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Ming Dynasty: Song Lian
I liked studying when I was young. Because my family is poor, I can't get books to read. I often borrow money from the library, copy it myself, and send it back on the appointed day. When the weather is cold, the water in the salt pond freezes into ice and I can't stretch my fingers. I still don't relax reading. After copying, please go back to China, and dare not exceed the agreed time limit slightly. So most people will lend me books so that I can read all kinds of books. When he grew up, he admired the teachings of saints and suffered from being unable to associate with knowledgeable teachers and celebrities. He quickly walked out of the hundred miles and brought the scriptures to his fellow villagers. Senior honorary person, Yemeni students crowded his room, and his words and attitude were never slightly euphemistic. Around Lishi, he assisted the suspect and leaned over to ask questions; Or the more respectful and polite you are when you meet, you dare not say a word; Please ask again as soon as it is happy. So I was stupid and finally learned a lot.
When I was looking for my master, I was walking in the mountains of Otani with my book box on my back and Tara shoes on. In winter, the wind was cold and the snow was several feet deep, and my feet and skin were frozen and cracked. After entering the room, my limbs were stiff and I couldn't move. The servant gave me hot water and covered me with a quilt. It took a long time to warm up. Stay in a hotel and eat two meals a day, without fresh fat and delicious enjoyment. All the students are all embroidered, wearing hats decorated with treasures, white jade rings on their waists, swords on their left and smelly faces on their right. In the meantime, I have no desire for beauty. I don't know if my mouth and body are not as good as people. My efforts and efforts are probably like this.
Translation and annotation
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I liked reading very much when I was young. Because my family is poor, I can't afford to buy books. I often borrow books from people who collect books, copy them myself, count the dates and return them on time. It's very cold in winter, and the ink in the inkstone is as hard as ice, so my fingers can't bend and straighten, and I dare not slack off. After copying, he immediately ran to return the book, not daring to exceed the agreed time limit slightly. So many people are willing to lend me books that I can read all the books. As an adult, I admire the theory of ancient sages more, and I am worried that no knowledgeable people will associate with me. I once ran a hundred miles away, holding a scripture and asking the elder with moral knowledge in the village. His predecessors were highly respected, and his room was crowded with disciples. He never speaks gently, but faces it gently. I stood beside him, asking questions, asking truth, leaning down and listening to him; Sometimes when I meet him, I reprimand him loudly, my expression is more obedient, my manners are more considerate, and I dare not say a rebuttal; He was happy and went to consult again. So although I was stupid, I finally gained knowledge.
Go out for advice, carry a book box, drag shoes, and walk in the old valley in the mountains. In the middle of winter, the cold wind was fierce and the snow was several feet deep, but the skin on my feet was frozen and cracked unconsciously. Back to the hotel, my limbs were stiff and I couldn't move. The servant washed (me) with hot water and wrapped me in a quilt, which kept me warm for a long time. I live in a guest house, and the innkeeper provides two meals a day, and there is nothing fresh and fat to enjoy. The other students who live with me are wearing gorgeous clothes, hats decorated with red headbands and jewels, rings made of white jade hanging around their waist, treasure knives hanging on the left and sachets hanging on the right, which look like immortals. I live with them in rags, but I'm not jealous. Because there are enough happy things in my heart, I don't feel that the enjoyment of food and clothing is not as good as others. I just study hard!
To annotate ...
[1] from Song Wenxuan (Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1985).
Song Lian: (1310-1381), a writer in the early Ming Dynasty, was named Jingxian, and was named Pujiang Qianxi (now northwest of Yiwu, Zhejiang).
Dongyang, the place name, is in Dongyang, Zhejiang Province today.
Health, the elder's name for the younger generation.
Foreword: Stylistic name, which is a complimentary preface.
[2] Yu: I
[3] Addiction: like, special hobby.
[4] No way: No way.
[5] to the book: get the book. To: I see.
[6] Every time I borrow it from the library, it is a handwritten record: every time.
Borrowing: Synonymous compound words. Borrow.
Fake, borrowed.
Yu: preposition, from.
