1. color: beautiful color is the first requirement. At present, the most pleasing color is bright green (green tender). Although the top grade color is dark green, it is too dark and makes people feel too dull. Therefore, the top grade dark green is not as high as bright green in price. Second, transparency: high transparency has a great influence on the value of jade. Transparent jade gives people a cool feeling, while opaque jade, no matter how green and tender the color, gives people a dull feeling and lacks vivid aesthetic feeling. Generally, transparent jade is called "glass seed", translucent jade is called "ice seed" or "Guanyin seed", and opaque jade is called "hibiscus seed" or "taro seed". Third, uniformity: the uniformity of color is directly proportional to the numerical value. The price difference between the whole piece of green jade and only some green jade is several figures; The distribution position of color also has a great relationship. A little green in the conspicuous place is naturally more pleasing to the eye than the green distributed on the edge. Shape: Jade is not valued by weight like other precious stones. The value of jade mainly lies in its shape, size and thickness. The bigger and thicker the jade, the more valuable it is. On the contrary, the price of small and thin jadeite will be worse. In addition, its shape is also very important, because most people in China buy jade with the psychology of seeking good fortune and avoiding evil. If the appearance of jade has the shape of a badge, such as fish (more than one year), peach (longevity), coin (making money into treasure) and so on. Will attract buyers and sellers more than ordinary flowers and plants. 5. Knock: This is a special way to choose jade bracelets. When the jade is good, the sound is crisp. If the jade itself has flaws, such as cracks, cavities or local deterioration, the sound will be different. That kind of feeling is like beating defeat, and the sound becomes a "click" sound. 6. Photo: When you pick up the jade and look at it in bright light, you can see the color and flaws of the jade at a glance. Sometimes jade that looks perfect on the surface is found to be flawed. In addition, you can also see the color distribution through the action of taking pictures, and distinguish whether it is natural color through illumination. At the same time, synthetic jade (fake jade) can't escape the checkpoint of "taking pictures". It's just that the skill of "taking pictures" needs experienced people to be mature enough, and ordinary people may not see why. 7. Price: This is a very simple way to distinguish. As the saying goes, "value for money", especially in the jewelry industry. There is absolutely no such thing as buying good goods cheaply. Usually, cheap goods are mostly fakes. So when we buy and sell, we can infer from the price that good jade can't be sold at a low price. So when we saw a beautiful jade and asked about the price, we found it was very cheap. The first reaction is that there is something wrong. How to distinguish the quality of jadeite from its appearance? First, because the glass is very brittle and hard, its structure is loosely arranged, and it lacks the density and toughness of jade, so it can't stand strong and high-speed rotary carving. Therefore, high relief and round carving generally cannot be processed on glass. Second, use a magnifying glass to find bubbles, even if you can only see one, it is glass. Thirdly, chromium oxide is added into the glass, and the color is close to ruby; Adding cobalt oxide, the color is close to sapphire; Adding chromium oxide and copper oxide, the color is close to emerald. There are many colors. However, its color tone is always relatively thin, lacking the oily and rich feeling of natural jade color. The more difficult varieties are mainly fake jade made of polymer materials. Its color can be adjusted at will, and it is difficult to find bubbles under a magnifying glass. It is said that the original appearance can be displayed on the infrared spectrometer, but the key to visual inspection is to see whether there are natural stone lines on the surface of the instrument, in addition to the general unrealistic destructive inspection, cracking to find the stone section, burning to see its reaction. After all, manual processing is unnatural and will be exposed under a magnifying glass. ● Identification, including new jade and old jade. The identification of new jade focuses on the authenticity of the variety, the quality of the texture and the fineness of the sculptor. Some technical contents have been talked about before. However, the identification of Lao Yu is unusual. In addition to several basic requirements, new jade also needs to know the production age and historical value of jade. The confirmation of the historical value of jade is based on a clear era. Familiar with the common shapes, characteristic crafts and popular