Chao Huang (? ~ 884), Han nationality, leader of peasant uprising in the late Tang Dynasty. Cao Zhou is a native of Cao County (now northwest Shandong). With a little knowledge of the secretary, he repeatedly cited Jinshi and engaged in smuggling salt. The family is rich and good at fencing, horseback riding and shooting.

[Edit this paragraph] Huang Chao's life

"Uprising"

Huang Chao was born in a family of salt merchants, good at riding and shooting, good at writing and painting [1], a scholar, once organized a salt gang, and had many armed conflicts with the imperial court to investigate and deal with illegal salt. In the second year of Ganfu (875), Wang Xianzhi, Jean Shang and others set out for Changyuan (now northeast of Henan Changyuan). Huang Chao and his nephews Huang Yi and Huang Enye set out from Ju Yuan (now southwest of Heze City) and responded to Wang Xianzhi.

Huang Chao Army initially attacked Yizhou (now Linyi, Shandong Province) eastward. Captured Yangzhai (now Yuxian, Henan) and Tancheng (now jia county, Henan). March into Ruzhou (governing Linru, now Henan Province).

In September of the third year of Ganfu, he conquered Ruzhou, killed Dong, the general of the Tang Dynasty, captured the shackles of King Ruzhou, and pointed to Luoyang, the eastern capital. Wang Tie is the cousin of Prime Minister Wang Duo. Wang Tie wrote to Pei Mao, the secretariat of Wang Xianzhi, expressing his willingness to accept "harness". At the end of the year, Pei Mao was lured and willing to detain his teeth and supervise the empire for the left army. Huang Chao resolutely opposed it and cursed Xian Zhi, "I made a big oath with you at the beginning to sweep the world." Now that you have taken the official position alone, where will these more than 5 thousand people go? "[2] Afterwards, Xian Zhi was injured in the head with a stick, and her head was broken, which caused a great uproar. Failing to win over, Pei Luo and qi zhou, the secretariat, fled to Ezhou. Soon, the two armies split, more than 3,000 people plundered qi zhou from Xianzhi, and Huang Chao led 2,000 soldiers north. In February of the fourth year of Ganfu (877), Huang Chao led an army to capture Yunzhou (now Yuncheng, Shandong Province) and killed our time Xue Chong. In March, Yizhou broke again.

Kenji once attacked Ezhou (now Wuchang, Hubei), and Wang and Huang joined forces to attack Songzhou (now Shangqiu South, Henan). Soon, Kenji split his troops and turned to Yunzhou. In the Tang Dynasty, Yang, the deputy governor, was lured to surrender. The Kenzhi merchants negotiated with Chu to surrender, but they were hijacked halfway. Misreporting for greed is still waiting to be transferred. On the grounds of Wei Song's "long-term killing", the imperial court put down "reactive power", relieved him of his military power, promoted Zeng to be the ambassador to surrender, and transferred Gao Pian to be my ambassador to Jingnan.

At the beginning of the fifth year of Ganfu, Wang Xianzhi's army captured Luocheng in Jingnan (now Jiangling, Hubei). Due to the arrival of Shatuo reinforcements, Jiangling was burned and went to Shenzhou. In February of the fifth year of Ganfu (878), he was defeated in Huangmei (now northwest of Huangmei, Hubei) and was beheaded. The rest went to Bozhou (now Bo County, Anhui Province) to take refuge in Huang Chao, promoted Huang Chao to Huang Wang, and called himself "General Tian", and moved to Huanghuai Valley and the lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

Move to Jiangnan

In March of the fifth year of Ganfu (878), Huang Chao army attacked the frontier (now Kaifeng, Henan Province) and Song (now Shangqiu, Henan Province), and was blocked by Zhang Zimian, who moved to Weinan (now northeast of hua county, Henan Province), Ye (Yexian, Henan Province), Yangzhai (Yuxian, Henan Province) and other places, and the court recruited 3,000 soldiers to guard the east. Huang Chao led the army to cross the river to the south, echoing Wang Chong, the old army, and captured Rao, Xin and other states. In the same year1February, he entered Fuzhou (now Fujian) and transferred to Guangdong.