Nouns as adverbials.
Hand: nouns are used flexibly as verbs, and the same is true.
[7] Fu's laziness (dài): that is, Fu's laziness, not slacking off in reading, not relaxing.
Woman:No. Chi: It refers to copying books.
[8] Go: Run.
[9] overdue: beyond the agreed time limit.
[10] Therefore. Take: think; Yes: So.
[1 1] guān: Ancient men held a coronation ceremony at the age of 20, indicating adulthood.
Later generations often use "crown" or "crowned" to indicate that the year is 20.
[12] Suffering from: worry. .
[13] Master: A knowledgeable teacher.
Shuo, Da.
[14] Travel: communication.
[15] Taste: Once.
[16] Trend: Arrival.
[17] Inquire about the scriptures from the township ancestors: take the scriptures and ask the local moral and learned predecessors.
Sage: a moral and learned elder. Knock on the door and ask questions.
Take it.
Delong Wang Zun: High moral prestige.
Hope, prestige, reputation.
Dragon: High.
The disciples crowded his room: the students crowded his room.
Master, apprentice, student.
Fill, fill. It means crowded here.
[20] Slightly lower rhetoric: gentle words, gentle face.
Words, words and faces. Color: skin color.
[2 1] The quality of aid questioning: ask questions and ask the truth.
Help, offer.
Quality, inquiry
[22] Bend over and ask with your ears tilted: Bend over and ask with your ears tilted (respect) (showing respect and concentration).
With: conjunction, and, come.
[23] Or: Sometimes.
[24] Scold (chi) du not: reprimand, reprimand.
[25] The more respectful the color, the more respectful the expression. Color: expression. Respect: respect
[25] To: Deliberate.
[26] A: This refers to defense and rebuttal.
[27] I (ì): Wait a minute.
Pawn: Finally.
[28] Qiè Drawing (yè x ǐ): Carrying a book box and dragging shoes (indicating that the shoes are worn out).
Drag: Drag.
Basket: book box.
Li: Shoes.
[29] poor winter: deep winter.
[30] chapped skin (jūn): chapped skin due to cold and dryness.
[3 1] House: refers to the study and library.
[32] Branch: Treating "limb" with the same method, limb.
[33] Yi: refers to people who serve the people.
[34] soup: hot water.
[35] Lie down: Take a bath. W, water and wash (limbs). Irrigation "washing"
[36] He (q and n): quilt.
[37] Hug: Covered.
[38] and: Undertaking table.
[39] Yes, only.
Daily refreshing (SI): Two meals are served every day. Again: twice.
[40] Stay in a hotel.
Live, live.
Reverse, welcome.
Travel backwards, hotel.
[4 1] embroidered by (pρ) Qi (qǐ): wearing beautiful silk clothes.
Cover it, put it on, put it on.
[42] Zhu Ying: The Red Hat.
Fringe: hat band.
[43] waist: waist.
Waist, nouns as verbs.
[44] Liu: sachet.
Smell, smell, here refers to the aroma.
[45] Ye ran: radiant.
[46] robes: worn-out clothes.
Old packing. Oh, that's shabby.
[47] Slightly unattractive: not envious.
Slightly none: none.
Mu Yan was envious.
[48] People who enjoy it don't know that oral service is not like people. Because they have enough happiness in their hearts (referring to reading), they don't think that food and clothing are inferior to people.
China: Inside.
Oral and physical service: refers to food and clothing.
[49] Gai: the pronunciation word at the beginning of a sentence.
Appreciate:
In this preface, the author describes his early experience of seeking advice with an open mind and studying hard, vividly and concretely describes the difficulty of borrowing books and seeking teachers, and the pain of running around in cold and hunger, and compares it with the superior conditions of the students in the business school, which strongly shows that whether or not academic achievements depend mainly on subjective efforts, rather than the level of talent and the advantages and disadvantages of conditions, so as to encourage young people to cherish a good reading environment and concentrate on their studies. The full text is rigorous in structure, meticulous and thoughtful, contrastive in reasoning, detailed in narration and vivid and touching to read.
The full text is divided into three parts.
