To look at the problem historically is to put Qin Shihuang under the historical conditions at that time, analyze his merits and demerits and study his merits and demerits. To study the historical environment of Qin Shihuang, we should not only pay attention to the general trend of historical development at the end of the Warring States period, but also pay special attention to the historical characteristics of Qin State formed since the founding of the People's Republic of China and its influence by Qin Shihuang. This latter point has been ignored by most people in the evaluation of Qin Shihuang so far. When we systematically study the history of Qin dynasty and then evaluate Qin Shihuang, it is expected to avoid the one-sidedness of the past and draw a conclusion that is more in line with historical reality.
According to this observation, Qin Shihuang was an outstanding historical figure who made great contributions to the historical development of China, and he was also a brutal tyrant. His achievements are the main aspects, but they can't cover up his sins; His sins are deep, but this should not erase his great historical achievements.
The most important historical achievement of Qin Shihuang was to complete the great cause of reunification and establish the first feudal centralized state in history.
Of course, the unification of Qin is an inevitable trend of historical development, and the objective situation has created conditions for reunification. Qin Shihuang came to the orchard when the unified fruit was ripe. But this historical inevitability does not mean that the role of individuals is insignificant. Why was reunification achieved by the State of Qin? Why should reunification be completed in 22 1 year BC? In these respects, it shows the personal role of Qin Shihuang.
After Shang Yang's political reform, Qin became stronger and stronger, showing the vigorous vitality of the new feudal system in all aspects. In the later period of Wang Zhao's rule, the conditions for Qin to annex six countries gradually formed. After Qin Shihuang came to power, although there was a disagreement with Lv Buwei on how to govern China, which led to a massacre, he always adhered to the established national policy of the Qin Dynasty on the basic policy of developing eastward and eliminating separatist countries, without wavering or hesitating. He recognized the favorable situation, made decisive decisions, and accomplished the great cause of reunification in one go. As long as you look at the schedule after Qin Shihuang came to power, you can see that the pace of Qin's March is almost non-stop
From 238 BC to 230 BC, Qin Jun continued to attack Korea, Zhao and Wei to prepare for the large-scale elimination of vassal states.
Since 230 BC, they have been almost wiped out by a country.
Destroy Korea in the first 230 years
Attack Zhao in the first 229 years.
Destroyed Zhao in 228.
Attack Yan in the first 227 years
Swallows were destroyed in the first 226 years.
Destroy Wei in the first 225 years
1924 attack on Chu.
Chu was destroyed in the first 223 years.
Eliminate a generation in the first 222 years.
In the first 22 1 year.
From the speed of this March, we can see Qin Shihuang's courage and courage to complete reunification. Therefore, Jia Yi's strategy of "surviving after VI and making full use of its long-term strategy of capturing the mainland" (On Qin is quoted from Historical Records of Qin Shihuang's Biography) reflects the role of Qin Shihuang in unifying China to some extent. If Qin Shihuang can't advance the unified war so resolutely and decisively, it is still a question whether the situation of the Warring States can end in 22 1 BC.
Qin Shihuang's contribution to reunification lies not only in making decisions of great historical significance, but also in being good at employing people and being brave in correcting mistakes. Some critics praised Qin Shihuang's "military command ability", and there is not much basis for this evaluation. Compared with his predecessors such as Qin Mugong and Qin Wugong, Qin Shihuang almost never directed the war directly. However, Qin Shihuang made more brilliant achievements than his predecessors, except for the luck caused by history, mainly because he was good at employing people and brave in change. On the eve of China's reunification, Qin gathered almost all the first-class military strategists and politicians in China. There are Wang Jian, Wang Ben, Liao Wei, Li Si, Yao Jia and Dunwei. Most of them are not from Qin, but they are all fighting for Qin. All military offensives and political strategic plans to defeat the enemy were formulated and realized by them. The role of Qin Shihuang is to give full play to their role, listen to their advice and be brave in correcting mistakes. For example, when Chu State was destroyed, it began to misuse Li Xin. After the failure, he immediately changed course, invited Wang Jian to go out and delivered all the soldiers in the country to Wang Jian. As a result, he won. This kind of situation, if compared with the situation that unbelief in Li Mu and disinformation led to national subjugation, can be seen that Qin Shihuang, as a monarch, was good at employing people and had the courage to make up for it, which had a great impact on historical development.
Qin Shihuang's contribution also lies in laying the foundation of a multi-ethnic feudal country. Some policies and measures implemented after Qin's reunification not only affected the feudal society in the next two thousand years, but also affected the present, such as the unification of characters. The unified measures and systems adopted by Qin Shihuang were bold innovations in the historical development at that time. He not only changed the political culture of the separatist regime, but also made the feudal society and economy develop smoothly. But also changed the inherent historical tradition of Qin in many ways. For example, the State of Qin has always been regarded as a backward area in the West by the Central Plains countries, and Qin Xiaogong is also troubled by this. Although the forces of Qin entered the Central Plains after the Prince of Zhao, the main ruling areas and base areas have not yet left the customs. By the time of Qin Shihuang, its territory had reached an unprecedented level. Faced with this situation, Qin Shihuang created various systems on the basis of the Qin system, but he was not confined to the inherent systems and traditions of Qin, which shows that his political vision was far-reaching. Most of the systems formulated by the Qin dynasty were inherited later, which can prove that these systems and measures were adapted to the historical situation at that time. Qin Shihuang, who created these systems, could not have done this if his political vision did not go beyond the limitations of Qin in the western frontier.