In September of the sixth year of Ganfu (879), he conquered Guangzhou and captured Li Tiao, the envoy of Lingnan East Road in the Tang Dynasty. He also divided his troops to take Guizhou (Guilin, Guangxi) in the west, controlled Lingnan, called himself "Commander in Chief of the Rebel Army", and issued an obituary, denouncing the court for "being incorruptible as an official, doing things dirty and sloppy, and referring to the failure of ministers and middlemen to pay fees and brain drain." Guangzhou was the largest foreign trade port in the Tang Dynasty and one of the important wealth providers. Huang Chao's army wantonly killed innocent people in Guangzhou, and more than 200,000 Muslim businessmen such as Arabs and Persians were killed.

northern expedition

Due to the hot and humid climate on the mountain surface, the Huang Chao army suffered from epidemic disease, and the generals "advised the north to return to Italy". The morale of the peasant army was low, and Huang Chao decided to return to the north. In, I made a raft from Guizhou, went down the Xiangjiang River, advanced on Jiangling, and went north to Xiangyang. When he heard that Huang Chao was going north, he sent Prime Minister Wang Duo to surrender the commander-in-chief and station troops in Jiangling for the south camp. He also appointed Li Weiying, deputy governor and Hunan observer, to station hundreds of troops in Tanzhou (now Changsha, Hunan), "taking the road to the north of Xiling and rejecting Huang Chao." At this time, the peasant army stationed in Yongzhou (now Lingling, Hunan) and Hengzhou (now Hengyang, Hunan) and arrived at the gates of Tanzhou. Li got a fright and closed the door. Huang Chao led troops to fight, and one day he went to Tanzhou, where 100,000 people in Tang Jun bloodbath Xiangjiang River.

Let's go after them and attack Jiangling with 500 thousand troops. Wang Duo will rush to Xiangyang (now Xiangfan, Hubei Province), and Huang Chao will occupy Jiangling without bloodshed and go north to Xiangyang. Liu Jurong, the host of Shannan Province, and Cao Quanqi, the secretariat of Zizhou, joined hands and suffered a crushing defeat in Jingmen (now Jingmen, Hubei), where 78% of them were captured. Monk Huang Chao told the others to cross the river to the east. At this point, Liu Jurong stopped his offensive with "no letter from the imperial court" and Cao Quanqi was about to cross the river. The court ordered Taining to take Duan instead of Cao Quanqi as a recruit. Duan was appointed as the secretariat of Langya. Huang Chao swept through fifteen states including Jiangxi, Rao (now Poyang, Jiangxi), Xin, Chi (now Guichi, Anhui) and Xuan.

In March of the first year of Guangming (880), Gao Pian sent veteran Zhang Lin across the river to attack Huang Chao, and Huang Chao retreated to Raozhou (now Boyang, Jiangxi). In May, Huang Chao retreated to Xinzhou (now Shangrao, Jiangxi). During the spring and summer, there was a great epidemic in Lingnan, and the Huang Chao army suffered heavy losses. "The deceased was thirteen or fourteen years old." Zhang Yi came after him. Huang Chao pretended to surrender and bribed Zhang Yi with a lot of gold, begging him for mercy. Gao Pian went to court, claiming that the Huang Chao army "has been uneven for several days, so please send it back.".

Prime Minister Xie Lu dismissed Tang Bing in the name of the imperial court. Huang Chao learned that Tang Dynasty soldiers crossed the Huaihe River in the north, and immediately broke with Gao Pian. In May, he went north again and seized Zhou Mu (now Jiande, Zhejiang) and Wuzhou (now Jinhua, Zhejiang). Zhang Yi died in Xinzhou. In June, Chizhou (now Guichi, Anhui Province), Zhou Mu (now Jiande, Zhejiang Province) and Wuzhou (now Jinhua, Zhejiang Province) were conquered successively.

