Qin Shihuang's dream is different from ordinary people. After unifying the Central Plains in 22 1 BC, he called himself "the first emperor". The emperor is big, and it also means to shine. The emperor is the god in the sky and the supreme god who controls the world. In the past, the monarch of China never used this title. In order to further distinguish himself from others, he called himself "I". The word "I" was originally called by China people, regardless of wealth or rank. Since Qin Shihuang, the idea of becoming an emperor has been used until the Qing Dynasty.
Qin Shihuang is an equal with the Emperor of Heaven. At that time, he was the only great imperial emperor on earth.
In the following years, Qin Shihuang began to travel around the world and made an unprecedented centralization, which further improved the absolute status of the emperor. At this time, he began to actively pursue eternal life. Once, Xu Shi, a native of Qi, stayed in Langxie (south of Jiaonan County, Shandong Province) and came to visit: "There are three sacred mountains in the sea, named Penglai, Abbot and Yingzhou, where immortals live. Please fast and ask for it from boys and girls. "
After listening to Xu Shi's earnest desire to live forever, Qin Shihuang began to be moved, so he gave Xu Shi a lot of gold and several big ships to lead thousands of boys and girls to visit the immortals in Sanshen Mountain. Two years later, Qin Shihuang heard that there were immortals such as Xianmen and Gao Shi, and specially ordered Yan Lu Sheng to visit. Then, he ordered Han Zhong, Hou Sheng and Shi Sheng, who claimed to have studied the immortal method, to visit the immortal medicine.
In 3 1 1 year BC, Qin Shihuang made his last tour. He first came to Jiuyi Mountain in Hunan to worship Yu Shun, then went to Zhejiang via Dongting Lake and the Yangtze River, and went to Huiji Mountain to worship Dayu's tomb, and set up an inscription to praise him. The full text is included in Historical Records, which has been passed down to this day. The copied parts are as follows: ..... curing customs, following the crowd, and stopping, all follow the rules. Peace and peace, don't go against the present, cultivate purity first, be with others, then be blessed by peace, respect the law, always rule the infinite, never lean on the boat, recite from the minister, please carve this stone and light the inscription on the pituitary gland.
There is nothing to say except that Qin Shihuang is bragging. He thought the world was under his control and really rectified it. In fact, local residents in Zhejiang alone have had enough. Five years later, Xiang Yu was killed in the court. At this time, he was 22 years old. When he saw Qin Shihuang's chariot returning home in triumph, he couldn't help shouting, "He can take its place." Unfortunately, Qin Shihuang was not alert, and the crisis was imminent.
After leaving Zhejiang, Qin Shihuang took a boat from the sea and once again came to Langxie, which he had been to eight years ago. He secretly intends to find Xu Shi who sent someone to visit the fairy medicine in the East China Sea and ask him clearly.
Xu Shi searched the sea for several years and found nothing. He was afraid of Qin Shihuang's punishment and dared not return to Xianyang. Now, I'm surprised to hear that he has come to Langya again.
Knowing that there was no way to go, Xu Shi had a brainwave and went to Qin Shihuang himself, falsely saying, "Penglai has medicine, but it is often harmed by big sharks and can't come." I want to be good at shooting with everyone. If I see it, I will shoot it with a crossbow. "
Qin Shihuang expressed doubts about this. That night, he dreamed that he was fighting Poseidon at sea. The next day, he told Dr. Jamon about it. Dr. Jamon said: "Poseidon's body is invisible, so it becomes a shark at sea."
Qin Shihuang thought, "What Xu said is true", so he ordered people to put crossbows on a big ship and personally lead the ship out to sea to shoot some big sharks in today's Bohai Bay. He felt very happy. Who knows that after returning to the shore, Qin Shihuang was seriously ill. Ten days later, he died on the sand dune platform in Hebei Province at the age of 50. July 2 10 BC.
An unprecedented royal mausoleum
The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is located at the northern foot of Mount Li, about 5 kilometers east of Lintong County.
In 2200, the wind and rain denudation made the mausoleum lose its edges and corners, and the distinct lines became more gentle. However, the huge scale and majestic momentum overlooking Pingchuan still make people feel the majesty of "one emperor through the ages". This is the first imperial mausoleum in the history of China and the largest mausoleum in the history of mankind. The value of the treasures buried in the mausoleum is undoubtedly the biggest unknown in the history of world archaeology.
Climb up the stone steps, climb the pomegranate tree and climb to the platform at the top of the mound. Looking around, there is a winding Weihe River in the north and a continuous Lishan Mountain in the south. The mausoleum was built on the alluvial fan at the northern foot of Mount Li, with an endless east-west direction.
This unprecedented underground mausoleum is unparalleled, and the history books even record that "the palace is full of treasures and wonders, and the disciples are full". If what you say is true, it's really an amazing fortune.
