2. Early handicraft workshops in Western Europe were concentrated in textile, mining, metallurgy, shipbuilding and other industries.
3./kloc-Since the 6th century, western European countries have carried out policies in favor of businessmen in order to make Qiang Bing rich. The class that has changed since the emergence of handicraft workshops is the merchant class, a new class bourgeoisie.
4. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, China's manual workshops appeared in Jingdezhen.
5. Known as "the most perfect representative of the Renaissance" is Leonardo da Vinci, whose masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper; Shakespeare was a famous English playwright during the Renaissance, and his masterpiece was Romeo and Juliet.
6. Known as the "Pope's Cattle" are Germans, and the religious reformers are Luther, Bacon, Copernicus and Heliocentrism. Newton's outstanding achievement is that he put forward the law of gravity, Voltaire, a thinker who advocated natural human rights, and Rousseau, a French thinker, put forward the idea of people's sovereignty.
Columbus, the navigator, was the first person to discover the new continent. The original inhabitants of America were Indians and yellow people. He first discovered that the route from western Europe to India was Da Gama, and Magellan was the first person to complete the voyage around the world. Known as the "sea coachman" is Dutch.
8. Reasons for opening new routes:
At the end of 15, the extensive development of commodity economy and the continuous expansion of exchange in western European countries made gold the most important means of payment in commodity trade, and gold in eastern countries became the dream of western Europeans.
(2) At this time, however, the Ottoman Empire controlled the main trade routes between the East and the West and blocked the traditional trade routes of western European countries to the East; Western European aristocrats and emerging businessmen who are crazy about pursuing oriental wealth (gold, jewelry, spices, silk, etc.). There is an urgent need to explore a direct sea route to India and China.
(3) Portugal and Spain, located in the southwest of Europe and close to the Atlantic Ocean, started overseas exploration and colonial activities earlier, mastered advanced navigation knowledge and shipbuilding technology, and had certain financial resources, which became the starting point for opening up new routes.
Generally speaking, the direct reasons for opening up new air routes are: pursuing wealth and obtaining benefits; The fundamental reason is the development of commodity economy.
Impact:
(1) The opening of the new air route has changed the economic life of Europe, and since then the European market has expanded to the world, and the types of circulating commodities have increased.
(2) The opening of new sea routes has changed the trade center of Europe, and the main trade routes have shifted from the Mediterranean coast to the Atlantic coast, which has promoted the economic development of Italy, which is one reason why the seeds of European capitalism first appeared in Italy. At the same time, it has also achieved commercial and economic prosperity in Spain, Portugal, Britain, the Netherlands and other countries.
(3) The opening of the new sea route enabled European countries to join the colonial ranks, and Western European colonialists plundered wealth from the colonies. European countries quickly became rich and formed a new bourgeoisie, which accelerated the disintegration of European feudal system and the germination and development of capitalist relations of production.
④ It has promoted overseas expansion and the initial formation of the world market, and promoted the primitive accumulation of capital. At the same time, it broke the closed and isolated state around the world, linked the old continent with the new continent, and the world history took a key step from decentralization to integration.
9. The countries that took the lead in colonial plunder were Portugal and Spain, and the country that occupied the most colonies was Britain.
10, the kings of Britain and France on the eve of the bourgeois revolution were Charles I and Louis XVI respectively; The leaders are Cromwell and robespierre; The Bill of Rights is the most important law to restrict the royal power in Britain, and the political system established after the revolution is constitutional monarchy.
1 1. The event that opened the prelude to the American War of Independence was the gunfire in Lexington. The document published in the American War of Independence was the Declaration of Independence, and the leader of the War of Independence was Washington.
12. The French Revolution was marked by the conquest of the Bastille. The document issued is the Declaration of Human Rights, the national anthem of France is La Marseillaise, and the founder of the French Empire is Napoleon.
13, Zhu Yuanzhang was the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, and Songjiang was a developed area of cotton textile industry in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. A large number of China products have entered the international market, such as silk, tea and porcelain.
14, during the Ming Dynasty, Turku of Mongolia moved westward and was accepted by Qianlong. /kloc-In the early 8th century, the Qing government set up a minister stationed in Tibet to manage Tibet on behalf of the central government. The Qing government put down the aristocratic rebellion in Junggar, Uighur and other places, and legally determined the vast areas of Heilongjiang and Wusuli rivers as China territory. This treaty is the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar.
15. The institutions established in Ming and Qing dynasties to strengthen the royal power were the factory health and the military department. In order to strengthen ideological control in Qing dynasty, a literary inquisition was established in Daxing. At that time, the style of imperial examination papers was eight-part essay.
16, China's thinker who opposed the autocratic imperial power was Huang Zongxi.
17, Geographical Map of the Great World was drawn by Italian missionary Matteo Ricci. As a court painter in China, the Italian missionary who participated in the western-style architectural design of Yuanmingyuan was Lang Shining.
18 and 1553, the Portuguese occupied Macau, and the Dutch occupied Taiwan Province Province at the beginning of 17 century. The hero who successfully recovered Taiwan Province Province was Zheng Chenggong. 1793, British envoy Margaret led a delegation to China, with the main purpose of expanding the British overseas market.
Unit 6 The wave of industrial civilization sweeping the world
1 and1In the middle of the 8th century, Britain began an industrial revolution in which manual labor was replaced by machine production. The earliest industry was the cotton textile industry. The invention and application of a new power machine, the steam engine, brought human society into age of steam.
2. Known as the "century of science" is19th century. The earliest industrialized country in the world is Britain. The most prominent feature of the new stage of industrial revolution is the wide application of electricity in production and life, which has brought mankind into the electrical age.
3. Compare the early and new stages of the industrial revolution.
The early stage of the industrial revolution
A new stage of the industrial revolution
Major technical inventions and inventors
Jenny Spinning Machine (Hargreaves), Hydrospinning Machine (Akelet), Steam Engine (Watt), Steam Locomotive (Stephenson)
Motor (gram), electromagnetic induction principle (Faraday), practical generator (Siemens), electric lamp (Edison), Paris electric railway, movie projector, telephone (Bell), automobile (Ford) and airplane (Wright brothers).
Countries with leading industrial development
Britain, England
America, Germany
Major industrial categories
Textile industry, machinery manufacturing industry, metallurgy industry, mining industry, paper industry and transportation industry.
Electric power industry, steel industry, chemical industry,
Petroleum industry, automobile industry
4. In modern factories, assembly line production mode appeared, and film projectors were invented.
5, the world finally formed a complete time in the early 20th century, mainly as follows:
field
express
economy
The world has basically formed a unified market, and goods from all countries flow in this huge market.
traffic
Railways extend to all parts of the world, and many countries have developed many port cities.
Human population
With the acceleration of population movement, there has been an upsurge of overseas immigration.
culture
Cultural exchanges are more extensive, and advanced ideas, science and technology and lifestyles of industrial civilization are spread all over the world.
sports
There are some world-wide activities, such as the Olympic Games.
Haiti is the first independent country in Latin America. Japan became the first industrialized country in Asia through the Meiji Restoration.