The difference between Tusi system and Jimizhou policy lies in the change from loose rule to strict control; The chieftain system has strict regulations on inheritance, tribute, conscription and other policies, thus strengthening the control of ethnic areas in western Hubei. The characteristics of the Tusi system in western Hubei are as follows:
Full implementation of chieftain rule
In places where the Han nationality and ethnic minorities lived together, the Ming Dynasty often adopted the method of flowing soil to divide and rule; In a place where ethnic groups live in concentrated communities like Shizhou, it is "unified with Tusi".
Adopt a military organizational system that combines "guards and chiefs"
Chieftain titles in Ming Dynasty were divided into Wu Zhi and civil servants. Wu Zhi is Xuanwei Division, Fu Xuansi, Zhao Qiusi, Pingding Division, Long Litigation Division and Barbarian Division, all of which are selected by the Ministry of War and led by the provinces. Civil servants are Tufu, Tuzhou and Tuxian, under the supervision of the official department and led by the provincial chief secretary. Tusi system in western Hubei was only set up in Wuzhi. In addition to the chieftain, the imperial court also set up a garrison on the side and stationed heavy troops. The Ming Dynasty adopted the military organizational system of "garrison and chieftain" in western Hubei, aiming at strengthening the control and rule of this ethnic area.
Use the official title of higher vocational colleges to win over others.
There are four propaganda departments and nine appeasement departments in western Hubei. According to the official system of the Ming Dynasty, Fu Xuan's envoy was subordinate to the four categories and Anfu's envoy was subordinate to the five categories, both of which were higher than or equivalent to the well-known official ranks (belonging to the five categories). This is because the Tusi in western Hubei is located between Sichuan, Guizhou and Hunan, and it is also in a place where the stream is deep and the valley is blocked, so the Ming Dynasty king did not hesitate to win over with high rank. In addition to giving real titles to local officials, virtual titles are also given to influential chiefs or chiefs who have made meritorious deeds in the war to show their trust. No matter how high the real job is, the favor of the virtual job is for "easy to control" and "running around" (four generations of test sequence). "Fake heavy title, life force system, service belongs to its potential" ("Man Si He Zhi"). When defining the affiliation, "Qin, Tian, Huang and Xiang have their own names". (Man Sihe Guang) Shizhou belongs to Tian and Qin. Since Yongle, the children of the two families have been divided into fourteen divisions, which have been handed down to later generations (Tongzhi Laifeng County Records). This is the system of "the leader's department is quite down" (Wan Guangzong Fang San), and its purpose is to maintain the inheritance of the toast to the natives.
The lawsuit of the first governor and the system of barbarian division. In the second year of Xuande (1427), he set up a lawsuit to build Nanchang to appease Lizhong Road Department; The three long lawsuits of Yaobadong, Shangaicha and Aixia Tea, and the two long lawsuits of Zhenyuan and Longfeng were all handed over to Dongxiang appeasement Department; Liu Dong and Rabidon had a long lawsuit against the barbarians, and they had already sent Mao Fu Xuan away. Xiguandong's lawsuit, Xiping's long lawsuit, was transferred to Jindong's appeasement department. Wu Zhi toast, "all with its chief. First of all, Zhong You's appeasement department and others went to war, and the descendants of Mou Guiman, an official from the former Yuan homeland, supported the barbarians, wooed them for a long time, set up a long lawsuit and awarded them to the Ministry. The Ministry of War learned that the emperor should have been waiting to be killed if he wanted to control the barbarians and let them develop. The Ministry of War proposed to set up more than 400 long-term lawsuits and less than 400 civil lawsuits. The descendants of Yuan local officials were appointed according to the amount and were in charge of the lawsuit. Follow it "("Ming Shi Hu Guang Tusi Biography "). This method of distinguishing long litigation from 400 barbarian political departments was customized and implemented throughout the country as a generation and was inherited by the Qing Dynasty. Tusi official system and its inheritance. The positions of local officials in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties can be divided into two categories: civil servants and military attache. Tusi officials in western Hubei belong to the genus of military attache. According to positions, there are generally propaganda ambassadors, propaganda ambassadors, recruitment ambassadors and military officers. Due to the different dynasties, the ranks and the number of official positions of the ministries are slightly different. In Qing Dynasty, Xuanwei's envoys belonged to three categories, Fu Xuan's envoys belonged to four categories, Anfu's envoys belonged to five categories, and long litigation and savage litigation belonged to six categories. Local officials belong to knowledge, experience, common affairs, official orders, Confucianism, professors and disciplines, and they are all officials. In the Qing Dynasty, there were also local guerrillas (from level 3), local governors (from level 4), local garrison (from level 5), local commanders (from level 6) and local commanders (from level 7). All the above are court officials. In the territory under the jurisdiction of the chieftain, officials can also be appointed by themselves, and their positions include prime minister, housekeeper, Sheba, flag bearer, pro-general, general manager, cave owner, village head and so on. These positions are generally held by members of the Tusi family.
