Sweden
Country name: Kingdom of Sweden.
Independence Day: On June 6th (June 6th, 1809), Sweden adopted the first modern constitution. 1983, the parliament officially declared June 6th as the Swedish National Day. )
National flag: blue, yellow cross slightly to the left. The colors of blue and yellow come from the colors of the Swedish Royal Badge.
National emblem: the national emblem is cloak-shaped, and the blue shield decorated with crowns is divided into four parts by the yellow cross: three crowns are painted on the upper left and the lower right; The top right and bottom left are painted with golden lions wearing crowns. There is a small shield in the big shield, and the left side is composed of blue, silvery white, HongLing and a golden bottle; There is a castle-like bell tower on the right, painted with a golden eagle. There are golden lions on both sides of the blue shield and medals at the bottom. The small national emblem is a blue shield with a crown. The three gold crowns on the shield are the symbols of Sweden and Denmark, Sweden and Norway, which form the Kalmar Union.
National anthem: "Your Ancient and Glorious Northland Mountain Country"
National bird: blackbird (tongue)
National stone: small (water) crystal
State dignitaries: King Carl XVI Gustaf,1September 1973; Prime Minister Goran persson took office in March 1996 and was re-elected in October 2002.
Physical geography: located in the eastern part of Scandinavia, northern Europe. It borders Finland in the northeast, Norway in the west and northwest, the Baltic Sea in the east and the North Sea in the southwest, with a territory area of 449,900 square kilometers (excluding the territorial sea area). The coastline is about 2 18 1 km. The terrain slopes from northwest to southeast. Nordland Plateau is in the north, and the highest peak in the territory, Kebunekesai, is 2 1.23 meters above sea level, and the southern and coastal areas are mostly plains or hills. The main rivers are Jota River, Dahl River and Honel Man River. There are many lakes, about 92000. Lake Wiener, the largest lake, covers an area of 5,585 square kilometers, ranking third in Europe. About 15% of the land is in the Arctic Circle, but it won't be too cold in winter because of the Atlantic warm current. Most areas have temperate coniferous forest climate, and the southernmost part has temperate broad-leaved forest climate.
Population: 8.909 million (200 1 year-end). 90% are Swedes (descendants of Germans), and there are more than 654.38+0000 foreign immigrants and their descendants (52.6% of them are foreign nationals). The Sami people in the north are the only minority, with about 10000 people. The official language is Swedish. 90% people believe in Christianity and Lutheranism.
Capital: Stockholm, with an urban population of 750,000 (early 2000).
Administrative Districts: China is divided into 265,438+0 provinces: Bregin, Dalana, Fort gavle, Gotland, Harlan, Yemchuan, Yenxueping, Kalma, Kronoberg, North Boten, CheLebrou, East Jotland, Skonai, South Manlan and Stockholm.
Brief history: The country began to form around 1 100. 1 157 annexed Finland. 1397 forms the Kalmar Union with Denmark and Norway, and is ruled by Denmark. 1523 independence from the alliance. In the same year, Gustav Vasa was elected king. The period from 1654 to 17 19 was a prosperous period in Sweden, and its territory included Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, as well as the Baltic coastal areas of Russia, Poland and Germany. 17 18 gradually declined after losing the wars against Russia, Denmark and Poland. 1805 Participated in the Napoleonic Wars. /kloc-After losing to Russia in 0/809, it was forced to cede Finland. 18 14 obtained Norway from Denmark and made an alliance with Norway. Norway became independent from the Federation. Sweden remained neutral in both world wars.
Politics: The current Constitution consists of three basic laws: Government Code (promulgated in 1809, revised in 1974), Law on Succession to the Throne (promulgated in18/0, revised in 1979) and Law on Succession to the Throne. The Constitution stipulates that Sweden has a constitutional monarchy. The king is the head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces. As a national symbol, he only performs representative or ceremonial duties and cannot interfere with the work of parliament and government. Parliament is the only legislative body in the country and is elected by universal suffrage. The government is the highest administrative organ of the country and is responsible to the parliament. The king's eldest son is the lawful heir to the throne. Parliament is unicameral.