In August of the first year of Guangming (880), Huang Chao army defeated Cao Quansheng, crossed the Huaihe River, and Huaibei was in an emergency. Gao Pian was awed by his power and stayed in Yangzhou (now Yangzhou, Jiangsu) to preserve his strength. In October, Huang Chao captured Shenzhou (now Xinyang, Henan) and entered Yingzhou (now Puyang, Henan), Songzhou (now Shangqiu, Henan), Xuzhou (now Xuzhou, Jiangsu) and Yanzhou (now Yanzhou, Shandong). In November, Huang Chao went to Ruzhou, captured Luoyang, the capital of the East, on 17th, and left Liu to meet him with officials. After more than ten days, he marched west from Luoyang, only fighting for six days. On the third day of December, Tongguan (now northeast of Tongguan, Shaanxi Province) was captured, and on the fourth day, Huazhou (hua county, Shaanxi Province) was captured, and finally it was the king. On the fifth day (88 1 year 1 year), Tian and other eunuchs fled to Chengdu, Sichuan Province, and Tian was afraid of betraying the Sect and took sole responsibility, so he was demoted to be a guest of honor of the Prince. Lu died of medicine.

proclaim oneself emperor

In the first year of Zhonghe (88 1), Huang Chao's army entered Chang 'an, and Zhang Zhifang, the general of Jinwu, led the crowd to welcome Huang Chao's army into the city. "People go ahead and don't gamble with wealth." After entering the city, the masses reached a million, and the military discipline was strict. They told the people of the whole city: "The Yellow Emperor is fighting for the people, unlike Li who doesn't love you Cao. Distribute property to the poor and welcome the people. In November of the first year of Guangming (88 1 year 1 year1year), it was established in Hanyuan Temple, and the Daqi regime was established, with the title of Golden Boy.

The former officials kept the following four products, and the rest were dismissed, with Qiu and Zhong Shuling as the auxiliary, Gai Hong as the assistant of Shangshu, and Pi Rixiu as the academician. Soon, his subordinates "killed people all over the street, and nests could not be banned." Few people stayed in Chang 'an in the imperial clan of the Tang Dynasty, and the officials of the Tang Dynasty were in constant fear. "Fu Qin Yin" said: "Huaxuan embroidered hubs are all sold out, without a head and a half"; "The inner library is burned as splendid ash, and the white bones in Tianjie are full." They haven't collected the property of the rich family, so-called "scouring things", and all the palaces walk barefoot. The following year, Tang Jun once invaded Chang 'an, and the Qi army temporarily retreated, and the defenders took over. After Tang Jun entered the city, he burned and looted, which was unpopular. The Qi army counterattacked that night and expelled Tang Jun from the city [3]. This time, Huang Chao hated the city people for helping the loyalist, so he was in a state of war and blood became a river, which was called "washing the city" in history. Huang Chao did not send troops to pursue Tang Xizong, which gave Tang Jun a breathing space. At the end of the day, Huang Chao is just a general hooligan. The land that the army passes through is only for food, and there is little construction. These people are clean and naked.

Be defeated and destroyed

In the second year of Zhonghe (882), Tang Xizong, Sichuan counterattacked. In September, Zhu Wen, the general of the Qi army, surrendered to Tang Jun in the battle with Wang Chongrong in the same state (now Dali, Shaanxi Province), and was appointed as General You Jinwu, giving him the name Quan Zhong. Li Keyong, a Shatuo clan, led reinforcements to help Tang, and led more than 10,000 troops south. Zhao Zhang, the general of the Qi army, died, and Huazhou and Lantian fell one after another. Huang Chao withdrew from Chang 'an in April of the third year of Zhonghe and fled to Shangshan, discarding gold and jewels along the way, but Tang Jun was in no hurry to catch up. Later, Meng Kai, the general of the State of Qi, took the lead in attacking Cai Zhou (now Runa, Henan). Tang Jun commander-in-chief Qin Zongquan was defeated and surrendered. In June, the siege of Chen Zhou (now Huaiyang, Henan Province) met with stubborn resistance from the secretariat Zhao Gui. After hundreds of battles, he failed to capture and withdraw from his city. On the way to Henan, Meng Kai was captured and sacrificed.

Huang Chao was furious when he heard that Meng Jie had been killed. The troops camped in Ganshui, "digging five times and winning every battle", vowing to avenge Meng Jie. In order to cope with the food of the whole army, Huang Chao began to use human flesh as food and hundreds of sledgehammers at the same time, and turned it into a human flesh workshop to supply rations. All the men, women and children were taken to a huge pot, which was called "Mo Dao Zhai". [4][5][6] Huang Chao besieged Chen Zhou for hundreds of days and ate hundreds of thousands of people. Tang Jun defeated Huang in Xihua (now Henan) near Chen Zhou, and the Qi army retreated (now Huaiyang North). The siege of Chenzhou has been solved. Huang Chao led the troops to Bianzhou, but he still let 5,000 elite troops match the girders (now Kaifeng, Henan).

