Confucius said, "It is not enough to think of a scholar as a scholar."
Teacher: The word "teacher" is pictographic. This word first appeared in the bronze inscriptions of the Western Zhou Dynasty. The word "yes" is similar to the word "Wang". The inscription "Stone" looks like an axe. Others think that "scholar" is like an official hat. Wang Guowei, a famous scholar at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, thought that word?in Oracle Bone Inscriptions was Word. Guo Moruo also had the same view that "scholar" was like a male reproductive organ. So "yes" refers to an adult man. Mr. Lin Yun, an archaeologist in Shang and Zhou Dynasties, thinks that the "scholar" and "king" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions are isomorphic, like the shape of a horizontal axe.
The appellation of "scholar" has undergone many changes. According to ancient records, as early as the "Five Emperors" era, "history" was the criminal officer in the prison. The history book says, "Hao Tao, you are a judge, serving five sentences." I'm talking about the criminal officer. This is also the original meaning of "scholar". According to its original intention, it includes judicial officials in charge of prisons. So use words like axes and cymbals to record.
The "scholar" in ancient books also refers to the title of unmarried young men. "Scholars" said, "A scholar is also called a scholar if he doesn't marry." That's what the taxis here say. Later, it also extended to the lowest level of ancient nobles.
Xu Shen's "Poem Department of Shuowen Jiezi": "Scholars, things are also. Numbers start from the beginning to the end of ten, from one to ten. Confucius said, "Push one into ten to be a scholar. "It means that a scholar is a man who can handle affairs and has strong ability. Numbers start at the beginning and end at ten. From one to ten. Confucius said: "The person who can deduce a simple truth from many things is a scholar. "
Judging from the shape of ancient Chinese characters, the word "scholar" is not from one to ten, because the word "ten" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions is in the shape of "Shu". There is no single word "scholar" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and the word "scholar" in the inscriptions in Erzhou is the same as the word "scholar" in regular script now. The original meaning of the word "Shi" has different interpretations.
Some people think that the word "scholar" is like a seedling planted in a field. "scholar" is a person who cultivates fields and later became a general term for ancient men. Men and women refer to adult men and women; It also refers to the beauty map, which is also written as "lady". From human meaning to human reputation, it refers to people with high morality, profound knowledge and superior ability. For example, there are compound words in modern Chinese, such as Lux, Warrior, Shi Zhi and Shiguo. Heroes refer to people with superior strength, samurai refer to people with superior courage and strength, people with lofty ideals refer to people with superior aspirations, and national scholars refer to people with superior national strength. Since ancient times and today, it can be said that learning to be excellent is an official.
Scholars were also a social stratum in ancient China, belonging to the lowest nobility. During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, emperors were divided into three classes, namely princes, doctors and scholars. The vassals accepted the fief of the emperor, the Qing doctors accepted the fief of the vassals, and the scholars accepted the salary of the Qing doctors. Literatures often refer to "scholar-officials" collectively, which originally refers to people in official positions and high positions. Before the Spring and Autumn Period, taxis were mostly warriors, and after the Spring and Autumn Period, taxis were mostly scribes, gradually becoming a general term for all-knowing intellectuals.
Literati generally refers to people with the status of literati. "Scholar" is one of the four ancient masters. In ancient times, scholars, agriculture, industry and commerce were called four people. History of Hanshu Food: "Learn to be a scholar by position, cultivate the land for agriculture, learn to be a worker, and make money by business." In the ancient military system, the rank was called scholar. After that, it refers to the level in the car to distinguish the level. Sima Fa: "One car, three soldiers, seventy-two soldiers."
"Shi" is also the first level of modern hierarchy. Under the commander, it is divided into staff sergeant, sergeant and corporal. Today, there is an idiom called "full of soldiers and horses, victorious in every battle", which means that the army is well paid and the soldiers are full of momentum. "Bachelor" also refers to a degree, such as a bachelor's degree or a doctor's degree. "Shi" also refers to people with certain skills, such as nurses.