Economy: Sweden implements a "mixed economy" which combines developed private industry and commerce with relatively perfect state-owned public service departments, and is famous for its high wages, high taxes and high welfare. Forest, iron ore and water power are the three major natural resources in Sweden. On this basis, it has developed and formed four traditional industrial systems: mining and metallurgy, forestry and papermaking, electric power and machinery manufacturing. As a country rich in timber, iron ore and water resources, Sweden focuses on developing an export-oriented industrialized economy. Industry occupies a very important position in the national economy, and 82% of industrial products are exported abroad. After the mid-1970s, the industrial structure of Sweden has changed significantly. Sweden has increased the intensity and investment in scientific research and development, and the high-tech industry has developed rapidly. Transportation, communication, medicine and health, information, environmental protection and other fields have strong competitiveness in the world. Steel and wood processing, once Sweden's main export sectors, has been gradually replaced by industrial sectors such as machinery manufacturing, electronic precision instruments and automobiles. Shipbuilding, textile and other industries are declining, and the government has provided a lot of funds for subsidies, restructuring or nationalization. Metal processing and machinery manufacturing are the most important industrial sectors in Sweden. Swedish mechanical products are characterized by precision, durability and high technical level. Traditional products such as ball bearings and refrigeration equipment enjoy a high reputation in the international market. Iron and steel industry is one of the industrial sectors with a long history. Chemical industry is one of the main industrial sectors in Sweden. In the chemical industry, especially petrochemistry, petroleum refining is the most prominent, and plastics, chemical fibers, medicines and fertilizers have also made great progress. The automobile industry developed rapidly after the war, producing all kinds of trucks besides cars. One third of the car production is sold to the United States. The energy industry plays a very important role in the Swedish economy. Sweden is a country with developed industries and many energy-intensive enterprises. Besides, it has a long winter and a long transportation line. China is a country with high energy consumption, and the per capita annual electricity consumption is about10.3 million kwh. Sweden's agriculture and service industries are also relatively developed. The Swedish economy mainly relies on foreign trade and advocates open markets and free trade. Sweden's main export products are: automobiles and transportation equipment, machinery and instruments, electronic products, wood pulp and paper, medicines and chemicals, steel and metal products. More than 60% of Sweden's imported goods are parts and raw materials for manufacturing, mainly including electronic products, mechanical instruments, automobiles and transportation equipment, food, textiles and footwear.
Culture: 9-year compulsory free education. Famous universities include Stockholm University, Uppsala University, Lund University, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm Business School, etc. Swedes have high cultural quality, warm hospitality, simplicity and honesty, civilized speech, proper manners and punctuality. Swedes attach great importance to environmental protection and love wild animals such as flowers and birds and nature. Employees are entitled to five weeks' statutory paid holidays every year, working five days a week and working 65,438+0,5000 hours a year. People like to spend their leisure time outdoors, hiking in forests and fields, picking wild fruits and mushrooms, swimming, boating and fishing in the sea and lake. In summer, the days are long and the nights are short. People travel at home and abroad. Sweden has become one of the countries with the largest number of outbound tourists in the world. Sports activities are Swedish hobbies. According to a survey published by the University of Gothenburg in Sweden on June 24th, 2002, the Internet has surpassed traditional newspapers and become a more popular media in Sweden. According to a sample survey, Swedes spend an average of 23 minutes surfing the Internet every day and evening, while Swedes spend 265,438+0 minutes reading daily newspapers, only 8 minutes reading evening papers, 2 hours listening to the radio and 45 minutes watching TV respectively. The survey shows that women prefer listening to radio and reading; Men are more inclined to watch TV news, videos and evening papers. People with higher education are more willing to surf the internet, read books and read professional magazines; People with low education are willing to watch TV, listen to the radio and read the evening paper.
Military: Sweden has about 65,000 troops and 20,000 civilians, and can mobilize 850,000 people in wartime. In September, 2004, Swedish Defense Minister Bioque Lund issued a statement saying that Sweden once took preventing the invasion from the former Soviet bloc as its national defense focus, but this threat no longer exists. The focus now is to respond to the international crisis and safeguard the territorial integrity of the country.
