Zu Dashou sent someone to break through and ask the Ming court for help. Emperor Chongzhen got the news and ordered Hong Chengchou, governor of Hebei and Liao, to lead Wang Pu, Yang, Tang Tong, Ji Zhen, Bai Guangen, Cao Bianjiao, Shanhaiguan, Wu Sangui, eight company commanders and below, and 400,000 horses. On July 28th, the Ming army arrived in Songshan. In the Ming dynasty, the elite of the whole country gathered in a corner of western Liaoning to solve the problem of Jinzhou, protect the defense line of Guanjin, defend Shanhaiguan and Beijing. Hong Chengchou's reinforcements joined forces with the Qing army of Huang Taiji in Songshan, where fierce fighting broke out. During the Qing Dynasty's devotion to Germany, the most splendid and important scene of the struggle between Ming and Qing Dynasties in western Liaoning was the Jin Song War. The two commanders of this war-one is Hong Chengchou, the minister of war of the Ming Dynasty and the military affairs governor of Hebei and Liaoning; The other is Huang Taiji, Emperor Chongde of the Qing Dynasty.
Huang taiji (1592 ~ 1643) began to go to war at the age of 20. Almost 30 years, it can be said that he has been through many battles.
Hong Chengchou (1593 ~ 1665), a native of Nan 'an, Fujian, was a Wanli scholar. He is one year younger than Huang taiji. In the twelfth year of Chongzhen, that is, in the first month of the fourth year of Chongde (1639), the peasant army on the western line was frustrated for a while and turned into a low tide. The Ming court transferred Hong Chengchou, the trilateral governor who actively fought against the peasant army, to the Commissioner's office, and also served as the governor of Jiliao military affairs, and increased his salary to strengthen the military strength of the Commissioner's office.
There were two main battlefields in the late Ming dynasty: one was in the northwest, mainly the peasant army; One is in the northeast, mainly in the late Qing Dynasty. Emperor Chongzhen only pressed the gourd in the northwest battlefield and floated it in the northeast battlefield. At this time, the northeast battlefield: in the north, Huang Taiji unified all the departments of the Heilongjiang River Basin and the vast areas where they were active, expanded the source of troops, financial potential and territory, and relieved the worries; On the coastal side, Huang taiji captured the towns of southern Liaoning, such as Lushun, and broke through the maritime defense line of the Ming army, posing a threat to Beijing, Tianjin and boarding from the sea; In the East Wing, Huang Taiji sent troops to North Korea twice, which finally brought North Korea into submission, thus cutting off the right arm of the Ming Dynasty. Huang Taiji in the West Wing invaded Mongolia, defeated Chahar Department, unified Monan Mongolia and made it a vassal, thus cutting off the left arm of the Ming Dynasty. In the Central Plains, Huang Taiji continuously broke through the Great Wall, even captured Jinan, and won a major military victory. Commissioner as mentioned above, Huang Taiji destroyed Daling River City and initially forced Zu Dashou to surrender. Zu Dashou fled from Daling River City to Jinzhou City. It turned out that the arc encirclement of the Ming Dynasty from the late Jin Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty was reversed, and it became the arc encirclement of the Ming Dynasty from the late Jin Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty. The direction of Huang Taiji's transfer of troops was directed at Jinzhou City, the forefront of Guanning-Jin defense line in western Liaoning in the Ming Dynasty, and surrounded Jinzhou City tightly.
