1260 In March, Kublai Khan, with the support of Tahar, the host king, and He Dan, the king of the western regions, called Hulitai in Kaiping, that is, the Great Khan, and established the unification of the Yuan Dynasty. At the same time, the appointment of Han scholars to establish administrative institutions such as Zhongshu Province and Shilu Fu Xuan Department consolidated their dominant position in the Central Plains.
Ali Bug is still holding Hulitai in Mobei, calling it Khan. It is reported that there is Mobei area. Hunduhai, commander-in-chief of the Mongolian army stationed in Liupanshan, Liu Taiping of Shaanxi, and some generals of the Mongolian army in Sichuan supported Ali Buge as Khan in an attempt to deal with it in the land of Qin and Shu.
Kublai Khan sent Lian Xixian as the propaganda ambassador of Jingzhao and other roads, and killed Liu Taiping and the generals of Sichuan Army who belonged to Alibaba Brother. Soon, Wang, Wang and other allied forces defeated Hunduhai and Alandar who had crossed the desert to help the south, and completely controlled Guanlongchuan and Sichuan areas.
In July, Kublai Khan led an army to fight Lin Zheng. In September, Alibaba fled after failure to chase Gillikis. Kublai Khan ordered the Wang Fan brothers to command the army to stay in Helin for the Ali brothers.
126 1 autumn, Alibaba led an army to attack Fan Shi's army and used the victory to go south. Kublai Khan quickly led seven Han armies, including Zhang Rou, with Dong Wenbing leading thousands of archers and Taghachar leading thousands of followers. In November, Kublai Khan's army and Ali Bug fought in the past (now the southern part of Sukhbaatar province in Mongolia). Kings and Dan are the right army; Will Zuo Jun, son of King Tower; King Habibie joined forces with China's army to attack. Taghachar and He Bichi fought separately, breaking the pattern of Ali Buge and attacking the army. After Ali Bouguer's troops returned to Aztec, they fought again, and both armies suffered casualties. Alibaba withdrew from the north and Kublai Khan returned to the army.
Because Kublai Khan cut off the supplies from Han to Mobei, Ali was in a dilemma, so he sent Aruhu (the grandson of Chagatai) to preside over the government affairs of Chagatai khanate. However, after Aru suddenly gained Khan status, he refused to provide materials to Ali brothers and detained their emissaries, so Ali brothers sent troops to attack Aruhu, moved to Arimali and Aruxi went to Samarkand.
1264 (the first year of Yuan Dynasty), Ali Buge abandoned his relatives and surrendered to Kublai Khan.
The Han area in the Central Plains became the focus of Kublai Khan's regime. He relied on the Han scholar-officials to promote the "Chinese law" and reformed the way Mongolian rulers ruled the Han areas. 1262, Li Tan, the governor of Shandong province, took advantage of Kublai Khan's war with the Alibaba brothers to make Song a foreign aid and occupy Jinan in an attempt to instigate the governors from all over North China to respond. Kublai Khan mobilized heavy troops to besiege Jinan. In July, the city was broken and Li Tan was killed. Kublai Khan took advantage of the situation, stopped the world, set up grazing, divided the militia, abolished hereditary state and county officials and moved the law. The influence of authoritarian political parties has been restricted and weakened, and centralization has been strengthened. 127 1 year (the eighth year of the yuan dynasty), Kublai Khan announced to the world that the official name of the founding of the country was "Dayuan". 1Feb. 272, the capital was changed to metropolis (now Beijing), and most of them were declared as the capital of the Yuan Dynasty.
Unify Jiangnan
After the political situation in the north was stable, Kublai Khan decided to take the advice of Liu Zheng, commander-in-chief of the Southern Song Dynasty, and concentrate on capturing Xiangyang (now the South Hanshui City in Xiangfan City, Hubei Province) and Fancheng (the North Hanshui City in Xiangfan City), which were two major military towns on both sides of the middle reaches of the Hanshui River in the Southern Song Dynasty. From 1268 (the fifth year of Yuan Dynasty), after six years of siege, Fancheng was finally breached in the first month of 1273. In February, Xiangyang satrap came out of the mountain, lifting the barrier of the Southern Song Dynasty in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River.