Huai: From the heart, it means pictophonetic characters, and the bronze inscription means "Yan", followed by "heart". The original intention of pregnancy is to miss, miss. Stretch back and hold your chest. For example, in The Analects of Confucius-Yang Huo: "A child is born for three years, and then he is liberated from his parents' arms. It also refers to the mind, such as "empty mind". " It also refers to the mind and feelings. For example, "Just what you want. "There are also intentions such as knowing something and hiding something, such as" Warring States Policy ":"I am angry but not angry. "
"Huai" also means appeasement, such as "stay away from the enemy" It also means attachment. Such as Huaifu, Huaihua, Mandarin-Today: Rong Di Huai Zhi.
Huai is also the surname of China, such as Huai Su (737-799 AD, a famous monk in the Tang Dynasty, whose words are hidden in the truth. Good cursive script, known as wild grass, inherited Zhang Xu's brushwork and was known as wild grass.
The full text is understood as:
Confucius said: "A scholar is not worthy to be called a scholar if he persists in a comfortable life and does not work hard for his ideals."
Confucius' thought is positive and realistic. He believes that everyone should cultivate self-cultivation and become a "scholar" with ambition and ideals, and then "manage the family", "govern the country" and "level the world". As a scholar, you should have a sense of social responsibility and responsibility, make contributions to the country and society, enjoy leisure and hate work. People without ideals are ashamed to be called scholars. "Zuo Zhuan" has a cloud: "It's a great shame to be safe." It means I am pregnant and feel comfortable, but in fact my reputation has been ruined by myself.
The "scholar" in The Analects of Confucius is often called a gentleman. Many qualities of "scholar" were recorded by the way that disciples asked and teachers answered. For example, Zi Gong once asked Confucius what kind of people could be called "scholar", and Confucius replied, "Be ashamed of your actions, so that you can live up to your life in all directions." Lutz often asked this question, and Confucius replied, "If I am serious and considerate, I am a scholar," so I can learn from you and get along with you. Scholars have a good moral cultivation, and the so-called "gentleman has virtue" has certain ambitions.
"Book of Rites" records that the monarch was born, "shooting people with mulberry bows and arrows, shooting the four sides of heaven and earth", symbolizing men's ambition in all directions. If you cling to the comfortable present situation and forget the original goal, you will "steal peace and have no intention of living" and gradually abandon "studying in Germany" or greedy for unjust benefits without knowing it, which is no different from "little people cherish soil" and "cherish benefits"
"Guanzi" has a cloud: "Those who are scholars, peasants and businessmen are the Shi Min of the country." This means that "scholars, peasants, workers and businessmen" are the pillars of the country and the main force of national construction. The number one scholar does not farm, work or do business. They have higher aspirations and strive for the well-being of the country and people.
Wang Fucheng's Qijiang
During the Spring and Autumn Period, Qi was a place rich in beautiful women, and all of them were very attractive, which influenced the historical process, such as Zhuang Jiang, who was called the first female poet in China history. She was the princess of Qi and the wife of Wei Zhuanggong in the Spring and Autumn Period. Describing Zhuang Jiang in The Book of Songs Feng Wei Shuo Ren, he said: "Soft hands, firm skin, collar like a salamander, teeth like a rhinoceros, head hanging, eyes looking forward." Because Zhuang Jiang had no children, his old age was rather bleak.
Besides Zhuang Jiang, there are Jiang Yi, Xuan Jiang (two), Wen Jiang, Ai Jiang (two), Shu Jiang, Tang Jiang, Jiang Meng and Qi Jiang (two).
Emperor Wu of Jin married a princess named Qi Jiang as his concubine. This Qi Jiang is very beautiful and romantic. She has an affair with her own non-biological son, later Jin Xiangong.
After the death of Emperor Wu of Jin, Jin Xiangong publicly married Qi Jiang. Coincidentally, Zhong Er later married a princess of Qi, also called Qi Jiang.
This Qi Jiang is a very virtuous and brave woman. Without her, Zhong Er, the son of the State of Jin, might not have sat on the throne, and there would not have been an event of Jin Wengong dominating in history. In "Biography of Heroes in Female Middle School", she was praised: "Fair and decisive, not lazy in words and deeds, encouraging Jin Wen, no doubt returning. If the son doesn't listen, he will be forced to be intentional and drunk, and he will become a bully. "
Jin Wengong (697-628 BC), surnamed Jin, was the 22nd monarch of Jin State in the Spring and Autumn Period of China. He reigned from 636 BC to 628 BC, his son, and his mother was Hu Ji, the daughter of the monarch of the northern nomadic people. Jin Wengong was the second overlord among the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period, and also one of the five tyrants in ancient times (the other four were Kun Wu in Xia Dynasty, Da Peng and Qian Wei in Shang Dynasty, and Qi Huangong in Qi State). Together with Qi Huangong, he was called "Qi Huan Jinwen".
