Macroscopically, pearl defects; Microscopic pearls are all flawed, and they are all judged according to the same reference standard-Pearl Beauty Expert of Pearl Beauty Network

As the saying goes, the physical structure of defective pearls reflects the ideal state of pearl surface by calcium carbonate crystals and shell keratin, and its surface should be smooth and clean. In fact, due to the complex external environment and the health status of mussels (shellfish), the surface of pearls often deviates from the ideal state, and there are water temperatures such as defective grooves, bumps, spots, bubble lines, cracks, pits, black spots, cracks and needle tips. With the change of separation concentration, the crystal is stable and the structure is clear. The surface of pearl is smooth, and the crystal inversion is prone to mutation and defects. I know that water quality, water temperature and separation concentration can be kept in an ideal state, and it is difficult to have an ideal state of defects. It is necessary to eliminate all kinds of tiny objects, such as mother-of-pearl, which are often affected by some germs. The technique of simultaneous insertion can affect the shape of pearls and their leather. Few cultured pearls have blisters, waistlines, wrinkles, pits and other defects on their surfaces. According to the old saying,

The theory of 100% perfect defective pearls exists even if it is hard to see with the naked eye. Looking at the pearl surface with a magnifying glass of 10 times or even higher, it is true that some pearls are almost or extremely difficult to see any defects with the naked eye. Because it is not in the field of scientific research and commercial application, experts in the industry call the standard of defects "pearl standard". The definition of surface defects is that they look smooth and delicate to the naked eye, and it is extremely difficult to see defects. Please note that 100% can be added for quantitative determination.

Zhu Jiupin

Ancient Pearl Self-evaluation System and Value Theory

There are nine kinds of pearls in the Annals of Nanyue, which are about five to one inch in diameter. A rare treasure, one side is flat and the other side is iron pot (cover the pot); Walking and sliding beads are unqualified.

"Work" recognizes that pearls with a diameter of five to five inches and a slight golden luster are worth 1,000 yuan.

"Guangdong New Talk" says that pearls are slightly flat, and the brightness of South Pearl is only in perfect pearl shape, silvery white and shiny silk winding fine beads. The weight of each heavy bead is six taels of silver, and two taels is forty taels, with good luster, while two meat beads are only four taels, and two taels are eight hundred and twenty taels. 1000 taels of silver is twice as heavy as 820 taels.

Distinguish real pearls from fake pearls.

1, friction: two pearls feel rough when they rub gently against each other, while fake pearls feel slippery.

(It is generally recommended to rub two pearls. The pearl surface is thin and fragile, so as not to damage the pearl surface. )

2. Drilling: Observe whether the drilling hole is clear and whether the pigment accumulation in the fake bead drilling hole is clear.

3, color: each pearl color is slightly the same, except for its own color, colored fake beads, each color is the same, its true color has no color. Main white yellow 1960, breeding black pearls.

4, cold: pearls let go of the cold, feeling fake beads are not.

Pearl naked eye recognition five points:

5. Shape, pearl-like, non-round like a fake bead, machine courtyard.

Obviously, pearl holes with brown adhesive lines between mother-of-pearl and nacre were observed inward.

The transparency of mother-of-pearl cultured with striped core is the same as that of pearls cultured with striped core in the dark, and the phenomenon of cultured pearls with striped core can be seen through strong light transmission.

Pearls cultivated with surface papular nuclei have the characteristics of raised scars or two beads rubbing sand, which is different from imitation pearls.

Seven treasures of Buddhism

Seven treasures refer to the seven treasures, that is, the seven treasures refer to the seven treasures translated in the same scripture, namely tortoise shell, agate, crystal, coral, amber, pearl and musk, all of which are the same as the seven treasures of gold, silver, colored glaze, glass, tortoise shell, red beads and agate in the Amitabha Sutra translated by Kumalo. Xuanzang translated the seven treasures mentioned in The Praise of Pure Land, such as gold, silver, coloured glaze, dancing, seeking, Jielapo and Ashima Jielapo. The seven treasures of gold, silver, glass, coral, amber, canal and agate mentioned in the Prajna Sutra; The seven treasures of gold, silver, coloured glaze, canal, agate, pearl and rose mentioned in Huajing; The seven treasures mentioned in Amitabha Sutra are gold, silver, coloured glaze, glass, ditch, red pearl and agate.