In the spring of the fourth year of Zhonghe (884), Li Keyong led 50,000 troops to cross the river from south to south, and defeated the Qi army in Taikang, Bianhe and Wangmandu. Huang Chao had to move to Shandong. In March of the fourth year of Zhonghe (884), Zhu Wen defeated Huang Chao in Wangmandu (now Zhongmou North, Henan Province), and Huang Chao's Shu, Ge, Huo Cun, Zhang Guiba, Zhang Guihou and others surrendered to Zhu Wen. The remnants of Huang Chao fled to the northeast, and when Li Keyong sealed the mound (now Henan), it was caught in heavy rain. Nearly a thousand soldiers from Huang Chao arrived in Yanzhou. "Ke Yongbing worked day and night, and the food could not be found, but he returned." [7]。 On June 15th, Wuning sent Shi Pu and Li Yinbing with ten thousand troops, followed by general Shang Rong.

On June 17 of that year (13 July), Huang Chao was killed by his subordinate Lin Yan in Wolf Tiger Valley (now Laiwu, Shandong Province) [8][9] (some said that he committed suicide [10], and some said that Huang Chao finally became a monk [1/Kloc-]. Nie Jianguang, a scholar in the Qing Dynasty, wrote in the biography of Mount Tai Daoli: "Huang Chao died in Mount Tai ... There is a big tomb in the south of Jiuding Mountain, commonly known as Huang Chao's tomb."

End of movement

Huang Chao is ruthless, narrow-minded and likes to kill innocent people. After the conquest of Chang 'an, there was no progress, no elimination of the imperial army in the Tang Dynasty, and no economic policy. Finally defeated by Tang Jun, Huang Chao, the son of Huang Hao, led the remnants to flee, which was known as the "rogue army" in history. When Zhao Zongtian attacked Hunan in his early years, he was nearly killed by local tyrant Deng in Xiangyin. At this point, the peasant war ended in the late Tang Dynasty.

In the fourth year of neutralization in Tang Xizong, in autumn and July, Nuozong held a captive ceremony in Daxuan Building. Wuning sent Shipu to Huang Chao's head, and there were twenty or thirty concubines in Huang Chao. Xuanzong asked, "You and Cao Ruo both honor their children, and the world owes the country. What are thieves?" The woman above replied: "Crazy thieves are fierce and rebellious, and the country lost millions of people, affecting Bashu; Now your majesty can't blame a woman for refusing a thief, so where do you put your official and general? " [12] Don't ask, they were all slaughtered in the city. Before the execution, the law enforcement officers pitied the women and asked them to be drunk before the execution. The girls cried and drank, and soon died in a drunken bed. The woman who lives alone did not cry or get drunk, but died peacefully. After the Huang Chao Rebellion, the Tang Dynasty barely maintained its national sovereignty for 23 years.

In 907, God bless four years, Zhu Wen, the special envoy of our army, usurped the Tang Dynasty and founded Liang. The Tang Dynasty perished and entered the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms.

Huang Renyu's Great History of China pointed out: "... Huang Chao crossed the Yangtze River four times and the Yellow River two times. This is an unprecedented rogue in history who found countless cracks in the Tang empire for him to come to the area freely. Local officials in various places only care about the security of their own regions and have never constituted an effective strategy to trap him. "

To annotate ...

1. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhang's Collection of Guier recorded a cloud: "Huang Chao Shi Weng was five years old and his father was Ju Lian. Weng didn't think about it, but Wo casually replied:' A hundred flowers blossom and yellow clothes are natural. "Chao Fu monster, trying to attack the nest. Nai Weng said,' Sun can write a poem, but I don't know the weight. You can order another one.' The nest should say,' The west wind is rustling all over the courtyard, and it is difficult to get a cold butterfly. If I were Di Qing next year, I would report to Taohua. " "

2. Article 252 of "Learning from each other"

3. "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" Volume 254: "Thieves camp on tyrants, and they know that the government troops are out of order, and the armies are not following, and they lead troops to attack them and divide them from various doors. In the Chang 'an War, Zong Chu and Hongfu died, and the sergeant was too burdened to leave, so he was defeated very much. The deceased 189. "

4. Old Tang books? BiographyNo. 150? The Biography of Huang Chao said: "Thieves besieged Chenjun for three days, but Kanto was still old and had no crops. People lean against the wall, thieves catch people and eat them, killing thousands every day. Thieves have a mill, hundreds of giants. They tear people to pieces and eat them together. If it is toxic. "

5. New Tang Book? Biography 150: "Kay was defeated, and the bird's nest surrounded itself, leaving Deng, Xu, Meng and Luo in the east and entering dozens of States in Xu and Zhou. When people are hungry, they lean on the moat of the city, and thieves eat it. Thousands of people are doing this every day. They are breaking their bones with mortar. "

6. "Zi Tongzhi Jian? Volume 225 ""The nest is angry, and it is a long-term solution to camp in the north of the state and set up a palace. At that time, there was no accumulation among the people, and thieves plundered the people's food. They threw themselves on the ground and ate the bones together. The place where they give food is called Mocun. Soldiers swept across dozens of States such as Xu, Ru, Tang, Deng, Meng, Zheng, Bian, Cao, Pu, Xu and Zhou from Henan, and the salt was poisoned by them. " "Huang Chao has surrounded Chen Zhou for hundreds of days ..."

7. New Tang Book? Biography 150 times? Rebellion "

8. Old Tang books? Biography of Huang Chao: "When Huang Chao climbed Mount Tai, Xu Shuai met and arrested his entourage. Go to the Valley of the Wolf and Tiger, chop off his nest and his second brother Ye and Yan, and send his wife to Xuzhou. " Collection of Nuo Zong, Biography of Ten Parks, Returning to Bi Yuan for Farming, Locking the Eyes of Bei Meng, and Tang Xinshu? Shipu Biography, Zi Tongzhi Jian and Liu's textual research on Huang Chao are all based on this.

9. Fan Wenlan's "A Brief History of China" said, "Huang Chao fled to Mount Tai with some family members, and his nephew Lin Yan killed Huang Chao, Huang Ye, Huang Pei and his wife and children. He took his head to Shipu to make meritorious deeds and met Tang Bing on the way. Tang Bing killed Lin Yan and gave the heads of Lin Yan and Huang Chao to Shipu. "

10. New Tang Book? "Biography of Huang Chao": "Nest plans to frown, which means that Lin Yan said: Take me first to sacrifice to the son of heaven, and get rich, not for the benefit of others. Words, nest nephews, can't bear it; The nest is self-defeating. "

1 1. Shao Bo's "Hearing Record of Shaonan, South Henan": "In June of Zhonghe, Tang Shi, Shipu took Huang Chao, which was also a holiday. East and West have been handed down from generation to generation, but Huang Chao really didn't die. He was worried about Shang Rang and fell into the Wolf-Tiger Valley of Mount Tai. He decided to become a monk and abandon his son, so he went to Quan Yi, Zhangyin, Henan Province, so he didn't dare to recognize each other, but he spoke as Nan Zengji. " Pottery "Tales of the Five Dynasties": "Huang Chao fled and later wished to be a pagoda with a poetic cloud; Thirty years ago, the grass flew, and all the iron clothes were covered with monk clothes. No one in Tianjin Bridge asked, so he leaned against the dangerous fence to watch the sunset. " In the Song Dynasty, Luo Dajing's He Lu, his After Dusting and Liu's Liu Magazine also had the same view.

12. History as a Mirror Volume? Chapter two hundred and fifty-six "

[Edit this paragraph] Huang Chao's poem

Three Tang poems

◆ Chrysanthemum

The west wind is rustling all over the courtyard, and cold butterflies are hard to come by.

If I were Di Qing next year, I would report to Taohua.

Appreciation: It is said that Huang Chao wrote this poem when he was eight years old. His father recited the first sentence in the yard. Eight-year-old Chao Huang followed his father's head and blurted it out, which surprised him. I'm just a little old, and I'm thinking about how to arrange flowers if I were Di Qing next year. It's no wonder that he climbed the mountain and shouted, and then assembled and commanded hundreds of thousands of troops. He is really a natural leader.