At that time, the building materials were mainly wood, which was mainly shipped from Jiangnan. Each root is between 1-2 meters in diameter and about 30 meters in length. It is said that if the people in charge of transportation can't deliver the logs as scheduled, they will all be put to death. In addition, Qin Shihuang also collected huge stones, giant trees, strange stones, rare trees and rare birds and animals from all over the country to decorate his courtyard. He also moved the furniture, clothes, cloth, gems and decorations from Xianyang Palace to the mausoleum.
Qin Shihuang's body was placed in a copper coffin, and the wooden part of the coffin was painted with anticorrosive paint.
The above statements are clearly recorded in the literature, but it is still a mystery whether there were any officials martyrdom at that time. According to historical records, Hu Hai, the second emperor, ordered "those who had no children in the harem of the first emperor to be executed." Judging from the fact that Qin Shihuang had only a dozen concubines who gave birth to children, there were probably more than 200 dead. Compared with Qin Shihuang, Emperor II was even more cruel.
Qin Shihuang's underground mausoleum is really like a reduced earth, with the universe and mountains and rivers in it, which is perfectly arranged. According to historical records, mercury is the source of rivers and seas. Instilling machine, with astronomy on the top and geography on the bottom, takes mermaid cream as a candle, and it will last long if you don't come.
At that time, thousands of tons of mercury were used to make hundreds of rivers and seas in catacombs, and mercury was circulated by machinery. The ceiling is made of precious stones. As for mermaid cream, it may be made of whale fat and can burn for a long time.
Because the tombs of emperors in previous dynasties were often visited by thieves, Emperor II was afraid of the invasion of grave robbers and ordered craftsmen to make many organs. As long as the grave robbers invade, the arrows will rain down immediately. In order to avoid the secret of organs from leaking out, Emperor II was cruel, and locked all the designers and builders in the tomb, and none of them came out alive. Although it is recorded in Water Mirror Notes that the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was occupied by Xiang Yu and the gold, silver and jewels were stolen, this has not been confirmed.
1985, after the news that the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was discovered came from China, people realized that the legend in the past was not true, because everything in the mausoleum was as good as before. However, archaeologists have also found a tunnel dug by grave robbers, which makes people sweat.
1On April 3, 974, Yang Tianfa, a farmer living in Anzhai People's Commune, Lintong County, Shaanxi Province, dug a deep well to divert water to the field for irrigation, and even dug a big hole with unprecedented terracotta warriors and horses.
The place excavated by Yang Tianfa is about 0/.2km away from the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor/KLOC-0, and ancient tombs and tombs buried with him have already been found nearby. Archaeologists in Shaanxi thought that the area had been thoroughly investigated, but they didn't expect that there was a pit of terracotta warriors and horses here. There is no historical document in this tomb, but facts are facts.
This discovery caused a great sensation in the world. After several years of investigation, it has been confirmed that it is the first affiliated facility of the imperial tomb. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit is located five meters underground, where there are clay figurines imitating Qin Shihuang Sineitai. * * * There are three pits. The first pit is mainly an infantry regiment equipped with chariots, the second pit is a mixed force of infantry, chariots and cavalry, and the third pit has only one chariot and sixty-four soldiers, which is the ceremonial or escort force of the commander-in-chief camp.
The first pit is 230 meters long from east to west, 62 meters wide from north to south and covers an area of 65438+4260 square meters. The second pit is124m long, 98 citizens wide and covers an area of 6,000m2. The third pit is the smallest, with a length of 2 1 m, a width of 17 m and an area of 520 square meters.
The tunnel is neatly paved with loess hardened bricks, about 2-3.5 meters high, and there are many terracotta warriors and horses in it.
Chariots, cavalry, soldiers and horses are all the same size as the original. There are 6,000 statues in No.1 pit, and 7,000 statues in No.2 and No.3 pits 1000. Every terracotta warrior has a different skeleton and expression, and even the clothes, hairstyles and beards are completely different. Knives, swords, spears, crossbows, arrows and other weapons held by soldiers were all weapons in actual combat at that time. These weapons have rusted, so they didn't rust at all after 2200.
the mystery of death
The mausoleum of Qin Shihuang faces east and west. Sitting in the west was originally a traditional burial custom at that time, and the east was respected and the west was the first. The ancestors of Qin Shihuang, whether it is Qin Xiling 18 Qin Mausoleum in Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province, or Qin Wangling Mausoleum in Dongling County, Shaanxi Province, all sit west and face east. Qin Shihuang was no exception. Although there are inclined passages around the wall of the underground palace, there are 1 in other directions, but there are five in the east gate, which proves that the east gate is the main door facing the direction. Dongmen Avenue, extending from the east gate of the outer city of the cemetery, is equivalent to the "Shinto" of later generations and is the main passage of the whole cemetery. Near Zhangshi Village, Dawang Town, Lintong County, about 4 kilometers east of the cemetery, there is still a 7-meter-high Qin valve, which is about a sign of entering the Dongmen Avenue of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum. After preliminary exploration, the mausoleum area at least covers an area of 7.5 kilometers from north to south and east to west, and is about 56 square kilometers away from Fiona Fang.
On both sides of the mausoleum area with Dongmen Avenue as the axis, a large number of tombs and various burial pits were found.