On one occasion, Jin Xiangong attacked the remnant Rong tribe in the western regions, captured a daughter of the tribal leader, took her as his concubine, and gave birth to a son named Ji. Li Ji wanted her son to be a prince, so she used alienation to let Prince Shen Sheng, Zhong Er and Yiwu live in other places. Jin Xiangong was bewitched by Li Ji and succeeded, and did it one by one. Then Li Ji framed them again, Prince Shen Sheng committed suicide, and Yi Wu and Zhong Er continued to escape. This period of history is called "Li Ji Rebellion".
Zhong Er, who is 43 years old this year, has been on the run for 19 years with a group of close friends: Zhao Shuai, Hu Yan, Jato, Xian Zhen, Wei Gui, Hu Mao and Jiezitui. The first stop of their escape was their mother's motherland, Di Guo Jun, who was his uncle. In order to make Zhong Er live in Di Guo for a long time, his uncle also gave two beautiful women he captured to Zhong Er, one of whom was given to Zhao Shuai.
Zhong Er lived a very comfortable life in the empire, with foxes shooting birds during the day and beautiful young women at night. Soon, his two sons were born one after another, and he thought they would die in Diguo.
However, after the civil strife in the state of Jin, Zhong Er's younger brother Yiwu succeeded to the throne with the help of Qin Mugong. Because he was afraid that Zhong Er would come back to fight for the throne, he sent someone to kill him. After receiving the message, Zhong Er was ready to continue to flee, but after seeing his beautiful young wife and two lovely sons, he hesitated. His entourage reminded him that we went into exile for national affairs, not to get married and have children. Zhong Er tearfully said goodbye to his wife and left the country of Di, where he had lived for 13 years.
Where should we go next? Zhao Shuai thought that Qi Huangong was good at doing good deeds and sympathized with princes. Now I hear that Guan Zhong and Ji (the first sound) have both passed away, and I also want to find talents to help. Why don't we go? "So, once again set foot on the road to qi.
Zhong Er and his party first came to Weiguo. Wei Wengong saw that he was down and out and didn't treat them well, so he left Weiguo. All the way to Lu Wu (now southeast of Puyang City, Henan Province), Zhong Er was so hungry that he asked the villagers along the way for something to eat. Seeing that he was down and out, the villagers gave him a piece of soil to eat. Zhong Er was furious, and Zhao Shuai comforted him and said, "Earth symbolizes land. They mean giving in to you. You should salute and accept. " Thanked the villagers, put the clods in the car and went to Qi.
Qi Huangong is a very atmospheric person. He not only entertained Zhong Er and his party with wine and delicacies, but also betrothed Princess Qi Jiang to him. He also married many gold, silver and jewels, horses and vehicles. Zhong Er lived a comfortable life again. Qijiang is gentle and beautiful. Zhong Er, 55, is tired of living in exile. He is going to die in Qi.
However, Zhong Er's entourage are ambitious people. They pinned their wealth on Zhong Er. Seeing that they have lived in Qi for five years, they have no intention of leaving at all. They began to plan how to get Zhong Er back to China. Their discussion was heard by a maid of Qi Jiang. Qi Jiang was afraid that the maid would reveal the secret, so he killed the maid, and Cui also advised him to leave Qi quickly.
However, Zhong Er insisted on not leaving, and Qi Jiang advised him, "How can one just seek comfort? Men should have lofty ideals and seek happiness for the world. " Soon, the wife advised again: "Work hard and get pregnant safely. It's a great shame." Qi Jiang is a woman with a broad mind and a deep understanding of righteousness. Why doesn't she want her man to accompany her every day? Doesn't she want to have a stable and happy family? But for the sake of men's career, she would rather sacrifice herself.
In desperation, Qi Jiang consulted with his entourage, got Zhong Er drunk, then carried him back to the car prepared in advance and forcibly took him away. The followers thanked Qi Jiang for everything and waved goodbye to her. In this way, Zhong Er did not agree to go back with Qijiang, and embarked on the road of continuing exile in his sleep.