Attractions: Nobel's house is located in Baihua Villa in Cascuga, central Sweden, more than 200 kilometers away from Stockholm. This is a milky white two-story building. The green lawn in front of the building complements the surrounding birch forest and the environment is quiet. During the period of 1894, Alfie Red Nobel ended his overseas wandering career and returned to his motherland to settle down, where he spent most of his last two years. Because his former residence, which was born in Stockholm, has now stood tall, Baihua Villa has become the only well-preserved Nobel's former residence today. Since the establishment of 1975, the memorial hall has become a tourist attraction and a Nobel academic activity center. The Nobel Seminar is held here every year, and famous scientists from all over the world gather together to discuss new topics in the field of science and Nobel's academic thought of "benefiting mankind". The memorial hall retains photos of Nobel's activities before his death, patent certificates of various technological inventions, gold medals and wills. Nobel's bedroom furnishings are very simple, with only a few pieces of the most necessary furniture, such as bed, desk and wardrobe, but all kinds of instruments and equipment in his laboratory are dazzling. Nobel183365438+1October 2 1 was born. He won the reputation of "king of explosives" for inventing detonators, nitroglycerin solid explosives and colloidal explosives. 1896 65438+February 10 died. At age 63. According to his will, part of his legacy, equivalent to $9.2 million, was used as a fund to reward scientific workers who benefited mankind. Plus the interest of this fund, there are five kinds of prizes in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace, which are awarded once a year on the day of Nobel's death, called the Nobel Prize.
The Swedish Palace is the place where the king works and holds celebrations, and it is the main tourist attraction in Stockholm. Located in the center of Stockholm. Built in the17th century, it is the work of the famous Swedish architect Trier. The main entrance is divided by two stone lions on both sides, and two guards wearing red tassels and medieval costumes stand with guns, which is very powerful and neat. There are many exquisite reliefs on the four walls of the palace, and there is a big yard in the middle. The palace church and national hall in the south half que and the banquet hall in the north half que kept their original furnishings and were open to the public. In the magnificent hall of the palace, large portraits of kings and queens of past dynasties are hung on the walls, and the dome is decorated with magnetic burial, sculpture and gorgeous paintings. It is said that most of them are German artists from17th century. Some rooms are also equipped with ancient chariot weapons, jewels, gold and silver vessels and mock-ups of medieval knights, who wear spears, bronze helmets and armor. According to the ancient tradition, the Palace Guard held a grand changing ceremony at noon every day, which attracted a large number of tourists.
Historical celebrity: Alfred bernhard Nobel (1833.10.21-1896.12.10), a famous Swedish chemist and inventor of nitroglycerin explosive. Born in Stockholm, Sweden, 1833, he devoted his life to the research of explosives and made great achievements in the research of nitroglycerin. 1896 10 February 10, Nobel died in Italy. One year before his death, he proposed in his will that a part of his legacy (US$ 9.2 million) should be used as a fund, and the interest should be divided into five categories: physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace, and awarded to scholars from all countries who have made great contributions to mankind in these fields. 1900 In June, the Swedish government approved the establishment of the Nobel Foundation, and awarded the Nobel Prize for the first time on the fifth anniversary of Nobel's death the following year, namely 190 1, 12, 10. On the occasion of the 300th anniversary of 1968 CCB, the Swedish Central Bank provided funds to add the Nobel Prize in Economics (the full name is "Nobel Prize in Economics in Memory of Alfred Bernd by the Swedish Central Bank", also known as "Nobel Prize in Economics in Memory"), which was awarded at the same time as the other five prizes of 1969. Nobel Prize >>& gt
Olof Palme (1927.1.30-1986.2.28), late Prime Minister of Sweden. 1927 65438+/kloc-0 was born in Stockholm on October 30th. He studied at Gatina School near Stockholm in his early years and served in military service after graduation. After World War II, he entered Kenyon College in Ohio, USA, and obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree from 65438 to 0948. After returning to China, he entered Stockholm University and 195 1 obtained a bachelor's degree in law. 1950 Join the Social Democratic Party. From 65438 to 0953, he served as special adviser to the Swedish Prime Minister. 1958 elected member. Started working in the government from 1963. 1969 chairman of the social democratic party. 1969 and 1982 served as prime minister twice. 1976 1 1 was elected as the international vice chairman of the socialist party. 1980 In September, he initiated the establishment of the Independent Commission on Disarmament and Security (also known as the Palme Commission) and served as its chairman. 1980165438+10 as the special envoy of the un secretary-general to mediate the Iran-Iraq war. 1986 was assassinated in Stockholm on February 28th.
