The appearance of national furniture can be traced back to the Neolithic Age. From the Neolithic Age to the Qin and Han Dynasties, due to the limitation of culture and productivity, furniture was very simple. People sit on the floor with low furniture. After the Northern and Southern Dynasties, there were more and more high-type furniture. In the Tang dynasty, high-type furniture became more and more popular, and two lifestyles, sitting on the floor and hanging feet, appeared alternately. In the Song Dynasty, high-hanging-foot furniture became popular among the people and became the main furniture form for people's daily life and rest. At this point, the shape and structure of traditional wooden furniture in China are basically finalized. Since then, with the development of social economy and culture, China traditional furniture has become more and more mature in terms of technology, modeling, structure and decoration, and it has shined brilliantly in the Ming Dynasty and entered a glorious period, occupying an important position in the history of world furniture. Qing dynasty furniture's volume increases, and he pays attention to sculpture, which makes him unique. At the beginning of the 20th century, due to the influence of foreign furniture, a new type of furniture with "Western style but Chinese style" appeared. Since 1950s, the furniture industry in China has developed rapidly. In 1980s, while learning from different furniture styles and advanced production technologies of other countries, China furniture constantly explored traditional techniques and gradually formed a new generation of furniture styles by combining its own national conditions and folk customs. Furniture from prehistoric times to the Spring and Autumn Period (from prehistoric times to 476 BC) 1978 ~ 1980. When the Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences excavated the late Neolithic site in Taosi Village, Xiangfen County, Shanxi Province (2500 ~ 1900 BC), it was identified from the traces and colored skins that there were wooden rectangular plates and cases among the funerary objects. In the 2nd/Kloc-0th century BC, China invented bronze smelting and casting technology, and strong metal tools appeared, which provided conditions for the manufacture of wooden furniture, resulting in the gradual increase of wooden furniture after the Western Zhou Dynasty. According to the records in The Book of Songs, The Book of Rites and Zuo Zhuan, the wooden furniture in this period included beds, tables, screens and boxes. At the same time, bronze furniture also appeared. From the unearthed cultural relics, it can be seen that the bronze furniture of Shang Dynasty reached a high level in casting technology, practicality and decoration. Furniture structure Early wooden furniture was transplanted from tenon-mortise architecture. 1979, a square tenon and groove were found on two wooden shelves unearthed from the cliff tomb in Guixi, Jiangxi Province in the late Spring and Autumn Period. The integral casting of bronze furniture in Shang Dynasty has developed into various processes such as separate casting, welding, lost wax casting and inlaying in the Spring and Autumn Period. 1979 The multilayer moire bronze plate unearthed from Sixia Chu Tomb in Xichuan, Henan Province in the late spring and autumn period is made by lost wax casting process, which is more exquisite in shape and more decorative. Furniture lacquerware decoration In the Neolithic Age, people knew the performance of lacquerware and used it to make utensils. During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, lacquerware decoration technology was more common. At that time, lacquer was taken from the sap of lacquer tree, which was called raw lacquer. It contained urushiol, laccase, resin and water. Paint can be mixed into many colors, and can also be used as a paint protection object to play a decorative role. There were many lacquered wood furniture in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Lacquer boxes unearthed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River are painted with patterns such as clouds and thunder, palindromes, clams and stolen songs. Lacquered wood unearthed from Chu tombs in Jianghan and Jianghuai areas has beautiful shapes and smooth patterns. Furniture in the Warring States Period (475 ~ 22 BC1) During the Warring States Period, lacquer wood furniture was in a period of development, and bronze furniture also made great progress. Lacquered wood furniture During the Warring States Period, there were many kinds of lacquered wood furniture with novel and dignified finishes. 1957, a lacquer case unearthed from the Chu Tomb of the Warring States Period in Xinyang, Henan Province, has four movable heads on the side, the corner of the case is inlaid with copper, the material of the case body is copper, and the top paint of the case matches the bronze ornaments. 1978 The portrait suitcase of twenty-eight nights unearthed from the tomb of Zeng Houyi in Sui County, Hubei Province, with black paint as the background, painted with astronomical images of Beidou, Qinglong and Baihu (Figure 1). Six-legged lacquered wooden bed, carved moire lacquer with grating feet unearthed from Xinyang Chu Tomb, and lacquerware unearthed from 1958 Warring States Tomb in Changde, Hunan Province, were simple in shape and ornate in lacquer decoration, reflecting the maturity of lacquer decoration technology at that time. Wooden furniture, such as larger furniture, such as tables, chairs, beds, etc., are mostly frame structures connected by tenons and mortises. Commonly used tenon joint forms include overlapping tenon, closed tenon, closed tenon, open tenon, open tenon and open dovetail joint. For example, large wooden beds, carved furniture and wooden furniture unearthed from Chu Tomb in Xinyang, feet and frames, feet and case surfaces, wooden beams and frames of drawer boards, fence columns and bedsteads are connected by the above methods, which are firm in combination and beautiful in appearance. In a few cases, a crossbar is often added to the sole of furniture, which is called "stile" ("stile" leads to "stile", which is the foot of furniture). It can not only support and fix the foot, but also protect the foot. After continuous improvement and development from generation to generation, these structures have formed an important feature of traditional furniture in China, which has been in use ever since. Bronze Furniture During the Warring States Period, bronze furniture made great progress in modeling and technology. 