Hong Chengchou Zhongjinshi Wanli forty-four years (16 16), it was in this year that Nurhachi called me in yellow clothes and established the post-Jin Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty was attacked by two forces, the Eight Banners Army and the Peasant Army. Hong Chengchou was not reused in Wanli, Taichang and Apocalypse Dynasties. At the beginning of Chongzhen, the peasant army in northern Shaanxi sprang up, and Emperor Chongzhen appointed Hong Chengchou as the governor of Yansui and the governor of Shaanxi Trilateral. Hong Chengchou led the army to fight and won many times. Emperor Chongzhen added Hong Chengchou as the minister of war, and also supervised the military affairs of Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan and Huguang. Hong Chengchou led the army to defeat Gao Yingxiang, known as the "King of Breakthrough", and later captured Gao Yingxiang. Li Zicheng, Gao Yingxiang's subordinate, was later known as "King Chuang". "King Chuang" Li Zicheng led his troops into Sichuan, and Hong Chengchou led the troops to win many battles. Li Zicheng also arrived in Tongguan, and Hong Chengchou sent Cao Bianjiao to ambush and invite him to attack. Li Zicheng was defeated, and only 18 rode Shangluo. This year is the eleventh year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty, that is, the third year of Chongde in Qing Dynasty (1638). Hong Chengchou, a literary talent and martial arts, has repeatedly made meritorious military service and won the appreciation of the Ministry of War and Emperor Chongzhen. At this time, Levin, Yuan Yingtai, Xiong Tingbi, Sun Chengzong and Yuan Chonghuan, as well as Zhang Chengyin, Juniper, Liu Ge, Mangui, Zhao Lvjiao, Wang Xuan, Zhao Menglin and Marin, the generals of the Ming Dynasty in Liaodong, died one after another, and Hong Chengchou became the best military commander of the Ming Dynasty at that time. Huang taiji understood from his previous failures that Guan Ningjin's defense line should not be stormed, but should be outwitted-surrounded, ambushed, aided and attacked. To this end, Huang Taiji made three arrangements:
The first step is to station troops in Yizhou. Yizhou is 90 miles away from Jinzhou. Huang Taiji sent troops to cultivate land, grow food and solve logistics supply.
The second step is to besiege Jinzhou. Still using the method of surrounding Daling River City in those days, surrounded on all sides and isolated from the inside and outside. 18 Songshan City is in the southeast of Jinzhou, Xingshan City is 30 miles southwest of Songshan City, and Tashan City is about 20 miles southwest of Xingshan City. These three cities guard Jinzhou city. Behind it, the southwest of 120 is Ningyuan City, which is the backing of Jinzhou City. Jinzhou was besieged, the salary was scarce, foreign aid was cut off, and Yu Shu was in an emergency.
The third step is to attack the city and win help. Jinzhou city is surrounded, and it is impossible to break through. The Ming dynasty will definitely send troops to rescue. The corridor in western Liaoning is flat, and the Eight Banners cavalry has advantages, so they can seize the opportunity to annihilate the Ming army. Emperor Chongzhen sent Hong Chengchou to reinforce, just in the plan of Huang Taiji's siege of Dayuan. Hong Chengchou's three predecessors all died in defeat: Salhu and Yang Hao were imprisoned and killed; Yuan Yingtai, commander-in-chief of the Shen-Liao War, committed suicide after the defeat; Xiong Tingbi's biography of Quang Ninh War begins with nine faces. What will Hong Chengchou do after accepting the task of clearing Jinzhou? As I said before, why did Levin fail? Sum it up in one word: points. The soldiers were divided into four roads, east, west, north and south, and they were divided into two roads, which were not combined; Nurhachi concentrated his forces and divided them. As a result, Levin was defeated. This lesson is too profound for Hong Chengchou. Therefore, Hong Chengchou did not dare to be aggressive, so he took a measure: unite the 6,543.8+3,000 troops into a regiment so that Huang Taiji could not be defeated one by one.
Starting from Ningyuan, Hong Chengchou led the army and adopted the strategy of "establishing a filing system, step by step, advancing while fighting, and clearing Jinzhou". However, the Hong Chengchou army has been slow to move, and it has been six months since it was ordered to start; It is about 100 miles from Ningyuan to Songshan, and it was delayed for another four months. After Hong Chengchou's soldiers arrived at Songshan, they camped out and marched forward. At first, there were several small-scale contacts between the two armies, and the Ming army won. Hong Chengchou is also very proud, but he is still cautious and not aggressive.
The Qing army lost in the first battle and the military newspaper spread to Shenyang. Huang taiji is ill and his nose is bleeding. After receiving the military news, set out immediately, followed by a nosebleed with a bowl, riding fast and rushing to the front overnight! After Huang Taiji arrived in Songshan, he climbed up the mountain to inspect the situation without rest. He saw that before and after the mass rally of the Ming army, the team was quite weak. He suddenly realized: "There is a right in front of this array, and there is no defense behind it. Can be broken! "
"Force" is a military term. "There is a front force but no rear force" means to emphasize the front and weaken the defense behind. In layman's terms, it is called "anticlimactic". This is because Hong Chengchou should concentrate its forces and push forward step by step. He thought that the late Jin army would help in the front, so he focused on the front. For an excellent military commander to command such an important battle, the central army and the front forces should be strong, but the rear defense should not be weak. Pay equal attention to the left and right, and deploy in the front, back, left, right and middle. Hong Chengchou accepted the lesson of Levin's failure, and it was his advantage not to divide troops and deploy positive forces, but he didn't realize that his weakness was his weakness. People win with their strengths and lose with their weaknesses. During the Three Kingdoms period, Guan Yu was kind to the foot soldiers and arrogant to the scholar-officials, but he was triumphant and defeated. Zhang Fei was kind to the scholar-officials and whipped the soldiers, but he was killed by his subordinates. It is normal for the reflection to comment that "taking the short for the long, taking defeat as the victory". Hong Chengchou's strength is obvious, that is, it does not divide its troops, and the front forces are well arranged, but the rear defense is the weak link.
Huang taiji called a meeting of Baylor, the kings, and set countermeasures:
First, surround the main force. The Ming army set up the 7th Infantry Battalion between the north of Songshan Mountain and Feng Rushan, and the cavalry was stationed in the east, west and north of Songshan Mountain, with a number of130,000, which was neatly deployed. Therefore, Huang Taiji deployed his main force between Songshan Mountain and Xingshan Mountain, from Nanshan Mountain of Wu Xinhe River to the seaside, and "crossed the river to stay in the camp". Three trenches were dug between Jinzhou and the sea, each eight feet deep and more than ten feet wide, to surround Songshan Ming army and cut off the connection between Songshan and Xingshan.
Second, the striker hits the aid. Huang taiji's operational deployment is: fighting for aid around the gold-shifting the troops originally besieging Jinzhou to the key attack on Jin Mingjun. This changed from the encirclement and suppression of the Qing army by the Ming army in Songshan and Jinzhou to the anti-encirclement and suppression of the Qing army by the Ming army, that is, the 1.3 million army led by Hong Chengchou was surrounded in Songshan area, which isolated Jinzhou, Songshan and Ningyuan from each other and made it impossible to help each other. The Qing army changed from passive to active.
Third, cut off the enemy's route for providing foodstuff. Hong Chengchou commanded130,000 troops, and the grain route was cut off by the Qing army. This caused panic in the Ming army.
Fourth, retreat from the ambush. Send elite troops to ambush in Xingshan, Lianshan, Tashan and other coastal arteries. Especially in Gao Qiao, the only way for the Ming army to retreat to Ningyuan, an ambush was preset to wait for the enemy to retreat.
Hong Chengchou led 1 300,000 troops to camp around Songshan, trying to bypass Jinzhou, but there was no room for maneuver-he cut off contact with Xingshan, Tashan and Ningyuan in the rear. Observing Hong Chengchou's appearance, Huang Taiji decided to dig a long trench and cut off the grain transportation route, thus putting him in a desperate situation.
Hong Chengchou immediately convened a military meeting in view of Huang Taiji's operational deployment. Hong Chengchou did not adopt Ma's suggestions of "taking advantage of his sharp weapon" and "preventing him from copying me". He also said: "I am a twelve-year-old inspector. If I were a scholar, how would I know! " (Chongzhen Record-IV) That is to say, I have been a supervisor for 12 years. What do you scholars know!