Diplomacy: Pursuing the foreign policy of "military non-alignment in peacetime so as to remain neutral in the event of war in neighboring areas". Actively participate in international cooperation in neighboring regions, Europe and world affairs. It believes that cooperation is security, and the surrounding areas are its own security foundation. The EU is playing an increasingly important role in OSCE affairs, recognizing NATO's leading position in OSCE affairs and taking its participation in UN affairs as one of the diplomatic cornerstones. June 1994, joined NATO "Partnership for Peace". 1 995 65438+1October1Become a full member of the European Union. Sweden also advocates giving full play to the role of the United Nations and actively promoting relaxation and disarmament. Sweden is a member of the Council of Europe, the Nordic Council and the European Free Trade Association.
Relations with China:1On May 9, 950, Sweden established diplomatic relations with China.
The Kingdom of Sweden is a Nordic country located in Scandinavia. It borders Norway to the west, Finland to the northeast, the Baltic Sea and kattegat. Sweden is vast and sparsely populated, and most of the land is forests and mountains.
According to the research of archaeologists, with the gradual melting of inland snow during the ice age, the surrounding areas of Sweden were inhabited in the Stone Age. They live near the Baltic Sea and mainly make a living by hunting, gathering and fishing.
Traces of trade activities show that in the Bronze Age, the population of southern Sweden was quite dense.
In the 9th century and10th century, Viking culture developed in Sweden, and developed eastward through trade, aggression and colonization, affecting the Baltic Sea, Russia and the Black Sea.
In A.D. 1389, Norway, Denmark and Sweden wore monarchs, but each country still maintained its own national identity, which was called the Kalmar Union in history. Since the15th century, the Swedes have tried their best to resist Denmark's annexation attempt. 152 1 year, Swedish king Gustav Eriksson wasa re-established the imperial power, and Sweden left the alliance and became independent.
/kloc-In the 7th century, Sweden became a European power in the Thirty Years' War (16 18- 1648). 1700- 172 1 After the Great Northern War in, Russia replaced Sweden's position in Europe, and Finland split from Sweden in 1809 and became the Russian Grand Duchy.
Sweden's modern history is relatively calm. The most recent war was 18 14 with Norway. After the war, the two countries formed an alliance led by Sweden and dissolved in 1905. Sweden remained neutral in both world wars. During the cold war, we did not move closer to the two camps. Sweden is not a member of a military organization, but will participate in NATO military training.
190 1 year, the first nobel prize awarding ceremony was held in Stockholm, Sweden. From 65438 to 0902, the Nobel Prize was awarded by the King of Sweden. ..
Sweden remained neutral in World War I and World War II. However, 1995 renounced neutrality and joined the European Union.
In the 20th century, Sweden remained neutral in the international arena, and its homeland was relatively peaceful. Unlike the United States, Sweden has a capitalist system and a perfect welfare security system, which is characterized by "high wages, high taxes and high welfare". In the 1960s and 1990s, Sweden's economy developed rapidly and people's living standards improved greatly.
Sweden, with a population of less than 9 million, is a negligible market from a macroeconomic point of view. This feature determines that foreign trade is particularly important to Sweden. The main natural resources are forests, hydropower and iron ore.
Private enterprises account for 90% of industrial production, of which 50% are export or import projects. Agriculture only accounts for 2% of GDP; Only 2% of the employed population in China is engaged in agricultural production. Due to the government's austerity, 200 1 has a large surplus; However, due to the global economic recession, the surplus in 2002 was sharply reduced by half.