Inherited, Tusi, like feudal emperors, passed down from generation to generation to maintain exclusive ruling privileges. The inheritance system of Tusi in western Hubei Province is a feudal hereditary system. Under this system, "those who are ordered to preach comfort, know the state and the chief executive, regardless of their virtue or stupidity, always belong to the world" (Yongshun County Records, Volume III). This inheritance system has been formed since ancient times, and "self-respect and self-love" has become the basis for future generations to grant the world. To "the early Tang Dynasty, Xidong was quite obedient, and the world granted the secretariat, set up Jimi Prefecture and County, and transferred to the governor's office, which was the beginning of the world. Shen Songtang system ... its toast is hereditary (Biography of Hu Guang Toast in Ming Dynasty). During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the goal of controlling ethnic minorities was achieved by controlling ethnic minority leaders, and the law of "governing foreign countries with foreign countries" was hereditary and fixed by decrees. Later, the Yuan Dynasty summed up the previous generation's experience in controlling the leaders of ethnic minorities in Southwest China, and knighted the leaders of ethnic minorities with the posts of "Xuanwei Ambassador, Fu Xuan Ambassador, Anfu Ambassador, Zhao 'an Ambassador, and thousands of households", and set up local officials in prefectures and counties where ethnic minorities lived in concentrated communities, gradually forming a toast system. The Ming-Yuan system made strict provisions on the methods and procedures of chieftain inheritance in Huguang and other places: "The inheritance of local officials must be examined and sealed, and the official body must be inspected. No one else is scrambling to attack, and they understand that they should take religion as branch secretary, and wait for the official conclusion, submit it to the Ministry and inherit it as usual. Transfer money to choose a company, the company will paste yellow, and the exam will be written. When the class arrives, those who see it will be handed over to Zagreb and awarded a seal. " As a toast in western Hubei under the jurisdiction of Huguang Dusi, it also follows its example.
"Inheritance must be decided by the court. Although thousands of miles away, they all went to Que to be appointed "("Preface to Tusi in Ming History "). This inheritance system has a close and special relationship between monarch and minister. The top-down control of the feudal dynasty made the chieftain submit to the dynasty. After accepting the title, the chief became an official of the court and gained the legal right to rule the indigenous people. The feudal dynasty insisted on "once every emperor and courtier". When changing dynasties, chiefs need to "surrender" and "submit" to the new dynasty in exchange for the new dynasty's knighthood and issuing new seals in order to become officials of the new dynasty. When the new dynasty was first established, it was conducive to stabilizing the social order in the border areas and wooing minority leaders. Those who attack posts should hold the basis for attacking posts, which is the number paper other than gold, silver and bronze in Yuan Dynasty, bronze seal in Ming Dynasty and toast seal in Qing Dynasty. Especially in Qing dynasty, counting paper was the most perfect and strict.
The imperial court generally has no clear restrictions on who the attacker is. In principle, it is "the home of his children, his wife and daughter. If they are attacked by their husbands and nephews, they will follow their customs." (Tongzhi "Laifeng County Records") was mostly attacked by the death of the father and the death of the child, which was passed down from generation to generation. Tusi's eldest son has a son, but his younger brother or son-in-law, wife and nephew have no son.
The court also set the age for chiefs to inherit. It was designated as eighteen in the Ming Dynasty and fifteen in the Qing Dynasty. If you are too young to inherit, you must be taken care of by your earth house or someone whose mother can take care of the lonely. In the 14th year of Hongzhi in the Ming Dynasty (150 1), Emperor Xiaozong of the Ming Dynasty stipulated that children of Tusi officials who wanted to inherit local jobs must attend school. Those who have not entered the school shall not inherit (Biography of Tusi in Hu Guang in Ming Dynasty). Since then, all the chieftains in western Hubei have set up schools and libraries, invited Confucian sinologists to teach, and sent their children to other places to study. The rise and fall of rank was one of the measures taken by feudal dynasties to control chieftains. After the establishment of the new dynasty, the former chieftain who joined the army was appointed and positioned first, but in fact most of them were reinstated. After the appointment and positioning of chiefs, performance appraisal is conducted regularly (or irregularly), with general rewards and participation. With the rise and fall of the level, the name of the litigation level also changes. Toast and Liu Guan are treated differently. Liu Guan can be promoted on time and punished if he is guilty, but his descendants cannot inherit it. Toastmasters can't be promoted on time, but those who have made great achievements generally rise and fall on the spot, and future generations can inherit as world officials. Even if the old and new dynasties alternate, this principle remains basically unchanged.