1June, 274, Kublai Khan ordered Bo Yan as the commander in chief, and divided into two armies. Said from huaixi, Liu Zheng as the pioneer. The right-wing army was led by Bo Yan and Asu. In September, we set out from Xiangyang and entered the Yangtze River along the Hanshui River. At the same time, Dong Wenbing was ordered to storm Anqing from the west to the south of the Huaihe River in response. In December, Yuan Navy entered the Yangtze River, and the river guarded Yangluobao. Xia Gui, the governor of Song, Han and Ezhou, was defeated, and Hanyang and Ezhou surrendered. Stay in The Hague and Ali, cross the Mirror Lake, and lead the land and water army down the river there, with Lu as the pioneer. Most of the commanders along the Yangtze River in the Song Dynasty were the old headquarters of Lu, and they all surrendered without fighting. 1February 275, Jia sidao was forced to supervise all the elite soldiers to resist the yuan army. At this point, he still tried to use money to make peace, but was rejected by Bo Yan, so he had to fight the Yuan Army in the lower reaches of Chizhou. Due to internal discord, Song Jun is on the verge of collapse. In the autumn of the same year, Bo Yan split his troops from Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu) and headed for Lin 'an (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang), the capital of the Song Dynasty. Bo Yan and Atahai control the army from the middle, and go hand in hand with land and water. 1276 (13th year of the Yuan Dynasty) In the first month, the Yuan army assembled in the north of Lin 'an. In February, Emperor Zhao Kun of the Song Dynasty went to the table to lower the Yuan, and Song died. 1279, the Yuan Army completely occupied Sichuan, drove away the King Yuweiyashan of the Southern Song Dynasty (now Nanhai Island, Xinhui County, Guangdong Province), and completed national reunification. The unification of the Yuan Dynasty put an end to the division and war between the north and the south of China since the separatist regime in the late Tang Dynasty, and promoted the consolidation and development of a multi-ethnic unified country.
Foreign war
After the demise of the Song Dynasty, Kublai Khan launched a series of wars against neighboring countries.
Invasion of Korea
12 18 Mongolia and North Korea defeated the Khitan rebels who invaded North Korea and formed an alliance. Later, Mongolia wantonly demanded and invaded Korea many times, which aroused the strong resistance of the Korean people and made it impossible for Mongolia to achieve the goal of destroying Korea. After Kublai Khan ascended the throne, Korea became a vassal state of the Yuan Dynasty. The Yuan Dynasty forced korean king to take his children as hostages, forced North Korea to pay tribute and recruited troops from North Korea. In addition to sending a great scholar Huachi to supervise, 1283 (to the twentieth year of Yuan Dynasty) established the Oriental Province in North Korea, strengthened its rule, and often sent troops to suppress the border or invade the DPRK. In order to avoid the resistance of the upper rulers of North Korea, the Mongolian rulers also took measures such as netting, awarding officials or marrying the emperor's daughter. 1274 (11th year of Yuan Dynasty), Kublai Khan lost the emperor's daughter and married korean king.
War against Japan
1274 (11th year of Yuan Dynasty), Xindu and Hongchaqiu went to Japan with the troops, but their ships were destroyed and were returned. 128 1 year (18th year of Yuan Dynasty) attacked Japan in two ways. The Mongolian army, the Han army and the Korean army led by Suodu crossed the border from North Korea, and Fan led the newly attached army (the Southern Song Army incorporated by the Yuan government) to the north from Qingyuan (now Ningbo, Zhejiang). The Yuan Army was hit by a hurricane in Eagle Island, Japan. How bad the warship was, it drowned many people and was killed by the Japanese army, almost completely annihilated.
The war against Annan and Zhancheng
1282 (19th year of Yuan Dynasty), Suodu sent troops to occupy the city, but the army and civilians of the occupied city resisted and the troops were returned on 1284. In the same year, Tuohuan (Kublai Khan), the king of Zhennan, sent troops to invade Annan (now northern Vietnam) and ordered all troops to attack from Zhancheng to the north. King Annan retreated to the capital and hid his main force in the mountains to avoid a decisive battle with the Yuan Army. When the Yuan army was tired, it came out to attack. In May, due to the summer rain and the epidemic of plague, Tuoba was forced to retreat. Suodu died in battle. 1287 (twenty-four years of Yuan Dynasty), Tuoba sent troops to Annan again, but there was no progress, and he gave up sending troops the following year.