When he arrived, Cao * * * was rude and even wanted to peek at the threat (there was a flesh connection between the underarm arm and the ribs, like the wings of a bird).
Zhong Er left Cao for Song. Song Xianggong wants to rule the world. His "teacher of benevolence and righteousness" has just been defeated and injured by the Chu army led by Cheng (word, the famous Chu, the brother of Dou) in the flood war. When he heard that Zhong Er was wise, he was honored by the state. Gong Sungu, Song Sima and Hu Yan had a good relationship, so he said to Zhong Er and them, "Song is a small country, and it has just been defeated, so it is not enough to help you return to China. You'd better go to a big country. " Zhong Er and his party left the State of Song.
Zhong Er passed by Zheng and didn't receive them according to the etiquette. Zhong Er left the State of Zheng and came to the State of Chu. The king of Chu treated him with the courtesy of a vassal. During this period, Zhong Er promised that if one day Chu Jin had to fight, the State of Jin would "stay out of it" and thanked the King of Chu.
Yu Zi, the general of Chu State, said angrily to King Chu Cheng, "Your Majesty, you are too kind to the son of Jin State. Today, Zhong Er is very rude. Please kill him. " King Chu Cheng said, "The son of Jin is noble in character. He has been fighting outside for a long time, and his entourage are all national talents. This is arranged by God. How can I kill him? Besides, what can his words refute? Yu Zi believes that the state of Jin is likely to become the biggest obstacle to the hegemony of Chu. In fact, Yu Zi's prediction is accurate.
After Zhong Er lived in Chu for several months, the prince of the State of Jin, who was taken hostage in Qin, learned that Jin (Yiwu) was seriously ill, and the prince was anxious to return to the throne, so he left Qin without saying goodbye. Qin is very angry. Hearing that he lives in Chu State, he invited him to the State of Qin. King Cheng of Chu said, "Chu is too far away from Jin, and it will take several countries to reach it. Qin is at the junction of Jin, and its monarch is very wise. Go! " Wang Cheng presented many gifts to Zhong Er.
Qin Mugong decided to make Zhong Er the monarch of the State of Jin and betrothed the wife of the Prince to Zhong Er. Zhong Er feels wrong, after all, she is a niece. Finally, under the persuasion of her followers, she agreed to the marriage, and Zhong Er became Qin Mugong's son-in-law. Zhong Er's behavior made Qin Mugong very happy, so he immediately sent troops to help Zhong Er return home. With the help of doctors from the State of Jin, such as Luan Zhi and Gu (Sisheng), he killed the prince, and the 62-year-old finally ascended the throne.
After Jin Wengong succeeded to the throne, he carried out a series of reforms in the State of Jin. He was diligent in repairing the government, made great efforts to govern the country, and appointed wise ministers and capable people, which enabled Jin State to embark on the road of rapid development in just three years. He thinks that some policies of Jin and Jin Huaigong era are appropriate and will be preserved, which is valuable to the monarch. During his reign, Jin Wengong had high political achievements and was highly praised by later generations. However, Jin Wengong reigned for only nine years and died in 628 BC.
Liu Kun, a descendant of Liu Sheng, the king of Zhongshan in the Western Han Dynasty, a politician, writer, musician and strategist in the Jin Dynasty, wrote the article "Gift": "Zhong Er has five wits and a small white hook." It means that Zhong Er is good at employing people, and Xiaobai dares to employ people, so that he can become the overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period.
Mencius said, "Zhong Ni's disciples have no way and no writing, so they can't be handed down to future generations. I haven't heard of it. If there is no way, what is the king? " In other words, Confucius and his disciples did not mention the deeds of Qi Huangong and Jin Wengong. Confucius did not advocate hegemony, but advocated kingliness. Let's talk about kingliness.
Some scholars believe that Jin Wengong's main achievement is that the Battle of Chengpu prevented Chu from advancing northward. The main achievement of his son, Duke Xiang of Jin, was that the Battle of Kan prevented Qin from developing eastward. With their father and son, the Central Plains countries in the Spring and Autumn Period got a chance to recuperate and gradually gave birth to a splendid hundred schools of culture.