The seven treasures translated in the same historical period and version are the same as those in Shoujing. For example, the Chinese version of gold and silver, glass, water essence, car canal, coral, amber seven treasures; Cao Wei edition contains seven treasures: purple gold, silver, colored glaze, water essence, dragonfly, coral and amber; Seven treasures of Tang Dynasty: gold, silver, glass, pear, jade, red pearl and amber; Seven treasures of Song Dynasty: gold, silver, glass, pear, tortoise shell, pearl and amber.

The seven treasures of Tibetan Buddhism are agate, beeswax, canal, pearl, coral, gold and silver, which are collectively called the seven treasures in the West.

The seven treasures of Buddhism contain pure land, light and wisdom of Buddhism, and contain profound connotations, which make jewelry and spiritual objects.

Family standard of pearl breeding

1 range

This standard specifies the definition, category, quality factors, grade, grade index and inspection and appraisal requirements of cultured pearls.

This standard is applicable to the production, trade and quality evaluation of cultured pearls, and to cultured pearls after irradiation and dyeing.

Pearl grade, please refer to it.

2 normative reference documents

The terms and conditions of documents listed in this standard refer to the terms and conditions of this standard. All documents cited during the note period and their revisions (including errata) or revisions are applicable to this standard. Encourage agreement on whether to use new versions of some documents according to this standard. All documents cited in the note period are applicable to this standard.

GB/T 16552 Names of Jewelry and Jade

GB/T 16553 jewelry and jade identification

3 Definition of terms

Definitions of terms established and listed in GB/T 16552 and GB/T 16553 are applicable to this standard.

3. 1 Pearl

Endocrine substances in shellfish or mussels are composed of calcium carbonate (mainly aragonite) and organic water (mainly conchiolin) in the same layer or radial structure, with pearl luster.

Draw seawater pearls and freshwater pearls according to the waters.

Hai aquatic products pearl seawater pearl

Fresh water produces pearls. fresh water pearl

3.2 cultured pearls

The nacreous nacre in shellfish or mussels is in the same layer or radial structure, which is composed of calcium carbonate (mainly aragonite) and organic (mainly conchiolin) water in the cultured nacre, with the intervention of soft substance secretion and shaping.

Marine cultured pearls and freshwater cultured pearls are divided by water area;

Culture that cultured pearl nucleus accord to the pearl nucleus;

Free cultured pearls are classified according to whether they are attached to shells or not.

3.2. 1 cultured pearls in seawater

Cultured pearls in the shape of marine shellfish

According to the species of shellfish, they are divided into the same types: marine cultured pearls of Pinctada martensii, marine cultured pearls of Pinctada papillata and marine cultured pearls of Pinctada maxima.

3.2.2 Freshwater cultured pearls

Cultured pearls in freshwater mussels

According to the species of mussels, they are divided into the same types: freshwater cultured pearls of Hyriopsis cumingii, freshwater cultured pearls of freshwater cultured pearls of freshwater mussels, freshwater cultured pearls of Cladosporium baccata and so on.

3.2.3 Korean pearls cultivated in shells

The flat surface side of cultured pearls with hemispherical or 43 spherical non-spherical cores is attached to the inner shell of seawater Pinctada or freshwater mussel shells.

3.3 nucellar nucleus

Nuclear implant for cultured pearls

3.4 nacre in nacre

The exterior of nucellus in nuclear culture is mainly composed of calcium carbonate (mainly aragonite), organic matter (mainly conchiolin) and water. And have the same layer or the same layer radial structure.

3.5 nacre thickness

Vertical distance between cultured pearl surface and outer layer of pearl core

3.6 color color

Comprehensive characteristics of body color, companion color and halo color of cultured pearls

Body color: cultured pearls selectively absorb white light to produce color.

Color matching: one or more colors on the surface of floating cultured pearls.

Halo: Rainbow color on the surface or surface shape of cultured pearls.

3.7 Diameter difference percentage and diameter difference

Diameter-to-diameter difference and diameter average ratio percentage

3.8 dimensions

Pearl size of single cultured pearl in pearl shell

3.9 shape shape

External morphology of cultured pearls

3. 10 luster

Reflected light intensity and image clarity of cultured pearls.

3. 1 1 defects

Result in smooth and beautiful surface of cultured pearl.

There are defects on the surface of cultured pearls: waistline, bulge (papule, tail), depression (flat), wrinkle (groove), breakage, notch, spot (black spot), needle mark, scratch, peeling mark, crack, pearl scar, etc.

3. 12 surface finish

According to the defect, color, location and quantity, the surface of cultured pearls is smooth and clean.

