824, an Austrian mineralogist named Frish Moss extracted 10 varieties from many minerals, and determined their relative hardness through scientific experiments, from which the crystal hardness was Mohs 7. Although the American National Bureau of Standards later used and popularized the more scientific Knoop hardness tester, jewelers in many countries in the world are still used to using Mohs hardness tester. The crystal with perfect crystallization belongs to the tricrystal system and is often hexagonal prism. One end of the cylinder is pointed or two ends are pointed, and a number of long cylinders are connected together, collectively called crystal clusters, which are beautiful and spectacular. The crystal of silicon dioxide is incomplete, and its shape can be described as varied. Going to China Crystal City will definitely be an eye-opener: in addition to the common long columns, there are sword-shaped, some plate-shaped, some short columns and some double cones. Some are as small as a treasure map-crystals.
Refers to, some as big as boulders; Some are less than half a second, and some weigh more than 300 kilograms. President Mao Zedong's crystal coffin was finally made of high-quality natural Donghai crystal. At present, the largest crystal is also from Donghai County, Lianyungang. Shell fractures also have good herringbone fractures with equal ridges. Amethyst has obvious dichroism, while topaz and tea crystal have weak dichroism. Light emitting crystals have strong phosphorescence. Green gold placer crystal emits gray-green fluorescence under long-wave and short-wave ultraviolet irradiation. It has cat's eye, rainbow and placer gold effects. The crystal is piezoelectric.
evaluation criterion
The evaluation standard of crystal is different from that of high-end gemstones. Most high-end gemstones put color first when evaluating, but for crystals, color and clarity (called crystal in the crystal industry) are almost equally important factors: 1, color: color is very important for any gemstone, and crystals are no exception. If the crystal is colored, such as pink crystal, topaz, amethyst, etc. The highest standard of color evaluation is bright and moving, and there are no other shades such as gray, black and brown. Such as pink crystal, the color is better with pink; Amethyst, bright purple in color, pure but not black; Topaz, the required color does not contain green and lemon tones, and golden orange is preferred. For hair crystal, the color of crystal is also very important. Golden hair crystal hair, crystal completely colorless (white crystal) slightly brown, the visual experience of the naked eye is also different, so the price of the former will be higher than the latter. 2. Clarity: The clarity requirements of crystals and high-grade gems are quite different. High-grade gems are scarce, so people generally don't ask too much for the purity of high-grade gems. However, the output of crystal is really amazing, so people usually require the higher the purity of crystal, the better, and try to avoid crystals with obvious inclusions. 3. Impurities: If there are legendary figures in the impurities inside the crystal, such as Buddha, constellation, zodiac, etc., its value may be higher than that of the crystal with the same color and clarity.
Appearance and morphology
The crystal belongs to hexagonal system. The crystal is prismatic, with a hexagonal cone, the cylinder has horizontal stripes, and amethyst often has angular stripes. In nature, crystals are often produced in groups with beautiful shapes. Well-crystallized crystals usually have a good herringbone fracture with parallel ridges; In amethyst and heat-treated topaz, most of them are uneven sheet fractures. Crystal specific gravity: 2.56-2.66g/cm3. This means that the weight of a certain volume of crystals is 2.56-2.66 times that of the same volume of water. Bulk crystals may have a slightly higher density. Crystal stripe color: colorless. The transparency of a crystal is related to the quality and quantity of light passing through it. The transparency standard is that when light passes through crystal fragments or slices with a thickness greater than 1 cm, the reflected image can be clearly seen. If the bottom image is not clear enough and only the outline is seen, it is translucent. Crystal luster: glass luster. This is true for both polished and fractured surfaces. Gloss refers to the optical characteristics of reflected light on the surface of a gem. Crystal does not reflect beautiful starlight stripes like starlight sapphire and starlight sapphire, nor does it shine with light blue waves like moonstone, nor does it shine with colors like opal. To observe the luster of the crystal, you can hold it in your hand and look at the surface reflection with the light of a lamp or a window. The brightness of transparent crystal is related to its luster. Refractive index of crystal: 1.544- 1.553, which is almost within this range. Refractive index is the ratio of sine of incident angle to sine of refraction angle when light penetrates into gem crystal from air and produces refraction phenomenon. Crystal refractive index: 0.009 (maximum), very stable. Optical characteristics of crystal: uniaxial crystal positive light. Crystal dispersion: 0.0 13. Dispersion means that the refractive index of a gem changes with the change of illumination light. For example, the refraction of red light by diamonds is 2.405; 2.427 is the green light; Purple light is 2.449. The melting point of the crystal is 17 13℃. In the experiment, it was found that it was brittle when heated. The crystal is baked in the flame of a flame burner. Unless it is well protected and cooled slowly, the crystal is easily broken. This kind of temperament has been thoroughly understood by the ancients.