In the first paragraph, I wrote about my study as a teenager, aiming at highlighting his studious spirit of "diligence can make up for the shortcomings". Inside, there are four levels. The first layer is difficult to learn from borrowing books. Because the family is poor and there are no books, we have to borrow books to copy books. Although it was cold, the inkstone froze and their fingers froze, they didn't dare to slack off. The second layer is the difficulty of seeking a teacher and the necessity of learning with an open mind. Seek a teacher from a hundred miles, and be careful. Although I was scolded, I finally got something. On the third level, from the perspective of the hardships of living conditions, I am content with poverty and don't admire wealth. Because I have learned something, I only feel happy and don't feel bitter. I emphasize that as long as I am full of energy, the hardships of living conditions can be ignored. The fourth layer is the summary of this paragraph. Because I was not afraid of all kinds of difficulties, I studied hard and finally achieved something. Although the author modestly says that he has "no achievements", the fact that a generation of great scholars is self-evident is known to all. Finally, the rhetorical question of "the situation is too surplus" is a link between the past and the future, and its content is very rich. First of all, the author emphasizes in a rhetorical tone that if a person with a little higher talent can be as diligent as himself, he will certainly achieve more outstanding achievements. At the same time, the implication is that I am not a genius, so I can achieve my present achievements because of hard work and hard study. In other words, if people are not too talented, but they have accomplished nothing, they can only blame themselves for not working hard enough. From the following, we can know that Ma Sheng is a studious young man. As long as he persists, the future is limitless. Therefore, although this sentence is a few numbers, it has profound significance and great effect. It not only takes care of the above, but also connects with the following, closely follows the theme of the preface, sincerely and implicitly expresses Ma Sheng's exhortation, encouragement and expectation, and shows everyone's "graceful but muddy" demeanor.
The second paragraph, following the first paragraph, describes that the excellent learning conditions of contemporary Taiwan Province students are in sharp contrast with the difficulties of the author in his youth, and emphasizes the necessity of diligent study from the opposite side. The cloud of "I have something to offer every day" contrasts with the above-mentioned living conditions, the cloud of "having a teacher and a doctor as a teacher" contrasts with the above-mentioned difficulty in seeking a teacher, and the cloud of "all suitable books are gathered here" contrasts with the above-mentioned difficulty in borrowing books. Through the comparison, it can be clearly seen that the students of Mrs. University are much better than the author in terms of reading, seeking teachers and living, but they are not very good in career and morality. Finally, with an optional sentence and a rhetorical question, it is emphasized that the key is that these students are neither diligent nor diligent. This is the care of the fourth floor in the last paragraph.
The above two paragraphs emphasize the importance of diligent study from both positive and negative aspects. Although there is no explicit encouragement to Ma Sheng, the significance of encouragement is self-evident. But after all, the article is written for reading, so in the third paragraph, it is obviously written, pointing out that the purpose of writing the preface is "the Tao is difficult to learn" and "the scholars encourage the villagers to learn." Because the content of the exhortation has been written in the last two paragraphs, I will only say some words of praise and praise here, but it is not difficult for Ma Sheng to earnestly get the message.
Song Lian is generous, sincere and humble. This article, like this man, is euphemistic and friendly. In fact, according to his prestige and status, he can put on airs of his elders, argue head-on, speak loudly and teach this young man a lesson. However, he didn't do it. He never talks about what you young people should be like. He only talks about what "I" is like. He puts himself and the other person on an equal footing and talks with people with his own personal experience and personal experience. Not only from the point of view, but also from the image and emotion, it inspires and influences readers, making people feel that there is a lofty personality appeal in the depth of the article. In the process of reading, readers will unconsciously shorten their ideological distance from the author, agree with his point of view and are willing to follow his point of view. Writing an article to achieve this step is not only a question of article skills, but also requires profound ideological cultivation as the foundation.