3. 13 matching attribute

The coordination degree of shape, luster, smoothness, color and equal surface between cultured pearls

3. 14 standard main pearl

Used to determine the quality of cultured pearls. There are two kinds: physical standard, freshwater cultured pearl standard and seawater cultured pearl standard.

3. 15 cultured pearl jewelry

Ornaments made of cultured pearls through threading, bonding and precious metal inlaying include beads (necklaces, bracelets, bracelets and rings), rings, earrings, hair ornaments, foot ornaments, costumes (brooches, tie clips, belt buckles) and so on.

3. 16 Split cultured pearls mabe pearls

The outside or half of the processed product is cultured pearls, which are equipped with cultured pearls or their substances.

4 Quality factors and grades of mariculture pearls

4. 1 color

4. 1. 1 Five series of marine cultured pearls include body color.

A) White series: pure white, milky white, silvery white, porcelain white, etc.

B) Red series: pink, light rose and lavender.

C) Yellow series: light yellow, beige, golden yellow, orange yellow, etc.

D) Black series: black, blue-black, gray-black, brown-black, purple-black, brown-black, iron-gray, etc.

E) it: purple, brown, cyan, blue, brown, fuchsia, green, yellow, light blue, green, bronze, etc.

4. 1.2 mariculture pearls can be matched with white, pink, rose, silvery white or green.

4. 1.3 The surface of marine cultured pearls is bright, bright and bright.

4. 1.4 color description: body color description is the main companion color, and halo color description is the auxiliary color.

4.2

The diameter of round, round and nearly round mariculture pearls indicates their shape, the size of mariculture pearls multiplied by the size indicates the volume of loose beads, and the pore size range of pearl screen indicates the volume of loose beads.

4.3 Shape level

See table 1 for shape grades.

Table 1 Shape Grade of Mariculture Pearls

Description of quality requirements for shape rules (diameter difference%)

Circle A 1 ≤ 1

Circle A2 ≤5

Closed circle A3 ≤ 10

Ellipse B > 10 drop shape, pear shape

Plane c has a symmetrical plane or two nearly planar planes.

The special-shaped D-shape is extremely regular, and the surface is flat, so it is not obvious that it is similar to the object.

4.4 glossiness

See Table 2 for gloss grades.

Table 2 Gloss grades of mariculture pearls

Gloss grade quality requirements

The extremely strong A reflected light is particularly bright, sharp and uniform, and the surface image is clearly mirrored.

Strong B reflected light is bright, sharp and uniform, and the image is clear.

C can see the image of an object when it reflects light.

When the weak D reflected light is weak and the surface energy is weak, the image of the object is blurred.

4.5 finish

See Table 3 for finish.

Table 3 Smoothness of cultured pearls in seawater

Smoothness quality requirements

When observing the surface with naked eyes, it is difficult to observe the surface defects.

It is difficult for naked eyes to observe that there are many defects on the surface of micro-idle B.

Leisure c is easier to observe with the naked eye than defects.

Defect d, the defect obviously occupies four surface areas.

The heavy defect e obviously occupies a serious surface area 4.

4.6 Weld bead thickness grade

See Table 4 for the thickness grades of beads.

Table 4 nacre thickness grades of mariculture pearls

Quality requirements of weld thickness grade

Ultra-thick A ≥0.6

Thickness B ≥0.5

C ≥0.4

Thin D ≥0.3

Extremely thin e < 0.3

Quality factors and grades of freshwater cultured pearls

5. 1 color

5. 1. 1 Five series of freshwater cultured pearls include body color.

A) White series: pure white, milky white, silvery white, porcelain white, etc.

B) Red series: pink, light rose, light purple, etc.

C) Yellow series: light yellow, beige, golden yellow, orange yellow, etc.

D) Black series: black, blue-black, gray-black, brown-black, purple-black, brown-black, iron-gray, etc.

E) it: purple, brown, cyan, blue, brown, fuchsia, green, yellow, light blue, green, bronze, etc.

5. 1.2 Freshwater cultured pearls can be matched with white, pink, rose, silvery white or green.

5. 1.3 The surface of freshwater cultured pearls is bright, bright and bright.

5. 1.4 color description: the body color description is the main color description, and the companion color is the auxiliary color description.

5.2

The diameters of round, round and nearly round freshwater cultured pearls indicate their shapes. The size of freshwater cultured pearls multiplied by the size indicates that loose beads are represented by the pore size range of pearl screen.

5.3 Shape level

5.3. 1 freshwater nuclear cultured pearls with shape grade

See Table 5 for the shape grades of freshwater nuclear cultured pearls.