1978, a bronze pattern of wrong gold, wrong silver and wrong dragon and phoenix was unearthed in the tomb of Zhongshan King, the old country of Bai Di nationality in Pingshan, Hebei Province. Four deer are used as feet to support a circle, which is coiled into a hemisphere with four dragons and four phoenixes, and there is a group of bucket arches above the faucet. 1960, the bronze case of tiger and cow unearthed from the tomb of Yunnan people in Jiangchuan, Yunnan Province, consisted of two cows and a tiger. The main body is a standing cow with four legs standing on its feet. The back of the cow is oval, forming a case surface. A tiger pounced on its tail and attacked its ears, and another calf hid under its mother. The standing ox is strong, with two horns extending forward, plump muscles, balanced and steady shape and lifelike (Figure 3). These bronze furniture are exquisite in workmanship and can be called rare treasures. Furniture in the Qin and Han Dynasties (2265438 BC+0 ~ 220 AD) During the Qin and Han Dynasties, lacquer wood furniture entered its heyday on the basis of inheriting the decoration of lacquerware in the Warring States period, which not only had a large number and variety, but also had great development in decoration technology. Development and Changes of Furniture During the Qin and Han Dynasties, people still sat on the floor (kneeling) or sitting cross-legged, but sitting with their feet down was not popular. Commonly used furniture includes several desks, boxes, cabinets, beds, couches, screens, barns (small furniture for clothes), urns (utensils for toiletries), Hu beds (chairs, also called hand-in beds, rope beds) and so on. The main characteristics of furniture in this period are as follows: ① Most furniture is relatively low. (2) began to see the clues of evolution from low-level type to high-level type. It was introduced from India in the Western Han Dynasty. (Tarden). "Ming Shi" notes: "Climb the couch, climb the couch in front of the big bed." Putting a couch in front of the bed means that the height of the bed has increased. According to Taiping Yu Lan, "The Emperor of Spirit sleeps well." Hu Chuang is a kind of foldable portable seat for nomadic people in northwest China, and he hangs his feet when sitting. The evolution from sitting on the floor to sitting with your feet down is a great change in the history of furniture. 3 cushions appear. "Miscellanies of Xijing" records that the jade of the Han emperor was added with silk and cotton fabrics in winter, and the wood of the minister was added with felt pockets. This is the earliest cushion. ④ Furniture is made of a wide range of materials, including wood, metal, bamboo, glass and jade. In addition to traditional lacquer painting, oil painting, needle painting, gold and silver foil, silver or copper inlay, furniture decoration is used. Besides hoops, we have also developed technologies such as gold plating (filling gold with needles) and painting stacking (stacking patterns with thick paint). After being decorated with lacquer, some of them are decorated with gold-plated copper ornaments, which is more luxurious. In addition, all kinds of jewelry and glass are often used as decorative materials for furniture. For example, the bronze painted screen of the early Western Han Dynasty unearthed from the tomb of Nanyue King in Guangzhou and Hong Kong, with rectangular light blue glass. According to Xijing Miscellanies, "Emperor Wu was a treasure bed, a miscellaneous eucalyptus (case) and a toilet (side) treasure screen, and the treasure account was located in Guigong, which was then called Sibao Palace". These are exquisite furniture. The theory of salt and iron is not enough, saying that "one screen can make ten thousand people run" shows its preciousness. Furniture in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (220 ~ 58 1) Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties was a period of great ethnic integration in China history, and cultural and economic exchanges between ethnic groups promoted the development of furniture. The development and change of furniture The newly emerging furniture mainly includes armchairs, round stools, square stools, round tables (benches), benches, cabinets, barnyard grass, bamboo baskets and other bamboo and rattan furniture. The height of the bed is obviously increased, so that the bed can droop, and the bed surface, bed curtain and detachable multi-fold multi-mode enclosure screen are added (Figure 4). The increase in the variety of sitting furniture reflects that the standing chair has been gradually popularized, which has promoted the development of furniture to high type. Furniture modeling structure Furniture feet not only have straight feet but also curved feet. At the same time, they have absorbed the modeling structure of the building abutment and the Buddha statue of Mount Sumi, and created new furniture supporting components. Because it looks like the alley door in the palace, it will be called the pot door structure according to its shape. This kind of structure is strong and decorative, which forms a major feature of furniture in the Six Dynasties and even the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Some furniture components also use nails and iron connectors. Such as 1982 wooden box unearthed from the Eastern Jin Tomb in Yuantaizi, Liaoning Province, the wall plates are connected with embedded S-shaped iron sheets, and the corners around the wooden box are nailed with nails. The bottom and wall of the box are nailed horizontally with nails, and iron lifting rings are installed on both sides outside the box. At the same time, four gilded bronze shed corners were unearthed. Each tent corner has three short pipes connected at right angles and radiating, which can be inserted into wooden poles to form a square tent frame. Because metal fasteners, connectors and connectors are used in furniture, the rigidity of the whole furniture is improved and the furniture structure is simplified. Thank you, please adopt! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !