Therefore, the cemetery of the early rulers of Mycenae once attracted many people's attention with its extraordinary extravagance and almost barbaric luxury (see below for details). There are two tombs (the earlier "B", outside the later castle; Later, the "one" (in the city), the burial style of the two is the same. The ground of Tomb B was later leveled. Excavators guess that there are 24 tombs in this tomb circle with a diameter of 27.50 meters, and each tomb may have a small mound on it.
But it is more likely that there is a big mound covering all these small tombs. The tomb circle is characterized by a stone wall with a width of about two meters made of unprocessed stones, which is similar to what Vodina saw in Epirus. Tomb circle A is also about 27 meters in diameter, and it was rebuilt into the present site form in about 1300, and its original appearance is likely to be similar to that of tomb circle B. The earliest tomb of the two tombs belongs to the middle and late Hiladi period, and the other tombs belong to 1600 BC? /kloc-the century before 0/500.
Some tombs are box-shaped tombs carved into rocks, and some are pit-shaped tombs, which have been dug to the present surface 1. It is 5 meters deep, and some of them are marked with stone tablets near the surface. Box tombs usually have ancient tombs in the early Hilari Di II and the middle Hilari Di, while Epicurus often sees ancient tombs in the late Hilari Di. Obviously, the original pit tomb was buried in a 3? In the 5-meter-high tomb, a wooden or stone monument is used as a symbol.
In Lerner, there are two pit tombs in the middle of Hiladi period, one is buried in an ancient tomb, and the other next to it uses the same burial method. Mycenae domes were built after 1500 BC, and some of them were 20? The 25-meter round wall is covered with ancient tombs, and the concept of placing a dome on the tomb even comes from the stone dome of the ancient tomb in Epirus Vodina. The contents of these graves are equally amazing.
Although they are much richer than the ancient tombs in remote and backward Albania and Epirus in the north, they are still very similar to the mixed weapons of Minos and Hiladi (such as those seen in Oye and Vodina again). Light and thin swords, daggers, spears and javelin heads were found in these places. Therefore, according to the available evidence, the rulers of Mycenae, possibly Lerner and Erati all came from the region where Central Albania is located. As we all know, this is an area where Greek-speaking Indo-Europeans may have lived in the early and middle Hiladi period.
In the early tomb circle B, some pit tombs were quite narrow, and each tomb had only one skeleton. Other pits have been dug to a soft gravel layer about three meters deep. The graves at the bottom of the pits are covered with wood, reeds and mud, and only one pit is covered with slate. The funerary objects of the deceased include knives, daggers, spears, swords (some with ivory handles and gold handles), gold, silver and alloy jewelry, silver bottles, bronze and pottery.
An alloy mask (remains mask) was found in a family tomb, which contained the remains of utensils. The craft of metal utensils is superb, far exceeding all the early cultural relics unearthed in mainland China. In some tombs, a stone tablet engraved with scenes of war and hunting was erected on a rectangular cornerstone. There is a tombstone that was later used as a cornerstone, which reads "A soldier waved a broadsword at the fallen enemy, and two lions stood on their hind legs". These pit tombs and their funerary objects are completely different from any cultural relics in Crete during this period, and the remains of the deceased are as high as 5.5? 6 feet, which indicates that it belongs to a larger race than Minos.
Tomb circle a was obviously built for the new dynasty that came to power around 1600 BC. The dead were buried in six deep graves. In terms of time, the earliest tomb in Tomb Circle A is equal to or earlier than the last tomb in Tomb Circle B, and the latest tomb is about 1500 BC. These graves have carved tombstones, some of which are engraved with images of horse-drawn chariots. When the body was buried, its limbs bent.
Male funerary objects include Jin Mianju, breastplate, sword, dagger, gold and silver drinking vessel (wine glass), gold ring, metal and stone utensils and pottery. Women's funerary objects include wallets, cosmetic boxes, dishes, jewelry, etc. And two children wrapped in gold foil. The exquisiteness of these funerary objects in art and the Excellence in craftsmanship are probably influenced by the skills of Minoan metal workers, or they may come from their hands. However, the mosaic vessels are decorated with horse-drawn chariots and hunting and war scenes.