Description of quality requirements for shape category and grade (diameter difference is 100%)

Circular quasi-circle A 1 ≤3

Circle A2 ≤8

Closed circle A3 ≤ 12

Ellipse short ellipse B 1 ≤20

Ellipse B2 >20 contains a pear-shaped drop.

The quasi-flat height C 1 ≤20 has a symmetrical surface or two nearly flat surfaces.

●C2 > 20

The irregular shape is extremely regular and the surface is flat, so the shape of an object has no obvious similarity.

Table 5 Shape Grade of Freshwater Nucleated Pearl

5.3.2 Shape grade of freshwater nuclear cultured pearls

See table 1 for the shape grades of mariculture pearls.

5.4 glossiness

See Table 6 for gloss grades.

Table 6 Gloss grades of freshwater cultured pearls

Gloss grade quality requirements

Strong A reflected light is bright, sharp, uniform and clear.

Strong B reflected light can see the image of the object on the bright surface.

A bright surface that reflects light will blur the image of an object.

Weak D reflected light, fully diffused light, dull surface gloss, almost imaging.

5.5 Finishing layer

See Table 7 for finish.

Table 7 Smoothness of Freshwater Cultured Pearl

Smoothness quality requirements

Defect A is smooth and delicate with naked eyes, and it is extremely difficult to observe surface defects.

The surface of micro-defect B is not smaller than needle-like spots, which is difficult to observe with naked eyes.

Defect c is easier to observe with the naked eye than defect C.

Defect d, the defect obviously occupies four surface areas.

The heavy defect e obviously occupies a serious surface area 4.

Grade 6 cultured pearls

6. 1 cultured pearl grade

According to the quality grade of cultured pearls, cultured pearls are used for decoration and can be divided into two grades: jewelry-grade cultured pearls and handicraft-grade cultured pearls.

6.2 Jewelry-grade cultured pearls have low quality requirements.

6.2. 1 glossiness: (c)

Finishing layer:

9 mm (including 9 mm) cultured pearls: defect (D)

9mm cultured pearls: defect (c)

6.2.3 nacre thickness (nucleated cultured pearls): thin (d)

6.3 Craft-grade cultured pearls

Process-grade cultured pearls meeting the requirements of 6.2.

6.4 jewel-grade cultured pearls

6.4. 1 single cultured pearl ornament cultured pearl grade

Determine the grade according to the quality requirements in Chapter 4 and Chapter 5.

6.4.2 Grade of cultured pearls for cultured pearl ornaments

Includes two contents: the determination of the overall quality factor level and the determination of the matching level.

Determination of overall quality factor level

A) determining a single quality element grade of each cultured pearl of the ornament;

B) Don't count the percentage of cultured pearls with the same level of each single quality element;

C) If the percentage of a certain quality factor level is greater than 90%, the overall quality factor level will be determined.

6.4.2.2 matching level determination

See Table 8 for the quality requirements of matching level for the determination of matching level.

A quality factors such as shape, luster and smoothness should be uniform, harmonious or gradual, and the holes should be straight and smooth.

B the quality factors such as shape, luster and smoothness are slightly colored, and the holes are in a basic gradual change state.

C there are obvious differences in quality factors such as color, shape, luster and smoothness, and the eye holes are slightly skewed and burr.

Table 8 Matching Level

7 check

7. 1 color

Avoid bright objects on gray or white background, and roll cultured pearls at a distance of 20 cm ~ 25 cm from the sample and a distance of 15 cm ~ 20 cm from the naked eye by using north light or light lamp with color temperature of 5500 K ~ 7200 K to find the main color, that is, body color; The reflected light on the surface of cultured pearls looks for the companion color and halo color of cultured pearls; Observe and record the body color, companion color or halo color of the sample.

7.2

7.2. 1 Accurate Measurement (Arbitration)

7.2. 1. 1 measuring instrument

Measuring tool with degree value of 0.02 mm

7.2. 1.2 operation steps

A) The inspected product is clean;

B) Measure and record the diameter with a measuring tool.

7.2. 1.3 means

The diameters of round, round and nearly round cultured pearls indicate their shapes. Example: 8.0mm× 6.0mm.

riddle

Only applicable to loose beads in bulk.

7.2.2. 1 instruments and equipment

The aperture specification is 0.5mm continuously, which is a special detection screen for pearls.

7.2.2.2 operation steps

A) The inspected product is clean;

B) Check the screen;

C) Until the inspected products can pass.

7.2.2.3 said.