colors of jade in different times. Then refer to the papers on the characteristics of jade in a certain era, and get in touch with each other, and your jade dating level will be rationally improved. At this time, you should contact the real thing as much as possible and correct the parallax between the picture and the real thing in the book. In addition, the judgment of the times allows a certain span on some jade articles. Because jade tools are precious and not perishable, as a family heirloom, early jade appeared in tombs hundreds of years later, and there are many precedents. The late period of the last era and the early period of the next era are not completely unified in style. Jade has no date, and subtle differences are normal. Hand-carved, beautifully carved, smooth to the touch, perfect in jade quality, moist and oily, delicate and meticulous, full of aura, flawless and seamless, exquisite in carving and exquisite in conception ● Jade is good if it is not easy to transfer heat in your hand at a low temperature. Those who have the above three points are all good jade, and none of them is the opposite. It is true that how to distinguish the quality of jadeite mainly depends on the transparency of crystal. Listen, Zhen Yu's voice is crisp, but her voice is dull; In the test, the real jade scratched the glass, but the jade itself was intact. Common fake jade includes plastic, stained glass, marble, electrochromic fake jade made of jade powder and crystal with salt water, imitation jade containing nitrate, etc. And their identification methods are different. Plastic is lighter than jade, and its hardness is poor, so it is generally easy to identify. It's easy to distinguish between painting and getting off work. As long as you take it under the light or check it in the sun, you will see many bubbles in the glass. It is difficult to distinguish fake jade by electric color. Its purpose is to electroplate inferior jade and then coat it with a beautiful emerald appearance, so it is easy to mistake it for real jade. At this time, you need to observe carefully. If there are some small cracks with blue in the green, it is fake jade. Because electroplating will leave cracks, experts call it "spider claws". It is also said that if the electro-colored fake jade is put in hot oil, the electroplating color will fade and return to its original color. Synthetic jade made of jade powder, crystal and salt water is an imitation dark old pit jade. The identification method is simple, that is, their specific gravity is different. The specific gravity of natural jade is 3.3-3.4, while that of synthetic jade is only 2.8. Weigh by hand, or use a balance to distinguish between true and false. Jade imitated with nitrate looks whiter and smoother than jade. The ancients said, "Jade is better than salt, so it must be high." That is, white jade should be as advanced as nitrate. It can be seen that nitrate and jade are difficult to distinguish. However, the facts are different after all. As far as color is concerned, white jade is often blue, and white is rare, while nitrate is pure white. As far as jade is concerned, jade is moist and delicate, as fat as cream. Nitrate is wet, but there are thieves in it. White jade is a natural product, and it is difficult to have a unified structure, including jade ribs and jade flowers. If nitrates are manufactured artificially, there is no such appearance. White jade has a solid texture and no bubbles can be found. No matter how well nitrate is treated, bubbles and pores are often exposed. If you know these items, you won't regard nitrate products as jade articles. Appreciating jadeite: Appreciating jadeite should pay attention to color and germplasm, which can be subdivided into color, transparency, clarity, cutting and cracking, generally starting with its color. Color is the most important factor affecting the value of jadeite. The color of jadeite can be evaluated from the following four areas: to be pure: purity refers to the ratio of primary color to secondary color of jadeite. Take green jadeite as an example, pure green is the best, followed by yellow or blue, and gray is the worst. Appropriate shade: when it comes to the depth of color, of course, the thicker the better. But if the color is too thick, it will have the opposite effect and reduce the quality of jade. Be bright: the brighter the color of jade, the more attractive it is. The more gray or black it contains, the darker the color. The more uniform the color distribution, the better and the higher the value. Transparency The transparency of jadeite affects the refraction of light, thus affecting the overall aesthetic feeling. When the light enters the transparent and delicate jade, it will reflect beautiful light, which will make people feel the crystal clear of jade and greatly increase its aesthetic feeling. On the contrary, if light meets jadeite with low transparency and rough