Jin Mian's bearded lips, love for amber and the use of wild boar's helmet show that these rulers, like their predecessors, originated in the mainland. Because these features were not found in Crete at the same time. Amber comes from Eustacia. The ruler of the second Mycenae dynasty may also be the descendant of the invading nation in the middle of the Bronze Age. After they invaded Corinth and Argolis, they became the rulers of Mycenae and Lerner. The Mycenae royal family lived in a fortified palace, Mycenae Castle.
Their territory includes Argolis and Corinth. Their wealth may be based on control of trade. Kolaguo Port near Lehaon in Corinth Bay receives business travelers from the west and the north, while Tirins and Assine Port directly trade with Crete. In addition, they also controlled the land route from the Peloponnesus to central Greece.
Similar dynasties were established in Thebes, Gulas and Okemenus. They were also influenced by Minoan art. For example, on a mural in Thebes, there is a woman wearing Minos. Their territory includes Biotia and Lelantine Plain in Yubei Asia, and their wealth was obtained through the land of Ubeitia and the trade with northeast China through the Euripides Strait.
After the second pit tomb dynasty of Mycenae, it was the first period of the so-called "dome tomb" dynasty (about 65438 BC+0500 BC? /kloc-before 0/400). There is a cut or brick open-air passage ("[dromos]") in the tomb, and at the end of the passage is a grand gate, which is located on the big dome wall. The tomb inside is round and the top is conical. This tomb was excavated at the foot of the mountain, built with stones, and finally all the tombs were built into a mound.
The carving technique on the big stone on the dome wall is exquisite, and the wall is strong enough to withstand the pressure of a lot of earth and stone. In the 5th century BC/KLOC-,there were two groups of domed tombs in Mycenae-* *, which were different from each other according to the characteristics of their construction technology. The primitive forms of the Dome Tomb and the Dromos Passage were discovered near Pailos in Messenia, belonging to the end of the middle bronze age. This is one of the few areas where graves are buried.
During this period, Mycenae culture spread abroad. A considerable number of dome tombs have also been found in other areas. Such as Argolis and Corinth; Messenia, Trifili and Ionia in the west; Attica, Biotia, Youbeia and Tessali in the south and north of Lagonia. The prosperity and development of the mainland mainly depended on the strength of Knossos, because it was always the master of the Aegean trade circle at that time.
We can see the wealth of the mainland dynasty from the magnificent Waffle Cup discovered in Ragogna and the pottery called court pottery because of its magnificence. The box tombs of dynasty officials (in Mycenae, they lived under the castle) also reflected the growth of wealth in this era. These tombs are excavated in rocks and have an open-air dromos passage; In a tomb, members of a family are often buried together for several generations, and there are many precious possessions with them.
About BC 1450, the Greeks established a dynasty in Knossos and ruled the whole island of Crete. Mycenae linear letter B may have been invented here by Minoan-born calligraphers to express Greek. This kind of writing was only used to register property and hand over accounts, and it soon spread to various courts in Chinese mainland.
The king of Mycenae or Thebes established an effective bureaucracy, ruled many nobles and collected tithes from their vassals. The artifacts in the tombs show that they also engaged in overseas trade, 65438 BC+0450 BC? Before 1400 years, it was equivalent to the Crete ruler of Knossos and Minos. Around BC 1450, the Greeks established settlements on Rhodes Island. Around 1425 BC, another one was built on Kos Island.
In Miletus, merchants dealing in Mycenae goods were accompanied by merchants from Minos. In Egypt, the number of Mycenae products has gradually surpassed Minos. In the west, Mycenae pottery coexisting with Minoan pottery was found in the Libari Islands of Italy. In this way, the mainland countries got rid of the apprenticeship stage and dominated the rich and powerful countries.