Secondly, in reasoning, the author is not talking about learning out of thin air, but is good at letting thoughts and truths emerge naturally in the narrative of facts. In the narrative of facts, he is good at organically combining general narrative with typical detail description, so that the article is only concrete, concise and vivid, and also has strong persuasiveness and appeal. For example, when the author talks about the difficulty of reading, he usually describes the situation that he has to borrow books and copy books because his family is poor, saying, "It's freezing in the cold, the inkstone is hard, and his fingers can't bend and stretch, so he is lazy." Through such a typical detail description, people have vivid and concrete feelings about the author's diligence in reading and the hardship of learning conditions. The reason lies in the matter, and the matter is quite touching. This is another internal reason why this article makes people happy to identify with and accept the author's point of view.
And the article is natural, but the internal structure is very tight and compact. The object of the original text is the main body of the article. But the article put aside the topic, starting from oneself, taking it easy, starting from oneself and others, and finally talking about the object of giving. Seemingly careless, but actually clever. In the deep structure of the article, there is a close internal relationship between the subject and the object, always taking the subject as the goal and taking care of the subject everywhere, but avoiding the shortcomings of the general preface, making the article euphemistic, implicit and meaningful. In writing, I successfully used the methods of contrast and contrast, so that there is contrast between the left and right, and there is care before and after. The article shows rigor in leisure, "both fish and fish are elegant and moderate." This is also very impressive.
In writing, the following three aspects are worth learning:
First, stick to the center and elaborate from different angles. The center of this article is the word "learning". The author remembers how much he liked learning when he was a child and how much he longed for Taoism when he was an adult. He said that students in imperial academy should concentrate on their studies, commend them for being good at learning, and send them away. From himself to others, from beginning to end, it all started with the word "learning". Writing about the hardships of one's past life and the superior conditions of imperial academy today still revolves around the word "learning", but from different angles. The author describes himself as diligent in learning and brave in overcoming difficulties, in order to show his point of view and clarify the importance of subjective efforts, so that Ma Sheng can understand from the author's experience that learning must be "diligent in learning and difficult to learn". The purpose of enumerating imperial academy's life, teachers and equipment is to show that superior objective conditions are conducive to the development of subjective initiative, and to make Ma Sheng realize that he should cherish the existing conditions, concentrate on his studies like the author, and succeed in his studies. In this way, the truth related to learning will be expounded from different angles through the narration of specific cases and actual situations, so that Ma Sheng and readers can be inspired by the author's beautiful narration and realize the truth of how to learn.
Second, the general narrative is combined with the detailed narrative. This paper focuses on narrative, which can be divided into general narrative and detailed narrative. Through a brief narrative, the author roughly describes the process and overall picture of his hard study from childhood to adulthood. Through detailed narration, the typical materials and specific environment are vividly and meticulously developed. The combination of the two makes the narrative look a bit comprehensive, which not only gives readers an overall understanding of the author's hard work, but also leaves a deep impression on the key "details". For example, detailing the "details" of "freezing cold, firm inkstone, fingers unable to bend and stretch, fingers lazy" reflects the author's long-term hardship of "taking notes by hand and paying back the money in a few days". Another example is "dragging the mud", walking in the deep mountain canyon, the wind is very strong in winter, it snows a few feet, and the skin is chapped and I don't know it. Give up, four stiff muscles can't move, ... but they will be harmonious for a long time, "which vividly reflects the environment and hardships on the road to learning from teachers." Another example is "Xianda ..... has never faded slightly. Around Li Lishi, he assisted the suspect and leaned over to listen; Or the more respectful and polite you are when you meet, you dare not say a word; As soon as he is happy, please him again "is a detailed account, which truly shows his attitude of respecting teachers and his tenacious learning psychology when" inquiring about classics from his hometown ". In addition, just like writing clothes, it is similar to portrait description, except that you use the word "clothes and clothes" to summarize yourself, but you also use the technique of describing your psychological state at that time in detail. The two complement each other, which not only shows the author's poor family and frugal life, but also reflects his noble taste.
Third, the use of contrast is the most obvious feature of this writing. Mainly compare the advantages of students' learning conditions with the author's own past hardships; Compare my frugality as a teacher with the luxury of sharing a room with others. It has been explained separately in the comments, so I won't repeat it here.