Lin Kuan, a poet at the end of the Tang Dynasty, wrote two poems: "Mo Yan immediately won the world, and heroes have interpreted poems since ancient times." Throughout the ages, there are indeed many heroes who can "interpret poetry", and Huang Chao, the leader of the peasant uprising in the late Tang Dynasty, is one of them. Since Tao Yuanming's famous sentence "Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence and seeing Nanshan leisurely" came out, chrysanthemum has formed an indissoluble bond with the arrogant noble literati hermit and almost became the spiritual symbol of feudal literati. Huang Chao's chrysanthemum poems completely get rid of the stereotypes of similar works and present a brand-new ideological realm and artistic style.

The first sentence says chrysanthemums are in full bloom in the rustling autumn wind. "West Wind" points out the section and makes the next sentence; "Full Court" is full of words. Saying "Zhu" instead of "Kai" is to avoid rhyming with the last sentence, and at the same time, the word "Zhu" itself gives people a feeling of standing upright and vigorous. It is not difficult to see that chrysanthemums bloom in the wind and frost to show strength, which is not difficult to see in literati's poems about chrysanthemums; However, "planting a courtyard" is obviously different from the image of chrysanthemum in literati's poems. Whether it is to express the feeling of "being aloof from the world", to express the state of "being aloof and unique" or to express the feeling of being alone without company, the word "loneliness" is often inseparable. In Huang Chao's poems, he only said that "the garden is full of plants" because in his mind, this chrysanthemum is a symbol of the working people and has nothing to do with the word "solitary".

Unfortunately, chrysanthemums are in full bloom in the wind and frost, but it is cold and autumn, and it is difficult to come to cold butterflies. In the rustling autumn wind, chrysanthemum seems to have a chill, emitting a faint fragrance, which is not as fragrant as the blooming flowers in sunny spring, so it is rare for butterflies to fly to collect the fragrance of chrysanthemum. In the writings of old literati, this fact usually always causes two feelings: narcissism and loneliness. The author's feelings are different. In his view, "my heart is cold in Leng Xiang" because chrysanthemums open in the cold season, and he can't help feeling sorry for the untimely opening of chrysanthemums.

Three or four sentences are the natural development of the above feelings, revealing the cold environment and the unfair fate of chrysanthemum. The author imagines that one day he will become "Di Qing" (the God of Spring), and he will make chrysanthemums and peach blossoms bloom together in spring. This kind of imagination full of strong romantic passion embodies the author's grand ambition. Throughout the poem, the implication is obvious. The chrysanthemum in the poem is the embodiment of the bottom people in Qian Qian at that time. The author not only admires their tenacious vitality of opening up to the wind and frost, but also hates their environment and fate and is determined to completely change it. The so-called "for Di Qing" can be regarded as an intuitive expression of establishing the peasant revolutionary regime. The author imagines that on that day, the general public can live a warm spring. It is worth noting that this also reflects the simple concept of equality of farmers. Because in the author's opinion, chrysanthemum and peach blossom are all in full bloom and should enjoy the same treatment. Chrysanthemum is alone in the cold autumn, and its core is cold and fragrant, which is really unfair. So he decided to let chrysanthemums enjoy the warmth of spring like peach blossoms. There is also a question of who will change fate. Pray for God's sympathy and mercy, or "I am Di Qing"? There is a difference between being a slave to fate and being the master of it. The author of this poem said, "I am Di Qing". This heroic language embodies the determination and confidence of the peasant class leaders to overthrow the old regime. The thoughts and feelings expressed in this poem are very heroic, which dwarfs all kinds of words used by literati living in feudal society to express their voluntary ambitions. But it is not superficial, but it still contains meaning. This is because this poem successfully uses metaphor, which itself combines the author's unique feelings and understanding of life.

◆ The Last Chrysanthemum (Miss Chrysanthemum)

Waiting for September 8 of the lunar autumn,

Blooming chrysanthemums are in full bloom, Chang 'an is fragrant, the city is bathed in the fragrance of chrysanthemums-Italy, and the land is like golden chrysanthemums.