The world crystal king is produced in Brazil. Material: single crystal Donghai Crystal King (in Donghai Crystal Market)
Specification: Height: 260cm 153cm This crystal weighs 28.6 tons, and it is pure single crystal silicon dioxide, which is hexagonal.
Edit the generation of this crystal.
Basically, the most important component of crystal is "silicon dioxide", which is also the most important mineral, occupying more than 65% of the crust components. It also contains various trace metals, so it will cause crystals of different colors; Moreover, crystals are widely associated with various minerals in nature, such as mica, feldspar, calcite, tourmaline, rutile, granite and so on. The growth environment of crystals is mostly underground and caves, which requires rich sources of groundwater. Groundwater contains saturated silicon dioxide, and the pressure inside is about two to three times that of atmospheric pressure.
On the other hand, the temperature should be between 550℃ and 600℃, and given a proper time, the crystal will crystallize into hexagonal columnar crystals according to the natural law of "hexagonal system". Usually, in the ideal environment controlled by human beings, that is, when the physical and chemical conditions meet the above conditions, the growth rate of crystals is about 0.8 mm per day. This is also the standard production speed of many intraocular lenses in laboratories and factories. The crystal thus cultivated is the so-called "synthetic Shi Ying", which is usually cut into chips and used in electronics, computer and communication industries. Some people call it "breeding Shi Ying". Although they use different words, they actually mean the same thing. Generally, the thickness of industrial intraocular lens is about 3 cm, that is, 30mm, and it takes about 40 days to grow. It generally takes about180 days for jewelry industry to grind a crystal ball with a size above 10 cm (100mm). However, this speed is only possible in the most ideal environment controlled by human beings. In nature, the situation is not so optimistic because of raw materials, water quality, temperature, pressure and other conditions. Are constantly changing, it is difficult to achieve the ideal situation. It usually takes tens of thousands or millions of times to achieve the same growth. This is the reason why the "geological age" movement takes "million years" as the calculation base, and it is also the precious place of "crystal rock". When a normal crystal is growing, people often find that the growth line is parallel to the cylindrical tip line. Because of the small growth space in underground and caves, especially in the event of earthquakes or crustal changes, they are even easily squeezed by other minerals, and different "crystal planes" often appear. Also, when crystals are still in liquid state, they are often wrapped by other minerals and marls and grow together, such as rutile (which will become crystals later), volcanic marls (which will become phantom crystals later) and so on. These are "part of nature", please don't treat them as "flaws". 1. Seasonal (single crystal Shi Ying) white crystal, amethyst, topaz, tea crystal, tobacco Shi Ying, pink crystal, hibiscus crystal, rose Shi Ying, ivory Shi Ying, rutile quartz cat's eye. Eyes) red Shi Ying, etc. 2. The shape of aphanitic Shi Ying is very small, which needs a microscope to see clearly, and its appearance looks smooth and heavy. The most common agates are strip agate, moss agate, blue lace agate, agate with water, carnelian and so on.