texture, it will reflect dark light, which will greatly reduce the attractiveness of jadeite. Cleanliness refers to the defects contained in jadeite, mainly white and black, which are caused by other minerals contained in jadeite. Relatively speaking, black defects are more ugly than white ones. The less impurities in jadeite, the better. Cutting jadeite products can be divided into two categories: processing and carving. Because the surface of the bare finished product is not covered, the requirements for raw materials are high. In addition to no cracks, the proportion of cutting work, the thickness of the product and whether it is symmetrical are also very important, which can affect the appearance of the finished jade. For example, the sliced "egg noodles" should not be too thick or too thin, and the position of the "pot" should be in the middle and the proportion should be moderate. The evaluation of flowers mainly measures their aesthetic feeling and the fineness of carving. Usually, jadeite with cracks will be carved to cover up its defects. Cracks will greatly reduce the value of jadeite. If there is a crack in the jadeite jewelry, it may crack along the crack if it is slightly collided. Therefore, you need to be extra careful when buying jade ornaments. Generally speaking, with a flashlight, it is easy to detect the existence of cracks. High-quality jadeite can be sold at a considerable price, but the supply in the market is limited. In order to get better profits, some businessmen do not hesitate to manually treat jadeite. So commodities A, B and C appeared in the market. Artificially processed jadeite C goods C goods refer to artificially colored pseudo-colored jadeite. The method is to infiltrate the dye into the colorless jadeite at high temperature and high pressure, so that all or part of it is dyed into emerald green or purple, but its color will fade and become dim with time. B goods B goods refer to jadeite with surface defects, impurities and yellow parts removed by chemical methods, and only the original green and white elements are retained, and then epoxy resin glue is injected into the jadeite as consolidation, making the whole jadeite look more transparent and colorful. Because the interior of jade has been destroyed in the process of chemical treatment, the structure has become loose, so B goods are prone to cracks on the surface. In addition, if dyes are added during the treatment, it is called B+C goods. Natural jadeite A goods A goods refer to natural jadeite that has not been treated artificially at all. In the long-term practice of jade processing and production, the predecessors of China's jewelry industry have summarized a lot of experience about jade, and expressed these characteristics of jade in the form of concise aphorisms. Remembering these maxims and being able to understand and appreciate their profound connotations will benefit you for life. In fact, any jewelry should not be evaluated under the lamp. This is especially important for jadeite. This is because the color of jadeite, especially the color of jadeite such as flashing gray, flashing blue and oil blue, has a much better visual effect under light than under natural light. Therefore, under the light, we can only look at the cracks, water head length, reflection degree or other characteristics of jadeite. But to investigate and evaluate the green color of jadeite under natural light. The color difference is first-class, and the price difference is ten times. For high-grade jadeite, the price difference is more than ten times. For example, a jade ring of 500,000 yuan and a jade ring of 5 million yuan are first-class in quality, style, size, planting moisture and defects, and the key to the price difference between them lies in the level of green. How to recognize and distinguish the differences between emerald green is extremely important, at least we have seen and experienced it. "Look more and buy less" For the purchase of jadeite original stone, "look more" is a selection process; It is a comparative process; It is also a process of experience accumulation and verification; It is the premise of "buying". "Buy less" does not mean not buying, but reminding you to "look" before buying. "It is better to buy a large piece than to buy a thread." As for the green morphological characteristics in the original jade stone, "a thread with green" and "a large piece with green skin" are two manifestations of the same green form, which is the difference between "a line" and "a piece". The thickness of "line" is known, but the depth is unknown; The area of the "sheet" is known, but the thickness is unknown. The key to the motto is to remind people not to be confused by the green "more" and "less" on the surface of jadeite, but to recognize the essence of green "standing" and "lying". So, I don't really buy a large piece of green jade, but I remind you not to expect too much from the thickness