The war against Burma
1277 (14th year of Yuan Dynasty), Yunnan Province sent troops to Myanmar and captured more than 300 villages and more than 3,000 families. Later, due to the hot summer, they returned to their departments. 1283 (in the 20th year of Yuan Dynasty), Emperor Wu Xiang led troops to attack Myanmar again, and the king of Myanmar sent a peace envoy. 1287 (in the 24th year of Yuan Dynasty), the illegitimate son of the King of Myanmar abolished the independence of the King, and infighting broke out. The king of Yunnan took the opportunity to enter Bagan, but Myanmar was unable to resist and the tribute surrendered.
The war against Java
1292 (in the 29th year of Yuan Dynasty), Shi Bi, Ihelo, Kuaile and other armies set sail from Quanzhou and invaded Java Island (now Indonesian Java Island). The ruler of Java sent Yuan to help his enemy Ge Lang. Defeat Queen Grant, transfer troops to Yuan, and the Yuan army withdrew after exhaustion.
The battle with the northern king
After Kublai Khan defeated Ali Buge, the rebellion of the Mongols did not end. During Kublai Khan's reign, from northwest to northeast, wars between Mongolian kings continued. It was not until Wu Zongshi that it was generally flat.
The rebellion between Haidu and Xiliji
1269 (in the sixth year of Yuan Dynasty), Wang Haidu and Wang Bala, the queen of Wokuotai and Chagatai, held a meeting on the banks of Taras River to divide their respective spheres of influence and jointly oppose the Yuan Dynasty. 127 1 year (the eighth year of the Yuan Dynasty), Kublai Khan ordered Prince Namuhan, the king of Beiping, to lead the kings to guard Ali Muli. The following year, Haidu built Balazi as Chagatai Khan, harassing the north and south of Tianshan Mountain. In the 12th year of Zhiyuan (1275), Tuwa and other soldiers marched into Halaho for six months, and the Uighurs also took care of women to make peace. Kublai Khan sent right-hand Prime Minister Antong to help Namuhan defend the north.
/kloc-in the summer of 0/276, following the Southern Han Dynasty's Northern Expedition to the Kings, Siriji (Menggezi), Timur Li Ming, Timur Yao (Ali Bugezi) and Timur Debei rebelled and captured Nanhan and Antong in Haidu. But Haidu refused to cooperate with Jihe soldiers in the past. So in the past, Li Ji and others hijacked the Zongwang and withdrew to Li Man (Mongo), retreated to the Irtysh River, plundered five parts of Liji Keith, and invaded the east and forests. Response of Yingchang Hongji Thorn Belt and Liupan Mountain Firefox. Kublai Khan ordered Bo Yan, the coach of the Song Dynasty, to lead the main force of the Southern Expedition to the north. Bo Yan and Tu Tu defeated the former Jiji Army on the Erhun River and recovered Helin.
1283, surrendered Kublai Khan from the rebellious king.
1284 (21st year of Yuan Dynasty), Yadudu and Tu Tu Ha defeated Haidu Army, but Haidu still had a strong force. 1285, A Zhiji Army, the King of Zong, stationed in the northwest, was defeated by Du Wa. Kublai Khan also ordered Bo Yan to take charge of the northern army on behalf of Azizi.
Naiyan's rebellion
1287 (24th year of Yuan Dynasty) In April, Wang Naiyan (descendant of Timur, Genghis Khan's younger brother) rebelled against Yuan together with other kings such as Sheng 'er and Hadan (Queen), lost (Queen Hassan) and refused to serve (illegitimate son of Genghis Khan, Queen Kulie Sword). In May, Kublai Khan led an army from Shangdu. In June, Kublai Khan's army fought against Naiyan's army, and Naiyan was defeated and captured. 1288 (in the 25th year of Yuan Dynasty), timur, Tu Tu Ha and Li Ting attacked Hadan's stronghold in Hulunbeier, and Hadan fled between Liaodong, western Liaoning and Korea, and was finally defeated in129/year (in the 28th year of Yuan Dynasty).
The defeat of Haidu and Duwa, etc.
In Kublai Khan's later years, Haidu continued to commit crimes. Kublai Khan ordered the kings stationed in Uighur land to go out to conquer. 1289 (in the 26th year of Yuan Dynasty), Haidu Army advanced on and ringer, besieged timur, the grandson of the emperor, and Lin Xuanwei sent him back to Haidu. Kublai Khan led the army to make a personal expedition. Haidu army fled to the west, recovered Helin, and ordered Bo Yan to guard it.