Edit the function of this paragraph
Crystal is a stable physical and chemical substance. Its piezoelectric and elastic properties make its mechanical vibration show high Q value, low mobility, high sensitivity and high stability. Therefore, all oscillators and filters that require high precision and stable frequency must be made of crystals. Its uses, such as frequency synthesis, counting, navigation, guidance, fax, computer, communication, timing and other national defense and military uses are more important. After years of in-depth study of crystals by experts and scholars, crystals have been identified as having five functions: focusing refraction, storing data, transmitting information, energy conversion and energy expansion. (1) Focal Refraction In ancient times, people have discovered the focusing function of crystals, and they can also refract light. Through the characteristics of crystals, convex lenses and concave lenses can be made. Powerful and highly parallel, the cutting-edge can be used for eye surgery, and the giant can be used for [Star Wars Project] to destroy incoming missiles and so on. (2) Storage of data When a message passes through the crystal, it will be recorded by the crystal, and the chip in the computer memory has this function. In modern times, the lens and prism of spectrometer have been manufactured. Piezoelectric crystals have different positive and negative charges, which are between 0 and 1 in computer binary. Yes, this is the basis of computers. Today, this memory storage capacity is amazing, and all the data of Encyclopedia Britannica can be input in a volume smaller than an eraser. (3) Transmission of information Many electrical appliances also rely on chips to transmit information, because the frequency of crystal oscillation is stable and the error of transmission marks is very small. Because the oscillation of crystal chip is very accurate and regular, it can be used not only for the time control of electronic watches, but also for the accurate calculation of computers and the transmission of huge information between computers. ④ Energy conversion crystal can convert different energies into other energies, such as light energy, heat energy, acoustic energy, magnetic energy, etc., and can also convert these energies into electric energy. The conversion of solar energy into electric energy depends on the heat collecting chip. Energy can be converted, such as solar collector chip, which can convert light into electricity and electricity into magnetism. Sound, light, electricity, heat and magnetism are all energy sources, which can't be extinguished, but are transformed into different States, and crystal is the best matchmaker. ⑤ Constant-frequency crystal can enhance energy and amplify energy. For example, when a loudspeaker is used, the current is converted into acoustic energy by time (that is, energy conversion), and then the acoustic wave is enhanced (energy amplification), and there will be no sound loss (constant frequency). Electronic signals with the same frequency can be amplified at the same frequency. For example, the crystal on the radio receiving surface will receive the electric waves in the air, and then convert them into sound waves that people hear after amplification. And the multiple between the two is more than ten million times. After introducing the scientific analysis and verification of crystals, let's look at the classification of crystals. There are various classifications of crystals, which can usually be roughly divided into three categories: ① crystal varieties. Usually, we watch clusters of crystals generated by multiple hexagonal crystal columns (hexagonal crystal system), which belong to crystal varieties, such as white crystal, amethyst, topaz, powder crystal, hair crystal and so on. (2) The aphanitic variety (aphanitic variety) has a fragmented appearance, not a hexagonal cluster, but also belongs to a hexagonal system. However, we can't observe their hexagonal crystals with naked eyes, because the crystals are very small, and they can only be seen with the help of a microscope. And this is very smooth in the crystal, because there is "hydrated silica" between the crystals, and agate belongs to this category. (3) special varieties are very different from ordinary crystals, so it is difficult to classify them as obvious crystals or invisible crystals, so they are classified as special types, such as strange and uneven Skelton crystals and phantom crystals with landscape stars. The difference between crystal stone and artificial crystal-crystal stone is all over the world, mostly produced in South America such as Brazil and Uruguay, and also produced in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. They grow underground or deep in caves, and the air pressure needs to be about 2 to 3 times that of the ground. In addition, there must be a steady stream of groundwater containing saturated silicon dioxide, and the temperature needs to be between 500-600℃. After tens of thousands or even tens of millions of years, silicon dioxide will form crystals and wait for people. But now that technology is developed, the demand for crystals is increasing day by day. Therefore, we imitate the real growth environment in the factory, mass-produce crystals and cut them into chips to meet industrial purposes. This is artificial crystal, commonly known as crystal cultivation. The growth rate of crystals produced by the factory is quite amazing, reaching 0.8 mm per day. Generally, the 3cm thick quartz for industrial use can be produced in about 38 days, so its value is far less than that of crystal. Artificial lens has low value and fast growth rate. One should be ground into a crystal ball in time, and it can be produced in less than half a year, while the growth time of other crystal chains is even shorter, but it takes tens of millions of years for rock crystals. Rock crystals have absorbed tens of millions of years of energy from nature, which is absolutely incomparable to artificial crystals. We often bring crystals to change our energy and magnetic field. Crystal, recycled crystal and craft crystal-crystals are formed under natural conditions. Regenerated crystals are single crystals, also known as synthetic crystals and piezoelectric crystals. Regenerated crystals are made by hydrothermal crystallization "imitating the growth process of rock crystals". Put natural silica ore and some chemicals into an autoclave and gradually cultivate for 1-3 months (for different crystals). The chemical composition, molecular structure, optical properties, mechanical and electrical properties are completely the same as those of rock crystals, while the regenerated crystals are purer and have better color than rock crystals in birefringence and polarization. After processing (cutting, grinding and polishing), particles of various shapes are crystal clear, dazzling, wear-resistant and corrosion-resistant. Craft crystal, also called imitation crystal, is made of lead glass or rare earth glass, which has no impurities and good transparency. Lei Shidong: It has the title of "God of Love" because it can help you attract the right opposite sex. It's the "stone of love" (lovers should be careful with no amount of gifts, because they are likely to give her the only thrill). Establish self-values and cultivate noble sentiments. Delicate and lovely, very rare. It can improve skin and beauty, make love, family and social life perfect, help calm excited emotions and filter negative energy. Sea: It can improve the respiratory system, enhance the ability of expression, persuasion and planning, and protect the safety of travelers. It contains four elements: earth, water, fire and wind. It has powerful healing, purifying and information capabilities, and is the most effective crystal. It has the function of protecting the throat and is very suitable for singers. Fluorite: also known as rainbow crystal, all colors have the same function, which can dispel the qi of human body, clean the magnetic field of the whole body, and prevent others from getting sick, moldy or deliberately chatting up, seducing and sexually harassing. Can improve meditation, especially transparent color. When worn with other crystals, the energy of other crystals can be improved. Tiger Eye Stone: There are three colors: red and yellow. When you are young, you can avoid villains and protect your health. The best match with garnet is yellow tiger eye stone, which is common in the market. The style of three-color tiger eye stone hand row is popular recently.