Hong Chengchou was terrified when he saw the Qing army "encamped around Songshan Mountain". If you want to fight, you will be powerless; If you want to keep it, you will have no food. Then take advantage of the fishermen "("A Record of Emperor Taizong of Qing Dynasty ",Volume 57). That night, Hong Chengchou and others wanted to shrink their forces, trying to rally their forces and break through the tight encirclement.
In the sixth year of Chongde, that is, in the fourteenth year of Chongzhen (164 1), on August 20th, the Ming and Qing armies fought in array. After a long battle, the arrow is on the string, the gun is on the string, killing and killing, and the outcome is not divided. Huang taiji first sent Prince Azig to attack Tashan and seized the 12 heap of grain stored by the Ming army in Bijiashan. At that time, the Ming army was robbed of grain and grass, and its retreat was cut off. Because there is no food, I am very frustrated and poor. Hong Chengchou was worried about the split between the Ming army and cavalry, so he rode tens of thousands of people and retreated to Songshan City.
On 2 1 day, Hong Chengchou saw the grim situation and held a meeting to seek countermeasures. He said to the eighth company commander and other generals: "When you are fighting for the headquarters, you should confront it. I played with a drum, and I won! " ("Chronology of the Late Ming Dynasty, Addendum", Volume 5) But the generals have different opinions. Hong Chengchou also said to the generals, "If the rules are dead, you will die if you don't fight. If you fight, you may be lucky. You are determined to put all your eggs in one basket. I hope you can do your best tomorrow. " (Tan Qian's "Guo Que" (Volume 97) Faced with a strong enemy and lack of food, the Ming army advocated "going back to Ningyuan for dinner" in order to fight again. So, Hong Chengchou gave up his plan to understand the siege of Jinzhou, and decided to split up and break through in the middle of the night.
That night, Wang Pu, the company commander of the Ming Dynasty, was "afraid". Before the agreed breakthrough time, he led the troops to escape first, which led to the chaos of the Ming army. Tang Tong, Kyle, Wu Sangui, Bai Guangen and Li Fuming. Race each other and trample on each other. Bows and armor are everywhere, and bodies are everywhere. Hong Chengchou and others failed to break through and retreated to Songshan City. The Ming army that rushed out was intercepted and suffered heavy casualties. Company commanders Wu Sangui and Wang Pu fled into Xingshan; General Military Forces Brother and Li Fuming rushed into Tashan. When Wu Sangui and Wang Pu fled along the coast, the Qing army intercepted them head-on. Tens of thousands of Ming troops, the sea in the east, pursuers followed, armor everywhere, routed, "the dead to the sea, can not be defeated" ("Records of Emperor Taizong of Qing Dynasty", volume 57). At that time, it was catching up with the high tide and the whole army was wiped out. Only over 200 people escaped. Songshan was defeated, only Bai Guangen, Cao Bianjiao and Wang San, together with Hong Chengchou and more than 10,000 survivors, * * * defended Songshan City.
On 24th, Huang Taiji ordered an ambush on Gao Qiao Road. Wu Sangui, Wang Pu, etc. Those who fled into Xingshan City fled with the remnants and fled to Ningyuan. Chased by the Qing army, defeated by Gao Qiao. Wu Sangui and Wang Pu just hit the budget of Huang Taiji-many people in the Qing army were ambushed, blocking the road in front and retreating behind. Wu Sangui and Wang popularized all the foot soldiers at a loss, and the ambush attacked together and fled in all directions. Wu Sangui and Wang Pu fled back to Ningyuan. Wang pu was imprisoned and killed.
There was a fierce battle in Songshan, which lasted for ten days. The Ming army was defeated and the Qing army won. The Ming army killed 53,783 people, lost 7,444 horses, 66 camel peaks and 9,346 pairs of armor. In addition, "tens of thousands of dead people went into the sea and floated on the water, like riding a tidal goose, following the waves" (Gao Shiqi's Journey to the East). Tens of thousands of dead people, horses and armor were thrown into the sea by the Ming army.