Chengzong acceded to the throne, and was stationed in the northwest with Wang Kukuo (Kublai Khan) and Xu Kuoji (the great-grandson of Wang Gu's minister Allah). 1296 (in the second year of Yuan Zhen), the two armies of Haidu and Duwa split. Yao Muhu (Ali Buge), Urus Buhua (Mongolia) and others led his army of 12,000 people to join the Yuan Dynasty. 1298 (in the second year of Dade), Du Wa and others attacked the Yuan Army, and Yuan Shoujiang was lenient, and Xu Kuligis was defeated and captured. Cheng Zongming ordered Yao Muhu to lead the troops to fight back against Dewar and defeat the Dewar army. 1299, Haishan (a Malabalazi), the nephew of a sect, defended the north, assisted by the army of Mobei, Muwu and the veteran yuechi county Chaer. 130 1 year (the fifth year of Dade), Haidu Army invaded eastward, and Haishan led Yuan Army and Haidu Army to fight in the north of Helin. Haidu army collapsed and Haidu died on his way home. His son Chabar succeeded him. 1303 (the seventh year of Dade), Du Wa and Chabaier sent envoys to "intercede for a truce and let the whole family know each other", and they became Xu He. 1306 (the decade of Dade), Haishan Army crossed Altai Mountain, was defeated by Chabar and surrendered. In the same year, Du Wa died, and Chengzong ordered his son Kuan Che to inherit Chahetai Khan.
Stubborn politics
In the first month of the 31st year of Zhiyuan (1294), Kublai Khan died of illness. The eldest son Jin's eldest son and the third son timur led the troops to guard Mobei. At this time, they all came to attend Hulitai. Kublai Khan made timur Crown Prince before his death. The meeting was presided over by a real golden wife, Bolan, that is, Kokejin. Lu, Buhumu served the testamentary edict, and together with Prime Minister Right and Yu Chengqie, made timur emperor, and became Emperor, and Mongolia regarded him as Duanze Duhan.
When Emperor Chengzong ascended the throne, Kublai Khan ruled in internal affairs and the country was relatively stable, so he was called the king of persistence. He respected Confucius, won the support of Confucian officials in Mongolian and Han dynasties, and appointed color officials to manage finance and taxation. During the twelve years of his rule, he temporarily stabilized the political situation of the imperial court. However, during the reign of Emperor Chengzong, government politics became increasingly corrupt, financial and economic chaos, and the corruption of banknote law continued to develop.
In Mongolia, as an old practice, after the Khan election meeting in Hulitai, all the kings attending the meeting have to accept the reward of the new Khan. Chengzong gave a generous reward to win the support of Mongolian nobles. For example, the reward for three Xu horses is122,000 yuan. A large number of rewards left the court empty. The country is under-used, the use of paper money, inflation, currency depreciation, and finance is becoming more and more difficult.
Chengzong practiced the politics of sticking to the rules, eased the contradiction between Mongolian, Chinese and Semu people, and officials at all levels became more and more corrupt and greedy. Right-wing Prime Minister Wan Ze once accepted bribes from Zhu Qing and Zhang Xuan, but Chengzong ignored them. He also exposed the bribery of Bo Yan, Liang Dejuan and others. Chengzong had to recall them by letter. But the next year, Saidianchi Bo Yan and Liang Dejuan were reinstated. 1303, chapter 12 of stolen goods crime. More than18,400 corrupt officials were found and dismissed in various places. Emperor Chengzong was ill in his later years, and court affairs were dominated by Empress Bruhan and Saidianchi Bo Yan, and the rule of Yuan Dynasty became increasingly corrupt.
The rule of Wu zong
1307 (the 11th year of Dade) After the death of Emperor Chengzong in the first month, another battle for the throne broke out within the royal family. Queen Bruhan colluded with left Prime Minister Ahutai and others, and made Ananda, king of Anxi, who was guarding Hexi and supporting 150,000 troops, emperor. Right-hand Prime Minister Hala Hassan secretly sent envoys to the north to marry Huaining Wang Haishan, who was guarding Mobei, and to the south to marry Haishan's mother brother, Ai and Education Li, who were pushed out of Beijing by Bruhan. Love education Li Bada's mother and son just arrived in Dadu, and immediately sent Hara Hassan to secretly discuss. On March 2nd, Li Ba of Ba Li, Ai Yu led the guards into the palace, lured Ananda, let Ahu Terrace come over, and greeted the seamount in the north. In May, Haishan was the supreme capital. During the meeting, the kings executed Buluhan and Ananda, that is, the throne, which was named Qulu Khan, and was named Mongolia since Wuzong. He made his younger brother, Ba Li Libada, the Crown Prince, and met his brothers and uncles from generation to generation.