Communication, machinery manufacturing, construction engineering and transportation are important basic industries in Sweden.
There are many internationally famous brands in Sweden, such as Volvo Cars, Saab Cars and Weapons, Ericsson Communications, Electrolux, ABB, Hasselblad Camera, IKEA Furniture and H& etc. M clothes and so on. According to the proportion of population, Sweden has the largest number of multinational companies in the world.
Sweden has 2 1 administrative regions. Local administrative agencies are appointed by the government. There is a district Council in the administrative area, and its members are representatives of the city. Administrative districts consist of cities. In 2002, there were 289 cities in China.
Sweden has a high life expectancy and a low birth rate. After World War II, a large number of immigrants poured in, contrary to before the war. At present,/kloc-0.2% of the population in China was not born in Sweden, and one fifth of the population is immigrants or descendants of immigrants. Most immigrants come from Finland, the former Yugoslavia, Iran, Norway, Denmark and Poland, which reflects the phenomenon of large population mobility, early labor migration and late refugee tide in Northern Europe.
The earliest immigrants were Finns. About 70,000 Finnish children were exiled to Sweden during World War II, and15,000 of them lived in Sweden after the war. 1950-60 years, Finland's economy was in trouble after the war, and a large number of Finnish unemployed people went to Sweden, where the economy took off. At its peak, there were 400,000 Finns in Sweden. 1973 during the energy crisis, the number of unemployed people in Sweden increased, and Finland benefited from trade with its neighboring Soviet Union, and the number of returnees gradually decreased to 200,000.
Swedish belongs to Germanic language family, which is related to Danish and Norwegian, but its pronunciation and writing are different. English is the most common second language, especially for people under 50. Swedish is undoubtedly the most common language, so the official language seems to be an unnecessary political issue.
Switzerland
English: Swiss Confederation
English: Swiss Confederation
German: schweizerische eidgenossenschaft
French: Swiss Confederation
Italian: Confederacy
Area: 4 1.285 km2, accounting for 3.7% of the water area, ranking 132.
National flag: square. This flag is red with a white cross in the middle. There are different opinions about the origin of Swiss flag patterns, among which four are more representative. By 1848, Switzerland had formulated a new federal constitution, which officially stipulated the red and white cross flag as the Swiss federal flag. White symbolizes peace, justice and light, and red symbolizes the victory, happiness and enthusiasm of the people; The whole design of the national flag symbolizes national unity. This national flag was revised in 1889, changing the original red and white cross rectangle into a square, symbolizing the fair and neutral policy adopted by the country in diplomacy.
National emblem: It's a coat of arms. The pattern and color are the same as the national flag.
National flower: edelweiss
National stone: small crystal
Currency: Swiss currency is Swiss franc, which is an international hard currency. 1 Swiss franc = 100 centimes. There are seven denominations of Swiss currency: 10, 20,50, 100, 200,500, 1000 Swiss francs (CHF) and seven denominations of coins: 5 10/0,20,50 cm, 6544. The exchange rate of US dollar against Swiss franc was 1: 1.69 in 2000, 1: 1.69 in 2006 and 1.56 in 2002.
Time difference: Swiss time is 7 hours slower than China and 6 hours slower than China in summer, because daylight saving time is adopted from March to the end of September every year. The skiing season is from mid-February to late May.
Relations with China:1September 195014th, China established diplomatic relations with Switzerland.
Population: 7,258,800 (200 1), of which 79.8% are Swiss nationals and 20.2% are foreigners.
-population density 176/km? Ranked 92 nd.
Language: Switzerland uses four languages: German, French, Italian and Latin. Among them, the German-speaking population accounts for 63.9%, mainly distributed in the northern region; French-speaking population accounts for 19.5%, in the western region; Italian-speaking population accounts for 6.6%, in the southern region; Latin Romance-speaking population accounts for 0.5%, in a few areas in the east; 9.5% of the population speaks other languages. The first three languages are official languages and are adopted by official federal documents. English is also widely used.
