Loulan is one of the 36 countries in the Western Region, bordering Dunhuang. According to "Historical Records-Biography of Dawan", "Loulan was an ancient teacher with a city wall and salt." The Western Han Dynasty fought fiercely with Xiongnu, and the only way to reach West Asia and South Asia was Altun Mountain, the northern foot of Kunlun Mountain or the southern foot of Tianshan Mountain.
At that time, Chinese mainland's silk, tea, horses, grapes and jewelry in the western regions were all traded through Loulan first. Loulan, located in the westbound tunnel, quickly developed into a new city on the Silk Road, and was ruled by the long history of the Western Regions during the Wei, Jin and Liang Qian Dynasties. In the China literature found in the ruins, the city was called "Loulan" after Lu Lu badminton.
Loulan Kingdom was established 0/76 years ago BC, with a range from Guyangguan in the east, Niya Ancient City in the west, Altun Mountain in the south and Hami in the north. By the time he died in 630, * * * had a history of over 800 years.
Loulan State in Han Dynasty sometimes became the eyes and ears of Xiongnu, and sometimes belonged to Han, playing with the policy of two-faced, and skillfully maintaining its political life between Han and Xiongnu.
Because Loulan is located in the transportation hub between Han and the western countries, Han can't cross this area to fight Xiongnu, and Xiongnu can't threaten the Han Dynasty under the guise of Loulan's strength. Both Han and Xiongnu vigorously pursued the policy of softening Loulan.
After the middle of the 4th century, with the transfer of traffic along the Silk Road, Loulan gradually declined and sank into the sand moraine. ...
The plane of the ancient city is nearly square, and the walls have been eroded by the northeast monsoon for a long time, and almost all of them are buried by quicksand. There is a gap between the four walls of the ancient city of Loulan, which looks like a city gate. Among them, there are two residual hills at the gap of the western wall, which are 4 meters apart and resemble the remains of Wengcheng. The city wall is made of red willow branches and mud, and it has not been rammed.
There is an ancient river course in the city, which flows from northwest to southeast and connects with the tributary of Peacock River, dividing the city site into southwest and northeast areas. Fragments of architectural relics are preserved in the southwest, and wooden column beams and red willow walls are clearly visible.
The tallest building in Loulan City is the stupa in the east of the city. The tower body is made of adobe and wood; The tower foundation is square, and the tower is cylindrical and made of adobe.
On the terracotta terraces in Tarnum, there are a group of tall wooden architectural relics, including Chinese, Palau documents, bamboo slips, five baht money, silk and wool products, household appliances and so on. The architectural remains are in a quadrangular courtyard. The most important building is the "Three Rooms" located in the south of the ancient river, which is one of the most obvious signs of the city.
The courtyard of "Three Rooms" faces south, facing the south gate. Adobe walls are built, and the remains can be seen in the east and west wings. The wall is framed by big wood, covered with red willow branches and covered with grass mud.
The walls of these three rooms are the only adobe bricks in the city, and the houses at the east and west ends are all wood structures, which are characterized by taking flat beams and putting them on the ground. There are no less than wooden beams and columns with tenons at both ends of the square wood 100 root.
A large number of documents, bamboo slips, wooden rulers, pens, lacquerware, pottery and documents of early Sogdians and Polos were found here. From the analysis of the location and structure of this group of buildings, it may be the location of the yamen mansion of the ruler of Loulan City.
A group of courtyards in the west may be official houses, and low houses are distributed in the south. All kinds of documents and bamboo slips found in the city are called Lop Nur documents.
A large number of fragments of thick pottery jars, stone mill fragments, broken wooden barrels, coins, rings, earrings and China wooden slips were also found in the city. These objects are priceless for studying the history of Loulan ancient city.
In Guloulan City, there is a relic of an ancient river that runs through the city from east to west, which may be the direct water source for the residents of Guloulan City.
A large number of microliths, crossbows from yu fu and China, various bronze arrows, five-baht coins, half pence, commodity springs, pottery, glass and gold, bronze, wood, textiles, ornaments and agate beads, and a coin from Guangxi and Shuangguo were found inside and outside the city.
There are two cemeteries in the northeast of the old city during the Han Dynasty, 9 of which are vertical holes and pits. There are three burial methods: single burial, double burial and multi-person burial. Besides bows and arrows, woodwork and handmade pottery with distinctive local characteristics, there are also bronze mirrors, brocade, silk and lacquerware from the Central Plains.
Some ancient tombs with special shapes were found east of Lop Nur. Around the tomb is a seven-story thick log, and there are rows of trees that spread radially and circularly around. The whole shape is like a big sun, which makes people have all kinds of mysterious associations.
Some of the dead in the tomb are fully dressed, but others belong to the ancient European race with "deep eyes and high nose", which is very similar to the modern Nordic people. Their skulls can be divided into two groups. A group is similar to the Novo culture of Andrao in the Bronze Age in southern Siberia and Altai. Another group is similar to avannavo culture, even older. In other words, in the same place, two groups of ancient Europeans with different postures were buried.
In particular, the mummy of a middle-aged woman unearthed in the tomb is determined to have been found 3800 years ago. Her skin and nails are well preserved, her face is thin, her nose is pointed, her eyes are sunken, and her brown hair is shawl.
In addition, her upper body was wrapped in a blanket, and the edge of the blanket on her chest was pinned with sharpened branches. Her lower body is wrapped in a sheepskin, her feet are wearing a pair of shoes made of suede, a felt hat and two Yanling on her head, and she is called "Loulan Beauty" by the world.
In human history, Loulan is a mysterious name. Its glory once formed its special position in the history of world culture.
/kloc-in 0/900, the Swedish explorer Sven Hedin explored in the west of Lop Nur and stumbled upon a tall stupa and dense ruins, where beautifully carved wood was half buried in the sand and ancient copper coins. Later, they found many beacon towers in the southeast of this ruin and continued to March to an ancient city buried by sand on the west bank of Lop Nur, which is the ancient city of Loulan.
190 1 year, Sven Hedin excavated a large number of China wooden slips and documents, as well as a small number of cultural relics such as Bolu books, ancient coins and exquisite woodwork. It is speculated that this site is the "Loulan" city in China ancient books.
Since then, the United States, Britain, Japan and so on. He has repeatedly entered Loulan for illegal excavation. During the inspection in the early 20th century, a large number of Loulan cultural relics were taken away by foreign inspection teams.
After 1950s, China expedition team overcame many difficulties and arrived in Loulan ancient city for investigation. From 1979 to 1989, Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology has jointly investigated the ancient city of Loulan in Luobu Desert for seven times. 1980, excavation of Han tombs in the old city and its suburbs.