After Wu Zong acceded to the throne, he changed Helin and other places into Marshal's Mansion, and established Helin as Zhongshu Province, Taishi Yuechi Chaer as Prime Minister of Right Province, and Harahasun as Prime Minister of Left Province. Since then, Mobei area of Mongolia has also become a province of the Yuan Dynasty.
In order to win the support of the king, Wu Zong raised the reward indiscriminately. Many people in the imperial clan were knighted, and many ministers were knighted. Only three months after assuming the throne, nearly 900 people have obtained high-ranking officials and generous salaries. During Kublai Khan's reign, there were six ministers in the Privy Council, and now it has increased to 32. With the imperial edict, you can get the official position without going through the province of Chinese books.
In order to make up the national fiscal deficit, from 1309 (to the second year of high school), Li Shangshu Province was established to collect donations, such as begging for Taiwan Puji, Tuohutuo, Sambo Nu and Xerox. At this time, the paper money lent has reached more than10 million ingots. Things are heavy and banknotes are light, and the banknote method is very bad. In September, the newly created "Zhida banknote" was issued. In the first month of the third year (13 10), copper coins were cast. Tax laws have also been enacted to encourage officials to collect taxes in various ways and arbitrarily aggravate the exploitation of the people. Coupled with years of natural disasters, farmers went bankrupt and went into exile, and there were1300,000 refugees in Jiangsu and Zhejiang alone.
Injong's Politics of "China Law"
Wu Zonghai Mountain ascended the throne less than four years ago, that is, he died in the first month of his senior year (13 1 1). In March, he acceded to the throne in most places, namely Renzong, and the Mongolian name was Puyan Duhan.
Renzong once studied Confucianism with Li Meng and relied heavily on China scholars. After he acceded to the throne, he abolished the old politics of Wuzong and implemented the "Chinese law". After the death of Wu Zong, Renzong abolished Shangshu Province in the first month, and arrested Tuo Domineering, Sambo Slave and Xerox for "confusing the old chapter and poisoning the people". Shangshu province around the country is still restored to Zhongshu province.
Injong acceded to the throne soon, that is, the abolition of large silver notes and copper coins. Folk exercisers move from one bank to another. We will still print central banknotes, even RMB banknotes. Where the litigation cashier, unified number of banknotes. At the same time, officials were sent to burn their big bills. By worshipping Confucius and Mencius, Renzong showed the ruling thought of Confucianism. Confucian scholars were appointed in the Han Dynasty, and Confucianism was emphasized in the Yuan Dynasty.
13 13 (the second year of Qing dynasty), the imperial examination was officially implemented. 13 14 From August, juren over 25 years old (scribes who took the exam) were recommended by counties. After they pass the provincial examination, they will take the examination of the Ministry of Rites in February of the following year, and then take the imperial examination. From now on, the examination room will be held every three years. Mongolians, Semu people, Han people and southerners are in the exam. After the implementation of the Imperial Examination, China landlords' desire to broaden their careers was satisfied politically, and Chinese culture was further spread among Mongolians and Semu people.
Renzong used the traditional financial management methods of Han people to manage Tianfu. 13 14, Zhang Lu, the administrative officer of Pingzhang, suggested adopting the manager method, stipulating that there were fields, temples, schools and financial endowments under the throne. And everything must be turned over truthfully, so as to achieve "no hidden tax". And sent officials to Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Henan provinces to implement the manager system. However, due to the resistance of aristocrats and rural tycoons, officials increased the planting area in vain, which became a usurpation of the people. The manager's land tax stopped.
The succession of Yingzong and the change of Nanpo
/kloc-in the first month of 0/320, Injong died of illness, and the Queen Mother took over Kyrgyzstan, and immediately ordered Temuder, the etiquette, to be reinstated as the right prime minister of Zhongshu. In March, Desbarax, son of Injong, ascended the throne as emperor, and named Gejian Khan for Yingzong and Mongolia.