Lift is greater than merit, combined with the victory or defeat of the war. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Rongmei Tusi, who fought in eastern Sichuan, Jingzhou and Zhu Fang to suppress the peasant army, had "merit" and won the honor of "being loyal to the Emperor and diligent". He rose from Fu Xuan to Xuanwei, and the four officials of Rongmei, Jiao Shan, Wufeng, Liang Shi and Shuilong, all rose to Anfu. In the Yuan Dynasty, Tang Ya made a military contribution to North Korea. He was awarded the post of Tang Ya's diplomatic envoy by General Wu Luluo and passed on to his son. In the fourth year of Hongwu (137 1), Liao Yongzhong was demoted as an envoy of peace after his failed expedition to Shu. Later, he was demoted as the commander-in-chief in the seventh year of Hongwu (1374) because of "betraying the people and leaving their relatives". This shows that those who made great contributions to the feudal dynasty rose, while those who were bigger than the feudal dynasty declined. In order to strengthen the control of Tusi area, the central dynasty stipulated that Tusi pay tribute regularly. Toastmasters pay tribute to the central dynasty, which is a specific way to maintain the relationship between the central dynasty and Toastmasters and maintain the relationship between monarch and minister. Therefore, the feudal dynasties in Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties attached great importance to toast tribute. This dynasty had a special department to manage tributes. In Song Dynasty, he was in charge of cracking temple, paying tribute to toast and introducing the emperor. , after the management of does.
Tribute to Tusi in western Hubei began in Song Dynasty, and became more frequent in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. With the gradual development of agricultural production and commercial trade, the top leaders of Tusi paid great attention to paying tribute to the imperial court in order to keep close relationship with the central dynasty, get more "rewards" and consolidate their dominant position. From Song Dynasty to Qing Dynasty, the main tributes of Tusi in western Hubei were native products, such as coptis root, rhinoceros horn, musk, honey, tea, mules and horses. The tribute of Tusi in western Hubei has always been of high quality, and the tribute tea of Shinan Tusi was deeply loved by Emperor Qianlong because of its excellent shapes and colors, and was given the plaque of "The Emperor's Favorite". For the benefit of the toast, the imperial court often presents gifts higher than tribute value, such as gold and silver, jewelry, silks and satins, salt, etc. The imperial court made a detailed record of the tribute and return.
The disadvantages of tribute became more and more prominent from the Song Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty: first, it was a single tribute; second, it was a combination of tribute and commerce; third, tribute took precedence over commerce. After the establishment of the Qing dynasty, the tribute mode of the Ming dynasty was changed. Tributes from leaders of ethnic minorities are converted into silver, put into storage, paid on the spot, and submitted to the DPRK in a form, and will not be returned. This reform has reduced the number of Tusi in western Hubei. Only Rongmei Tusi Tian Shunnian and his son Tian Yuru have been to Beijing to meet Emperor Kangxi.
Tribute system is of positive significance to Tusi or the central dynasty, both politically and economically, and objectively plays a link role in economic and cultural exchanges. Tribute, as a way of economic and cultural exchange between Tujia people and the rulers of the central dynasty, especially the Han people, is conducive to mutual understanding and exchange of materials and technology between the central dynasty and Tujia areas, and promotes the social and economic development of western Hubei to a certain extent. At first, the area under the jurisdiction of Tujia Tusi did not bear the obligation to pay taxes to the feudal central dynasty. In the first year of Song Xianping (998), Fuzhou secretariat asked Han Tong to "pay taxes", but Song Zhenzong refused to pay taxes on the grounds of famine. In the fifth year of Jiayou (1060), the area under the jurisdiction of Tujia Tusi began to pay taxes, and "taxes are like Han people" (History of Song Dynasty, vol. 493). The way of payment is not to measure the land, not to compile the mouth, and its tax payment amount is mainly the number that is self-reported and approved when the toast joins. The Ming Dynasty paid more attention to the tax collection in ethnic areas as a means to increase the economic income of the dynasty and as an important symbol that the chieftain accepted the rule of the central dynasty. The Qing Dynasty formulated the tax quota with reference to the Ming Dynasty, and increased it. Leap year, it needs to be levied. Tusi in western Hubei should not only pay taxes to the court, but also pay a part of the salary of thousands of households in Datian, and stipulate the amount of each Tusi's burden (A Brief History of Tujia Tusi in Wang Chengyao).
Tujia chieftain accepted the title of central dynasty politically, and sometimes enjoyed preferential tax reduction and exemption economically. Lighten the burden of preferential treatment, either because of natural disasters, or because of war, or to show grace.
Under the toast system, people below the toast are serfs. They have no land. In addition to providing heavy unpaid labor and serving as soldiers for the toasts, they also pay or pay tribute to the toasts in kind. This feudal serfdom was the economic basis of the chieftain system. In particular, some toasts extort money by force, such as pit money, hoe money, fireworks money and so on. Tujia people live under the double oppression of feudal rule and chieftain exploitation.