Religious belief: Swiss residents mainly believe in Catholicism and Christianity, among which Catholicism accounts for 44. 1% of the total religious population and Christians account for 36.6%. In addition, Muslims account for about 4.5%, others account for 3. 1%, and those without religion account for 1 1.7%.
Geography: Switzerland is a mountainous landlocked country, located in south-central Europe. It borders Austria and Liechtenstein in the east, Italy in the south, France in the west and Germany in the north. Its territory starts from Schawartz Peak in Dengzhou, Grauben, east longitude 10 29' 26 ",reaches Shangxi Town in Geneva in the west, with the southernmost point at 45 49' 8" north latitude, close to chiasso in Ticino, and the northernmost point at 47 48' 35 "north latitude. This is Baldin in Schaffhausen. It is 220. 1km long from north to south and 348.4km long from east to west. The whole territory is divided into three natural terrain areas: the Alps in the south-central part (accounting for 60% of the total area), the Jura Mountains in the northwest (accounting for 65,438+00%) and the Central Plateau (accounting for 30%). The average elevation is about1.350m, with the highest point being dufour Peak (4634m above sea level) and the lowest point being Lake mazur in Ticino (1.93m above sea level). Switzerland is a mountainous country with beautiful scenery. Its forest area is 12523 square kilometers, accounting for 30.3% of the national area. If you add the area of agriculture and green space (10 166 square kilometers, accounting for 24.6% of the national area), more than half of the country's land is covered by green space. Switzerland is the birthplace of the three major rivers in continental Europe and is known as the "European Water Tower". The main rivers are: Rhine River (375km in Switzerland, the largest river in Switzerland), Aer River (295km in Switzerland, the longest inland river in Switzerland) and Rhone River (264km in Switzerland, the second largest inland river in Switzerland). There are 1 4,84 lakes, the largest of which is Lake Lemmon (also known as Lake Geneva), with an area of 582 square kilometers and the deepest point of 3 10 meter. Others are: Lake Constance, Lake New chartres, Lake Marjory, Lake Sizhou and Lake Zurich. The area of rivers and lakes in Switzerland is 1726 square kilometers, accounting for 4.2% of the total area of Switzerland. Switzerland is located in the north temperate zone. Although the area is small, the climate varies greatly from place to place. The Alps extend from east to west, forming the dividing line of Swiss climate. The northern Alps are alternately influenced by the mild and humid maritime climate in western Europe and the continental climate in eastern Europe, with Leng Xia fever in winter and great changes; South of the Alps belongs to the Mediterranean climate, and the climate is pleasant all year round. The annual rainfall in Switzerland is 1500mm, but it is unevenly distributed. The average annual temperature is 8.6 degrees Celsius. In cities, the summer temperature can reach 86 degrees Fahrenheit (30 degrees Celsius), and the air humidity is suitable; In winter, the temperature is often below 32 degrees Fahrenheit (0 degrees Celsius), and sometimes it snows and freezes.
Capital: population of Bern 122500.
Bern: Bern is located in the west of Switzerland. The Federal Constitution 1848 is the capital of Switzerland, also known as the "federal city", and the capital of bern state. It covers an area of more than 230 square kilometers (including suburbs), with an urban population of 1.24 million and an altitude of 550 meters. It is located at a natural bend of the Allen River, a tributary of the Rhine River. The swift river surrounds the old town of Bern from three sides, forming a peninsula. Legend has it that in order to name the city, the then ruler Duke Zalingen decided to go hunting and named the city after the first wild animal he caught. As a result, he killed a bear, so he named the city after the word "bear" The name Bern comes from the German word "bear", which is pronounced as "Bayer" in German and then gradually changed to "Bern". "Bear" naturally became the emblem of Bern, and then became the symbol of bern state. Some ancient buildings in Bern still have sculptures of bears. There is also a bear park near the Niederger Bridge on the east bank of the Aer River, where some bears are fed for tourists to watch.