Relying on the support of Empress Dowager Tai, Temuder wantonly replaced provincial officials and retaliated authoritatively, killing Ren Zongchao, Cheng Yangwu De, Zhong Shu, You Chengxiao and others who impeached him. Yingzong used Sun Tong as the prime minister of Zhongshu, thinking it was a containment. 1Feb. 322, Yingzong appointed Qin Jun, the left and right Qin Chawei, as the commanding envoy. In August, Temuder died of illness. 10 month, promoted to right prime minister.
Yingzong practiced Buddhism many times and ordered all counties to build the Basiba Hall. The British Sect worshiped Buddhism and used Confucianism, and Zhang Jue, the son of Zhang Hongfan's famous family, was appointed as the official of Zhongshu Pingzhang, assisting in the administration of state affairs.
After Temuder's death, father and son, adopted son, imperial envoys, left and right guards, and a Soviet army all directed Tieru to take bribes and other illegal activities. Temujie's son Ba Siji was executed, leaving no property. 1Feb. 323, Empress Dowager da ji died.
The remaining political parties in Temuder suffered a heavy blow, but they were unwilling to fail and plotted against chaos. 1323 (three years of wisdom) In August, Yingzong returned to the south from Shangdu, and the right prime minister stayed in the camp and headed south. The son of Tieru and timur, the former governor's suggestion and lock south, and the Privy Council also staged a coup before timur, a farmer in Daxi, and timur, a former political official in Pingzhang. Tieru led the Asus Guard as an external response and killed them. The iron fell into the account of Yingzong Bank and killed Yingzong himself. When Tiefei returned to Dadu that night, he received a seal from the Ministry of Provincial Affairs and sent the seal to timur Town, King Sun of the Jin Dynasty in Mobei. In September, Sun Ye timur ascended the throne in Mobei, and changed to Taiding the following year, which was called Taiding Emperor in history.
The dispute between the two capitals and the succession of literate Sect
Taiding Emperor has only been in office for five years. He claimed to be a "constitutional ancestor" and made no new achievements. The financial difficulty of "insufficient national use" that the previous dynasty failed to solve is even more serious. In July of the first year of He Zhi (1328), Emperor Taiding died in Shangdu. A battle for the throne broke out.
Yan Timur, a member of the Jin Privy Council who stayed in Dadu, and Alanasri, the king of Angola, staged a coup to control Dadu, and sent envoys to welcome Tutimir, the second son of Wuzong, into Beijing. In September, Tu timur proclaimed himself emperor in most places and changed his calendar to Yuan Dynasty, claiming that he would make way for his eldest brother (Uncle He). Shangdu, Liao (who traveled to Chijin later), Liang (Gamla Lasun, nephew of Taiding Emperor, whose fief was in Yunnan), right prime minister Tasong Temuji, left prime minister, and suggestion consultant Xinze Li, etc. When they heard about the change, in September, they also established Alajiba, the youngest son of Taiding Emperor, as the throne in Shangdu, which was for Tianshun Emperor. Shangdu and Dadu formed a confrontation situation where two emperors stood side by side. Liaodong, Guanshan and Sichuan and Sichuan have set out to respond to the capital. The war between the two capitals developed into a large-scale civil war.
Shangdu Army and Dadu Army fought fiercely in Juyongguan and Gubeikou. Although the army of Shangdu has been repeatedly defeated under Dadoucheng, it is still huge. Just as the Shangdu army was going all out to the south, the Mongolian Marshal did not spend Timur (Yan Timur's uncle) and Queen Hasal, and took advantage of it on 10/3, leaving others to surrender. Araghi Ba was captured. The supporters of Shangdu lost their leaders and fell down one after another. Liang Wang, Wang Chan, Daulat Shāh and New Jersey were executed.
Just after the war between the two capitals ended, the power struggle between Mingzong and Wenzong brothers began again. In the first month of the second calendar year (1329), the sum of the world was in Linbei, that is, the emperor's position, which was Mingzong, the Mongolian number suddenly sweated, and timur was the Crown Prince. In May, Tu Timour left for the north to meet Mingzong, but Timur, the king of Zhennan, didn't stay with him. Ming zong went south, and in early August, he went to Chadu, the prince of Wu near Shangdu, and timur came to see him. A few days later, Mingzong died suddenly. Figure timur re-established the Crown Prince as emperor in the capital for the sake of literate Sect and Mongolian name Zayadu Khan.