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Edit the legend of this crystal.
Throughout the ages, the purest thing in the world is crystal. It is often compared to the tears of a chaste girl, the stars in the summer sky, the crystallization of the wisdom of saints and the essence of all things on the earth. People have also given rare crystals many beautiful mythical accidents, and pinned their symbols, hopes and mysteries on them.
There are two stories about the origin of Donghai crystal. According to a legend, the crystal here was brought by a dragon horse. It is said that there was an old man who planted melons at the foot of baimashan in the East China Sea earlier, and he had been playing with watermelons all his life. This spring drought, baimashan cracked. The old man planted five acres of watermelon. In order to save a watermelon, he worked hard to carry water every day. Watermelon grows bigger and bigger, but it is not as big as a basket. At noon that day, the rich man in the neighboring village was so thirsty that he had to buy this melon to quench his thirst. While the old man was hesitating, suddenly there came a horse's pleading voice from the belly of melon: "Grandpa melon, I was originally a white man in the sky, and I was sent here by the Emperor of Heaven to be the White Horse Mountain God because I sent the Tang Priest to the West to learn Buddhist scriptures." Please help me quickly. " The old man was surprised and asked, "How did you get into the melon?" Shenma said, "It's too hot. I'm too thirsty to get into this melon and drink its juice. " "How can I save you?" The old man rubbed his hands in anxiety. Shenma said, "You can't sell this melon to that scoundrel. If he pays tribute to the emperor, there will be no treasure in baimashan! Open the watermelon early and let me out. " Just then, the rotten plaster told the servant to rob the watermelon. Just then, the old man took a knife to cut the watermelon and heard a bang. A golden light came out of the melon and lit up half the sky. The whole of baimashan is shining. Look again, the god horse running out with golden light is pulling a crystal hammer, which is crystal clear and dazzling. When Shenma saw the old man, he knelt down and kowtowed and said, "Grandpa melon, you have crystal beans in this field. Bring them! " "When the rotten plaster saw what it was, it was overjoyed and called to the servant:" The pig is afraid of driving, and the horse is afraid of bypassing. Surround it! Grab the horse, get the crystal hammer and collect the crystal beans! "A group of servants around what, what running here and there, where, where there is flashing crystal lights. God horse running around, there is no way out. The old melon man is in a hurry. He patted Shenma's ass with a watermelon knife and shouted, "Hurry up!" Only heard a roar of "Weil ...", john young jumped up in pain. Suddenly, the rotten plaster was so bloody that it flew to baimashan, only to see the golden light of baimashan exploding, and john young plunged into the belly of Dashan. Who sad face, pick up the rotting gypsum body back. Melon man looked at it carefully again, lit a lamp on the ground and jumped. He found a shovel and dug up some sparkling and watery stones, which turned out to be valuable crystal stones. Crystal and god horse, there is also a folk saying in the East China Sea: According to legend, a horse stole the mortal world and ate a melon farmer's watermelon. The owner of the melon garden found it and chased it all the way. From southwest to northeast, Tianma pees while running. In which field does the crystal grow? Pure horse urine bubbles.