Later, Huang taiji invaded Songshan on a large scale, and he was determined to break the city and escape from the governor. In Songshan city, there is a lack of food and salary: "rice is limited, and guests and friends gather for food. After March, I am afraid that I will be exhausted. " The Ministry of War of the Ming Dynasty believed that there were 20,000 foot soldiers in Songshan City, so we should stick to the time and not stay long-"starve or kill".
Songshan was besieged, foreign aid was cut off, and the situation was critical. The Ming side reported: "There is no food and grass inside, no reinforcements outside, and the court is in danger!" (Historical Materials of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Volume IV) Cao Bianjiao, the company commander, was a famous Ming Dynasty soldier. He once fought thousands of miles and couldn't understand his armor for 27 days and nights. In September, Hong Chengchou, Cao Bianjiao and others led the infantry in the city desperately, but failed to break through. /kloc-in 0/2 months, Hong Chengchou took 6,000 soldiers and attacked the Qing army camp at night. The Qing army fought back and killed more than 400 people. The Ming army retreated into the city and closed the gate. Shanhaiguan reinforcements, even in Ningyuan, huddled in the city, afraid to move forward. Hong Chengchou "wants to fight, but he is exhausted; if he wants to escape, he dare not form a team" (Volume III of Jiang Donghua Record). Songshan Ming army, trapped in the city.
At the beginning of the fifteenth year of Chongzhen in the seventh year of Chongde (1642), there were 20,000 foot soldiers in Songshan City, and the soldiers and civilians were hungry and cold, "the whole city was exhausted" (Xia Xie's Tong Ming Jian, volume 88). Hong Chengchou sent for help, but didn't get a grain of rice. There is a serious shortage of food in the city. Horses are killed to satisfy their hunger, and then people eat each other. The imperial court first sent Governor Yang of Shuntian to save Chengchou, but the soldiers were afraid to fight. He also sent his lieutenant, Jiao Cong, to help him out of Shanhaiguan, and suffered a heavy defeat. Lieutenant Yang Zhen invited him to go, Lu Hongshan fell, and the army was not captured. The Qing army ordered Yang Zhen to surrender to Songshan. As he approached Songshan City, Yang Zhen sat in the south and said to Lu Li, an official, "Tell the people in the city to hold on, and reinforcements will arrive today!" Later, both Yang Zhen and Lu Li were killed. When "Songshan City, the embarrassing (qiǔ) food is exhausted, people eat each other" ("Records of the Qing Emperor Taizong", volume 60).
Xia Chengde, deputy commander of Songshan, unwilling to die, sent someone to make a secret appointment and promised to be an inside job. On the night of February 18, at the request of the Qing army, they attacked the city and pulled out the village, climbed the stairs from the south wall, and Songshan City fell. The next morning, Xia Chengde led the troops to catch Hong Chengchou, the prefect Qiu, the company commander, Cao Bianjiao and Zu Dale. So the whole city was searched and killed, and officials such as commander Qiu and company commander Cao Bianjue and Wang were all killed, with 3,063 soldiers. Xia Chengde's men captured 3 1 13 naive men and women and were allowed to avoid death. The Qing army obtained armor ordnance 15267 pieces, various firearms 3273 pieces, gold and silver jewelry 65438 pieces +05000 pieces, silk and satin clothes 15900 pieces. Huang Taiji ordered Hong Chengchou and Zudale to be taken to Shenyang, and Songshan City was razed to the ground.
After capturing Songshan City, the Qing army concentrated on capturing Jinzhou City. Jinzhou city has no food at this time, but eats people. Zu Dashou had no choice but to shave his head and surrender. This is the second time that Zu Dashou has been cleared.
After World War I, there was only an isolated city in Ningyuan in the Ming Dynasty, and the iron hoof of the Eight Banners in the Qing Dynasty was getting closer and closer to Shanhaiguan.