After Emperor Wenzong ascended the throne, he mobilized troops from several provinces to quell the rebellion of the kings of Sichuan, Yunnan and Mongolia.
During the reign of Wenzong, China culture was advocated in many ways. In February (1329), literate Sect established Kuizhangge Bachelor's College in most places, recruiting talents, and Han Confucianism was further developed among Mongolians and Semu people. In September of the same year, he ordered Hanlin Institute of National History and Kuizhangge College to compile Shi Jing Grand Ceremony. The Grand Ceremony of Shi Jing not only preserved a large number of records of the imperial system in the Yuan Dynasty, but also became the basis for compiling the history of the Yuan Dynasty in the early Ming Dynasty, and it was also a symbol of the literati's "Han Fa" advocating the rule of Chongwen. While adding luster to the civil servants, literate Sect expressed its respect to Kong Chongru to win the support of China literati.
At the beginning of Emperor Wenzong's accession to the throne, Yan timur was the right prime minister of Zhongshu, and he was named King Taiping. Literati reinstated, and because Yan timur "made great contributions to the royal family", he added a surname, chased for three generations, and took control of the state affairs. His son Tang Qishi threatened that "the world is my home". The literati sects were under the influence of Yan Tiemu, and the national strength of the Yuan Dynasty declined gradually.
1332 (Shunshun three years) In August, Wenzong died of illness in Shangdu. In September, after Buda lost his family, he was made the second son of Zoroastrianism, and Eby, born after Barboucha, proclaimed himself emperor (Ningzong). Ningzong was only seven years old every year, and died of illness less than two months after he acceded to the throne.
After Ningzong's death, Yan Tiemu asked Li Wenzong's youngest son, Yan Tiegu, to reflect. After the answer was lost, he refused to allow it, and sent messengers from Guangxi to welcome him back. Yin Tiemu's son still disagreed and delayed for several months. Soon, Yan Tiemu died of illness. 1333 (the fourth year of Shunzhi) In June, after Buda fell from power, Muldi was established as Hui Zong, that is, Shun Di, and was named Mongolian Uhaduhan.
The demise of the yuan dynasty
At the end of Yuan Dynasty, bureaucracy was corrupt, finance went bankrupt and armaments were abandoned. Bo Yan, a Mongolian aristocrat, was the prime minister of Ren Zhongshu, and was named King of Qin, in charge of all the sentinels in Mongolia, Qincha and Wolong. Most of the appointed officials paid bribes to Bo Yan, and Taiwan constitutional officials also bargained for the officials. Bo Yan has acquired as much as 5,000 hectares of land at one time. A large number of Mongolian nobles and bureaucrats were transformed into big landlords by giving and grabbing. Han landlords also wantonly annexed land, and farmers went bankrupt and went into exile.
Among the prime ministers of the Yuan Dynasty, Bo Yan's power is rare. He rejected the Mongolian kings, hated the Han people and threatened to kill Zhang, Wang, Liu, Li and Zhao. He also ordered the abolition of the imperial examination, prohibiting Han Chinese and southerners from learning Mongolian and symbols.
1340 (six years later) in February, Bo Yan's nephew escaped the support of the beneficiary clan and went hunting in Bo Yan, where he was demoted. Hui Zong came to power. The following year, the Yuan Dynasty changed to the right, announced "Geng Hua", resumed the imperial examination, banned horses, reduced salt, and revised the three histories of Liao, Jin and Song. Once, politics was relatively stable. When Tuotuo became the right prime minister of Zhongshu for the second time, the national treasury was empty and famine was frequent. In order to save the crisis, he revised the banknote law and saved the river disaster, but these failed to fully alleviate the intensified social contradictions. The extreme sharpening of class contradictions and ethnic contradictions at the end of Yuan Dynasty finally led to the peasant uprising at the end of Yuan Dynasty. The uprising was large in scale and lasted for a long time. The peasant uprising army with the Red Scarf Army as the main force dealt a heavy blow to the rule of the Yuan Dynasty in the whole country, and finally overthrew the Yuan Dynasty in 1368 (the 28th year of Zheng Zheng).