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Purchase instructions
What are ice cracks, cotton or clouds, mineral shortage and destruction in rock crystals? Without 100% perfect rock crystal, the so-called perfection is also relatively perfect. The following briefly introduces the common defects of crystal for your reference. crystal
1, ice crack: this is for transparent crystal, that is, its internal vision looks like a crack, which has a gorgeous feeling (sometimes it will change color); The crystallization process of crystal stone will not produce ice cracks. It is speculated that it should be some "traces" in the process of crystal growth, which may be caused by earthquake or stratum compression (internal stress in the earth) (dislocation of atomic arrangement), rather than cracks. For example, pink crystal, amethyst, white crystal ball, cylinder and so on are very common. 2. Cotton or clouds: The same is true for transparent crystals, that is, the inside should be transparent, but it looks opaque, feels foggy, or feels like cotton wool inside. The most common is in titanium crystal and gold hair crystal, which will gradually spread out and become more and more transparent after wearing for a period of time. It is impossible to disperse. Only the body fluids secreted by the human body can improve the luster and transparency of the crystal surface, which seems to improve the transparency. The use of crystal in life can keep people calm and correct judgment, so it is not only beautiful, but also can keep the driver's mind clear. If you hang crystal ornaments on the rearview mirror, you can choose faceted crystals such as Ruyi Zhu Ling, which is not only pleasing to the eye, but also can improve driving safety. Sometimes you need temporary accommodation because you travel to a strange hotel or go out to study and work. You can wear tea crystals to resist supernatural evil spirits. Hair crystals of various colors have been nicknamed "Arrow of Love" since ancient times. Therefore, for those who want to be favored by the right person in love, they will be able to wear various hair crystal necklaces for a long time. Large-sized amethyst necklaces with high quality are also conducive to enhancing friendship. Crystal massage can also beautify the face. Everyone knows that crystal has a powerful energy magnetic field, which can greatly ease the internal structure of human body. At the same time, as early as ancient times, crystal has been used in pathological treatment procedures, especially the cooling effect of crystal can better calm the nervous mechanism of tension and pain, promote blood circulation and remove blood stasis through massage, and inject external energy. Crystals can be roughly divided into absorption crystals and radioactive crystals, and absorption crystals can absorb condensed green ghosts.
Some energy, radioactive crystals can release energy to attract some magnetic fields. For the human body, it is from left to right, so the left hand should wear absorption crystal to cultivate personal temperament, and the right hand should wear divergent crystal to distribute personal temperament. In another sense, crystals can be divided into positive energy crystals and negative energy crystals. One is to strengthen positive energy, you should wear your left hand, and the other is to drive away the negative energy around you and win with your right hand. Crystal-absorbing (left hand) amethyst chalcedony fluorite jade moonstone olivine powder crystal cup blue aquamarine Shu Zulai stone blue agate white or transparent calcite lapis lazuli malachite pearl projection crystal (right hand) amber amethyst white crystal topaz garnet with crystal tiger eye stone green ghost tourmaline red agate east agate gold calcite black onyx obsidian.
Criteria for evaluating crystals
According to experts from the Shi Sheng Crystal Museum in the East China Sea, the evaluation of a crystal ornamental stone should be based on ten interests: interesting crystal texture, unique and interesting modeling, colorful colors, the sun, the moon and stars, pregnant stones in the stone, interesting people, interesting new words in the stone, interesting landscapes, interesting red flowers and green leaves, and interesting animals.
Wearing method
Basically, it goes in from left to right, depending on whether the spar itself belongs to projective (radioactive) or absorptive energy. If it is absorbent, you should hold it with your left hand; If it's a projection, you should hold it with your right hand. Projection crystals can emit energy to attract some magnetic fields. The absorption crystal can absorb and condense some energy. The following information is for reference only. Crystal attraction-left hand amethyst chalcedony fluorite jade moonstone olivine powder crystal, bluestone aquamarine sapphire Shu Zulai stone blue agate white or transparent calcite lapis lazuli malachite pearl projection crystal-right hand amber amethyst white crystal topaz garnet with frosted crystal tiger eye stone green ghost tourmaline red agate Dongling stone gold calcite black agate topaz obsidian. Stone PS: hair crystal classification white rabbit hair black hair crystal gold hair crystal red hair crystal green hair crystal red hair crystal multicolor hair crystal If the five elements are short of water, you can carry obsidian with your left hand ~