Appreciation: This poem is the most prosperous work in Huang Chao's life, and it is also one of his most popular poems. No, Director Zhang Yimou borrowed one of them as the title. In fact, he is leading hundreds of thousands of peasant uprising troops trapped in Chang 'an, and he is full of poetry. He described the irresistible resistance by chanting chrysanthemums. The beauty of this poem is that although it is a hymn to chrysanthemum, there is not a word "chrysanthemum" in the whole poem. And through the blooming Huang Juhua, it seems that people can see that the mighty and magnificent golden armored army is about to break the majestic momentum of Chang 'an.

The realm of this poem "Chrysanthemum" is more magnificent than the previous one. In the poem, the poet used metaphors to endow the Chrysanthemum peasant uprising army with heroic demeanor and noble character.

The first sentence "Stay in Qiu Lai on September 8th" means that the Double Ninth Festival hasn't arrived yet, and the poet is writing poems to celebrate. The word "Liu" is abrupt, it "suddenly rings like firecrackers", which has a sharp and strong charm and some meaning of looking forward to it soon. On the day before the Double Ninth Festival, the poet wrote "September 8" as "September 9" from the surging poetry flow, which not only rhymed, but also revealed a desire to call for an early revolutionary storm.

On the one hand, the second sentence "I open a hundred flowers to kill" shows readers an irresistible natural law. The sharp contrast between the blooming of Jin Ju 'ao frost and the withering of flowers in the frost shows the tenacious vitality of chrysanthemum. On the other hand, it implies that once the peasants revolutionized storm warning, the corrupt Tang Dynasty would immediately turn into the branches and leaves of a hundred flowers in the frost. The third and fourth sentences, "Tianxiang pervades Chang 'an, and the city is full of golden flowers", are the foresight and expectation of the victory prospect of chrysanthemum. The word "soaring into the sky" in the third sentence shows the extraordinary momentum of chrysanthemum with rich aroma and soaring into the sky; The word "incense array" shows that when Jin Ju won, it was by no means a separate branch, but a group that was all proud, which contained a simple and profound concept of peace in the world; The word "head" also shows the enterprising spirit of chrysanthemum, which is refreshing, fragrant and cosmopolitan. The words "full" and "exhausted" in the fourth sentence describe the wonders when chrysanthemums won the world-the Double Ninth Festival, when chrysanthemums were in full bloom, and the whole Chang 'an became the world of chrysanthemums, which fully demonstrated the victory prospect of the peasant revolutionary storm.

Chrysanthemum has always been regarded as the national flower of China, and those who chant chrysanthemum but can't write the soul of the country are inferior. Huang Chao's poems express his ambition by chanting chrysanthemums, which are magnificent and extraordinary. They have successfully created heroic images of lyric heroes such as "I bloom and kill hundreds of flowers" and "The city is full of golden flowers", with sharp tone and great momentum.

The movie "Golden Flower in the City" comes from Huang Chao's poem "The Last Chrysanthemum" in the late Tang Dynasty, and the story is also set in this era.

◆ Self-named images

I remember when the grass was flying and the iron clothes were covered with robes.

Tianjin Bridge didn't know anything, so I leaned against the post and watched the sunset.

Appreciation: Compared with the first two poems, this poem is not so widely circulated. Many people even doubt whether this poem is Huang Chao's own work. Because, it is said that Huang Chao himself died in battle, but judging from this poem, he not only didn't die, but also cut his hair and became a monk. But I prefer to believe that this poem was written by Huang Chao himself. In my opinion, Huang Chao or Li Zicheng, the all-powerful peasant leaders, might as well die in battle. If they escape into an empty door, their life experience must be beyond the reach of ordinary people. For example, the first two sentences of this poem, "Remember that the grass flies and the iron clothes are covered with robes", not only show the extraordinary hectic years that Huang Chao experienced in the army, but also show his quiet monastic career later. The sharp contrast is very touching! In particular, the sentence "No one in Tianjin Bridge knows anything" vividly describes the helplessness, desolation and sadness of the hero before he died, which makes people feel sad! However, at the turn of the pen, the phrase "watching the sunset by leaning on the railing alone" leisurely depicts the artistic conception of "life is short and the river is getting worse", which is memorable!