In the history of Qin State, after Qin Mugong and Shang Yang, Qin Shihuang played an important role in the development of Qin State. In the history of China, Qin Shihuang was also a representative figure who initiated an era.
But Qin Shihuang was still a rare tyrant. Qin Shihuang's cruelty can't be explained only by the general reason of "the nature of the landlord class". Tang Zhen once said that "since Qin Dynasty, emperors have been thieves" ("Library Language"), and this view is correct. But the "thief" Qin Shihuang seems to be more tyrannical and guilty than other emperors. He is not only extravagant, but also causes the suffering of the broad masses of people; What is conducive to reunification is measures. Although it was beneficial to social development in the long run, it became a catastrophe at that time, such as the construction of the Great Wall. For decades, hundreds of thousands of people were recruited to do extremely heavy work. From the following records, we can see how terrible the pain caused by the burden of swinging labor is. Yang Tinglie, a writer in A Qing, recorded in Fang County Records that a hairy "cat man" was discovered. According to their ancestors, they were migrant workers who came out to avoid the hard work of Qin Shihuang to build the Great Wall. Because they hide in the mountains and forests, they are covered with hair all over. It is said that when they met the Catman, he first asked you, "Is the Great Wall finished?" Is Qin Huang still there? "Answer" the Great Wall is not finished, Qin Shihuang is still there! "Long-haired men will scare away. Of course, this record can only be regarded as a biography of the people. However, if there were no such cruel reality in history, this terrible biography would never have appeared. It reflects that Qin Shihuang's actions were based on the cruel exploitation and oppression of the broad masses of working people, which far exceeded the tolerance of society and made it difficult to maintain the simple reproduction of society. Therefore, even some measures conducive to historical development caused disasters to the people at that time.
The cruelty of Qin Shihuang's rule is closely related to the historical tradition of Qin State. Qin was founded as a nomadic people. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, Qin has been in an environment of fighting against the enemy. "Qin people suffer hardships" is caused by history, and the "cruelty" of the rulers is also consistent with the cruel reality of this war. From Qin Xianggong to Shang Yang and then to Qin Shihuang, its ruling methods have always been extremely cruel "Yi San ancestor" and "Yi Jiuzu", which is extremely rare in other vassal states, and hundreds of martyrs are only found in Qin Zhi. Qin Shihuang completed the plan of the former monarchs to unify China, and at the same time, the cruel rule of Qin reached its peak. However, emphasizing the tradition of Qin does not mean exempting Qin Shihuang from personal guilt. His cruel personality, ambition and success, especially after reunification, are important reasons for aggravating people's disasters. Because of this, and because he pushed the social economy to the point of collapse at that time, the Qin Dynasty became an extremely dark dynasty in history.
Qin Shihuang is such a historical figure. He is not only a politician with great contributions, but also a tyrant.
Qin Shihuang's historical achievement lies not only in his conquest of the six countries, but also in how he created.
For hundreds of years (perhaps thousands of years), China people who have habitually lived in a divided state (this
China people in the village have no clear meaning). We imagine China.
If there is no reunification, then the passage of time will enable civilizations to continue their respective development on the basis of independence.
There is no way for a nation to be unified-if the isolation between the two sides of the strait is considered, it has been quoted.
Serious problems and worrying trends in national and ethnic identity can be dealt with.
Knowing the historical value of Qin Shihuang and unifying China with iron and blood, the traffic situation at that time determined the relationship between people.
Direct communication is now a hundred times behind. This kind of value can not be ignored from the situation caused at that time.
Solution, but from "creating the historical basis for the formation of the Chinese nation" and "creating the Chinese nation and China".
The historical basis of cultural continuity. " That is, without the above system.
First, the Chinese nation cannot be formed; If there is no such unification, then the main ethnic group of China people is the Han nationality.
Whether the clan can form and continue in history will become a serious problem. As for the continuation of its civilization,
It is even more problematic. Because of this, even though Qin Shihuang was the most cruel and dissolute person in the history of China. ...
Emperor (fortunately, he is not), but the continuous development of division will make both China and China lose.
Compared with the historical achievements of unifying China on the basis of history, that is nothing (at that time
China, it is correct to regard Jing Ke and Qu Yuan as patriotic heroes, because China and Zhong.
China people are still in the process of formation and evolution. They are things in progress, not things that have been completed.
)。 Qin Shihuang is the real father of China, the father of the nation-in this sense, I think.
The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor should be permanently protected and not excavated. Because children and grandchildren are curious about history.
In any case, digging ancestral graves violates the basic morality of China people.
Qin Shihuang killed some adherents of other countries because of the pit (perhaps from the history at that time)
, they are staunch patriots), burned the books that scholars like, so scholars are out of "self"
I need protection and self-affirmation. "I hate Qin Shihuang. Although there is no Qin Shihuang, they
And the historical foundation of their country will not exist. The focus of these people is Qin Shihuang.
The evaluation of specific behaviors and feelings and some self-centered value evaluation are by no means true.
An objective evaluation of Qin Shihuang's history-perhaps the objective evaluation of Qin Shihuang should stand on the enemy's side.
From-standing on a nation that has been trying to destroy China but has never been able to do it, or
From the national point of view, only by reflecting on the historical roots of the formation and continuation of this nation can we truly understand it.
Understanding the historical position of Qin Shihuang means "creating a historical foundation for the formation of the Chinese nation" and "creating China"
The foundation of the continuity of the nation and China culture. "