On the south side of Dongmen Avenue, about 350 meters east of the outer wall, a group of buried tombs were found. After trying to excavate 7 of them, the deceased were male and female, ranging in age from 10 to 30 years old. Some bones are separated from limbs, some are beheaded, and some have arrows. And all kinds of sacrificial articles for gold, silver and jade articles showed their noble status before their birth. The son and princess of Qin Shihuang are buried here. After Qin Ershi succeeded to the throne, he slaughtered them in order to consolidate his rule. This kind of cannibalism is common in history. Three rows of 80 stable pits were found in the eastern part of the tomb. There are many shapes of stable pits, which are divided into stable pits and figurine pits. Horses are buried in the stable pit, and tools such as pottery figurines and pots are fed to the horses. There are only kneeling figures and tools in the pit.
On the north side of Dongmen Avenue, in addition to the famous Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit, there are tombs buried with them. In addition, there are still unidentified human graves.
In-depth, comprehensive and detailed exploration and excavation are still to be carried out. Within 56 square kilometers of Fiona Fang, breaking news may break out at any time. But one thing is certain: the scope delineated according to the distribution of architectural relics in the cemetery is undoubtedly quite conservative. In fact, the scope of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum must be much larger. How big can it be? According to an imaginative and reasonable point of view, it stops at the coast of the Yellow Sea!
After Qin Shihuang unified China, he made five large-scale tours and went straight to the east coast for three times to carve stones and sing praises. It is particularly noteworthy that according to Records of the Historian, in the thirty-fifth year of Qin Shihuang (2 12 BC), "the East China Sea was established as the East Gate of Qin Dynasty." The east gate of the empire stands on the sea in the southwest of Lianyungang City, Jiangsu Province. For more than 2000 years, no one has ever considered it in connection with the two simultaneous projects of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum. Until the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum were discovered, the location of "Qin Dongmen" was just east of Xianyang, Qin Dou and Dongmen Avenue of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum. Xianyang-Qin Shihuang Mausoleum-Qindongmen are located at the same latitude!
What do you think of this shocking fact? Maybe it's a very accidental coincidence. But this is more likely to be an elaborate arrangement. In connection with the overall design of the Terracotta Warriors and the whole cemetery facing west and east, Qin Shihuang's jubilant personality and his lifelong longing for the Oriental Penglai Wonderland, it is reasonable to regard the "East Gate of Qin", which is about 1 0,000 kilometers away from the seashore, as a part of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum.
As far back as 2200 years ago, how did people measure this latitude under the technical conditions that modern measuring instruments were far from being invented? How do people master the high precision measurement and calculation technology of the earth's surface? This is a mysterious mystery left by Qin Shihuang's mausoleum!
Facing the empty Yuan Ye under Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum, visitors who have visited the pyramids will inevitably feel sorry for it: since the cost of building Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum far exceeds that of the ancient Egyptian pyramids, why not simply build a "world's best" pyramid? Why don't you leave an old stone carving here?
This was not the emperor's idea. The purpose of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum is not for future generations to pay tribute to. Although he has infinite power to transcend everything, he can't transcend traditional cultural concepts. He is also convinced that there is an "elephant", which is an insurmountable obstacle. If a huge stone mausoleum is built, how can pine and cypress be planted on it? How can we prevent the "elephant" from endangering the soul?
There are no stone carvings left in front of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum, and the reason is not technical ability. Ancient stone carvings in China have appeared at least in Shang Dynasty (BC16th century). Shi Guwen left over from the early Qin Dynasty is still on display in the Palace Museum. Qin Shihuang also carved stones many times during his inspection tour. When the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang was built, a large number of stones were mined. There is a stone processing factory covering an area of 750,000 square meters in Zheng Zhuang and Brick House Village, not far from the northwest of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum. Until the late 1940s, huge stones were still left everywhere. But the stones used to build the mausoleum are buried underground.
Why don't you even leave a tombstone? Many things in human society have gradually emerged in the long historical process. So is the tombstone. The ancient "monument" in China is just a wooden pillar erected in front of the ancestral hall. There was no custom of placing tombstones and stone carvings in front of tombs in Qin Dynasty. We know that in the Warring States period before Qin Shihuang, there was no such system and custom in all countries. If Qin Shihuang initiated this system, it will be recorded in history and will generally be inherited by the Western Han Dynasty. Basically, all the tombs of the Western Han Emperor, who completely inherited the tomb system of the Qin Dynasty, have no tombstone stone carvings. It can be concluded that there is no tombstone stone carving in Qin Shihuang's mausoleum.
Some people are also very surprised that there is no queen's mausoleum in Qin Shihuang's mausoleum. This is consistent with the character and ideological logic of the emperor who believes in totalitarianism. Although there were "more than 10,000 women in the harem" and more than 20 sons and 10 daughters were born to him, Qin Shihuang did not canonize the queen. He seems to hold the attitude of "a bowl of water is flat" to them, so there is no need to build a mausoleum for the queen.