The aperture specifications of the pass-through screen and the pass-through screen indicate the sample: 5.0 mm ~ 5.5 mm

7.3 shape

According to the measured data, the diameter difference x (%) is calculated according to the formula (1), and the shape grade of cultured pearls is determined.

Dmax-Dmin

x =———× 100 ……………( l)

D

Type:

Dmax-diameter, in millimeters (mm);

Dmin-diameter, in millimeters (mm);

D-average diameter, in millimeters (mm)

7.4 gloss

Compare the inspection product with the standard product with the light lamp with north light or color temperature of 5500 K ~ 7200 K, and observe the light reflection intensity, uniformity and image of the inspection product to determine the gloss level.

7.5 Weld thickness

7.5. 1 comparison

7.5. 1. 1 principle

A group of standard samples with known weld thickness are compared with the standard samples, and the weld thickness grade is determined according to the quality inspection status.

7.5. 1.2 instruments and equipment

Bead thickness standard, 10 magnification lens, gem microscope, strong light or fiber lamp.

7.5. 1.3 operation steps

Scrub the sample clean.

Irradiate 10 times magnifying glass or gem microscope with strong light or optical fiber lamp, and compare the inspection product with the standard product to determine the bead thickness grade of the inspection product.

7.5.2 Direct Measurement (Arbitration)

7.5.2. 1 principle

The sample prepare by cutting was place in a measuring microscope to measure that thickness of the bead layer.

7.5.2.2 instrument

measuring microscope

7.5.2.3 operation steps

Measure the thickness of nacre with a measuring microscope, at least measure the thickness of nacre 3 and 3, and take the average value to determine the thickness grade of nacre.

X-ray photography

By comparing a group of standard samples with known bead thickness and X-ray perspective photos taken by X-ray camera with the standard samples, the bead thickness of the samples is determined.

7.6 completion

Clean and dry the inspection product. Observe the inspection products with naked eyes, record the types of surface defects of the inspection products, and determine the smoothness grade of the inspection products with reference to the standard products.

7.7 Matching

The matching level of clean and dry samples is determined according to Table 8.

Level 7.8 requirements

Pearl technicians should be trained in special skills and master the operation. Two or three technicians independently draw the inspection products of the same level and take a unified knot.

Basic content of level 8 report or certificate

8. 1 Basic content

The basic contents of the level report or certificate shall include:

A) Name (seawater cultured pearls or freshwater cultured pearls shall be indicated);

B) Grade of cultured pearls or ornaments;

C) color;

d)；

E) shape level;

F) gloss grade;

G) nacre thickness grade (except nucleated cultured pearls);

H) smoothness;

I) matching level (involved);

J) Total mass (unit gram)

8.2 Grade Report and Certificate Identification Quality Element Grade Representation

8.2. 1 level report and certificate identification quality factor level are expressed in English and Chinese codes.

8.2.2 The level of quality elements shall be continuously expressed by English codes, which shall be expressed in the order of shape, luster, smoothness, bead thickness (involved) and matching (involved).

Example 1: The quality grade of mariculture pearl necklace is expressed in words:

Shape level: circle

Gloss: very strong

Completion level: defect

Weld thickness grade:

Matching level:

Example 2: Example 1 Continuous representation of quality element level of mariculture pearl necklace in English code:

A2AACA

9 signs

9. The express contents of the1sign shall at least include:

A) Name (seawater cultured pearls or freshwater cultured pearls shall be indicated);

B) the grade of cultured pearls;

c)；

D) Grade of shape, luster, smoothness, bead thickness (involved) and matching (involved);

E) Name and address of the manufacturer;

F) Implement standard numbering.

9.2 Product Quality Certificate

9.3 Instructions for use (express warning, etc.). ) [2]

[Edit this paragraph] Typhoon Pearl

The tropical disturbance occurred in Palau's North Pacific on August 8, 2006. At 9: 00 on May 8 (same as UTC), the typhoon warning was upgraded to tropical depression 02W. The second meteorological agency upgraded tropical storms and named pearls to continue to strengthen. On May 10, a strong tropical storm landed in the Philippines and entered the South China Sea to strengthen the typhoon. On may 15, the typhoon warning pearl was upgraded to super typhoon foot 1, the typhoon weakened, and the pearl began to move to the east-northeast direction.

May 18 swept across the east, weakened rapidly in the second temperate cyclone and moved to the East China Sea.

Central weather bureau, Taiwan Province Province, said: Typhoon Pearl has a peculiar L-shaped path, and the bureau recorded 60 typhoons in May alone.