of green. There are several points in the identification of ancient jade: first, the identification of process traces; Second, the identification of oxidation; Fourthly, the identification of condensed water; Fifth, the appraisal of artistic level; Sixth, the identification of odor. Which is divided into (1), modeling and discrimination. (2), jade, jade material discrimination (3), decoration discrimination (4), style discrimination. The identification of Qin color focuses on learning and understanding the color change between ancient jade and objects that have been in contact with various storage environments for a long time, but it is actually a physical phenomenon, and the natural quality change it produces is color change. We usually call it "Qin color". For example, ancient jade stored in red paint may be red, black paint may produce black, and buried in loess may produce yellowish brown mud. Observing under strong white light, Qin color usually occurs in the place where jade contact is weak or naturally cleavage wrinkles. Then along the cleavage or fissure, the penetration expands, which can seriously soak the whole organ, which is called "total immersion". After playing, the color is bright, and the color of the piano mostly changes from gray to red. The important point is: under normal circumstances, genuine products are relatively simple; The darker the color, the more chaotic the piano color and the bright piano color are questionable. Even if the real jade has cleavage and cracks, it is not a contact part and does not necessarily have bright colors. Imitate the color of the piano by chemical or physical methods, usually the whole piano. There is also local soft mud, which is characterized by its Qin color. It is not necessary to burn pseudo-ooze in the soft rib or crack of jade. This can be observed under intense white light. However, it is useful to forge the Qin color by laser along the cleavage or fold of jade with high technology. Another point is that the storage environment of jade is dry or jade is dense. Look at the color: natural jadeite has natural color, uneven distribution, prolonged green trend and generally no fluorescence. Look at the polished surface: the polished surface of natural jadeite is fine and smooth, with grease showing a strong glass luster. If you look closely at the polished surface, you can usually see the mottled crystal interwoven structure. In general, the variegated crystal particles of the same jadeite are uniform in size; At the same time, slightly transparent to opaque white fibrous crystals can be seen, commonly known as "stone flowers". Listen to the sound: tap the natural jade gently, making a crisp and pleasant sound. If it is artificially processed, it will make a dull sound. In addition, because of the high density of jadeite, it feels like a thug by hand; Jade has a strong water-holding ability. When it drops on it, the water drops protrude higher. At the same time, experts remind consumers that when buying high-priced jewelry and jade, they should choose regular and well-known jewelry stores or large and reputable shopping malls. Also remember to ask the merchant for the jewelry and jade appraisal certificate with "CMA" and "CAL" marks. Usually, every precious jewelry and jade has a certificate to ensure that the purchased jewelry and jade are consistent with the certificate, and the certificate is accompanied by photos. First-class jade, moist, thorough and greasy, is moist in your hand. The main method to identify the authenticity is to use a magnifying glass or microscope to see that there is a fiber interwoven structure inside the jade, and the particles are fine; Artificial glass has no structure and bubbles can be seen. You can also carve it in an inconspicuous place with a knife. What can be carved must be fake jade, but what cannot be carved is real jade. As the saying goes, "Gold is valuable, but jade is priceless". Because the top grade Hetian jade is getting scarce, it can reach tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of yuan per kilogram, while the average Qinghai white jade and Russian white jade are only a few thousand yuan per kilogram, so some people mix it with Hetian jade. The minerals of these jadeites are basically the same as Hetian jade, but the surface color is dark and not soft, which will be even dimmer after a long time. Old jade and new jade can be distinguished from two aspects. There is an oxidized jade skin on the surface of the old jade, commonly known as "patina", which is similar to the skin of autumn pear and obviously different from the natural color of jade, while the new jade does not. Judging from the theme of sculpture, ancient jade is a symbol of rank and power, and there are many mythical flowers, birds and figures, such as dragons and phoenixes. New ones are generally auspicious themes. Jade has been closely related to China culture since ancient times.