Bern was founded in the12nd century, and it has a history of 800 years since it was built in the18th century. Some of the original wooden buildings in the old town of Bern were destroyed in many fires in the Middle Ages, and later they were rebuilt with stone structures, and they are still intact: the carriage road paved with gravel, the long arches connected with each other on both sides of the street, the ancient houses with red tiles and white walls, the colorful columns of the fountain with allusions in the center of the street, the bell tower in the 142 1 century and the late Gothic cathedral, which make the main streets now designated as pedestrian areas. The ancient city of Bern is listed as a world famous cultural city by UNESCO.
Switzerland had no fixed capital for a long time in the past. 1On October 28th, Bern was designated as the federal capital of Switzerland and became the seat of the federal government and the national political and diplomatic center. The copper-green federal building of the federal government and the federal parliament, located on the north bank of the Aer River, is a group of large-scale palace-style buildings made of granite, which was built in 1852- 1857. The left and right wings of the building are the office buildings of the federal ministries, and under the middle dome are the conference halls of the two houses of the federal parliament. The building 1894- 1902 was expanded, and 1993 was renovated again, adding electronic voting devices.
Due to public opposition to noise and terrain, Bern has not built a large airport, but only a small airport with flights to major cities in Western Europe. Bern has expressways leading to all parts of the country and is also one of the national railway hubs.
After World War II, Bern's machinery, instruments, electrical appliances, pharmaceuticals, textiles, food, construction, printing and other industries have developed year by year, but they are all small and medium-sized enterprises, which do not occupy an important position in the Swiss economy. Bern is mainly an administrative and financial center as well as a cultural and tourist city. The University of Bern is one of the oldest universities in this city, which was founded in 1834 and is famous for studying cosmic rays. In addition, there are many different types of museums, such as history, natural history, art and weapons. Bern is also home to the Universal Postal Union and the General Administration of International Railway Transport.
Historically, many revolutionary activists lived in Bern. Engels went to Bern in the autumn of 1848 to guide the Swiss workers' movement. Lenin also stopped at Zimmerwald and Kuntar near Bern from September 19 14 to early 19 16, and wrote many articles exposing the second international opportunist traitor. Einstein, a famous physicist, studied physics in his spare time while working in the Berne Federal Patent Office, and published Berne's proud masterpiece Relativity, which still retains Einstein's residence (now it has been turned into a museum).
Other major cities in Switzerland
Zurich: Zurich is the capital of zurich state, located on the north bank of Lake Zurich. 1At the end of 1997, the urban population was 338,000, of which foreigners accounted for 27.9%. It is the largest city in Switzerland with a history of 2000 years. It is not only the largest financial and commercial center in China, but also an important cultural city in Switzerland, with the transportation and service industries ranking first in China.
Zurich is an important international financial center and one of the gold markets. There are more than 350 banks and bank branches here, including nearly 70 foreign banks. The prestigious Zurich Stock Exchange was established at 1876, with the highest turnover in Western Europe, and 70% of securities transactions were conducted here at the peak. Swiss Stock Exchange is the only exchange in the world with fully automatic trading and clearing system. Its advanced equipment and high-quality talents provide investors with quality services. Zurich's gold market is more famous. In recent years, its position in the gold market has declined, and it became the second largest gold market in the world after London in the 1960s.
Zurich is located in the traffic artery, and the industry and commerce in the city and its surrounding areas have been prosperous for a long time, especially the silk industry has developed rapidly. Now there are mainly machinery manufacturing, construction, textiles, chemicals, electronics, printing and food processing. Railway Station Street on the west side of Lima River in downtown is the most prosperous commercial street in the city, with hundreds of banks and many high-end shops, including jewelry, watches, furs, high-end clothes, cultural relics and antiques.
Zurich is the hub of domestic and international transportation in Switzerland, with expressways extending in all directions. China's largest railway station and airport are located here, with more than 700 trains passing in and out every day. The airport has tens of millions of passengers every year. Swissair and China Civil Aviation have several flights between Zurich, Beijing and Shanghai every week.
Zurich is also one of the cultural, educational and scientific research centers in Switzerland. The "Fulao" church on the bank of Zurich Lake was built in 853 AD, which is a typical Romanesque building. church