First, the origin of the ancient Olympic Games
There are different legends about when the ancient Olympic Games originated, but most scholars believe that the ancient Olympic Games originated in 776 BC and were held every four years in summer.
The appearance of the ancient Olympic Games was closely related to the politics, economy, culture and religion of Greek society at that time. In the slave society of Greece, wars continued year after year. In order to win, every city-state uses physical exercise to train strong soldiers. In this case, sports developed and organized sports competitions gradually formed, which laid the foundation for the emergence of the Olympic Games.
The ancient Greeks believed in polytheism, and every city-state held a grand religious gathering to express their respect for the gods through singing, dancing and competitions. The ancient Greeks regarded Zeus as the head of the gods, so they revered him and offered him grand sacrifices, which promoted the emergence of the Olympic Games.
The ancient Greek people hated the incessant city-state wars and longed for peace. They hope to have a truce in the name of God during the Olympic Games, so as to reduce wars and get rid of disasters.
It can be seen that the Olympic Games came into being in the form of sacrifice under the background of war, but it also expressed the people's good wishes for peace. This contradictory and mutually restrictive relationship made the Olympic Games come into being and continue.
Second, the venue of the ancient Olympic Games.
The first Olympic Games were held in the village of Olympia, Arz Qushen. Later, a rectangular stadium was built in the northeast corner of Qushen, surrounded by stands built according to natural terrain. The runway of the sports ground is 32 meters wide and can be used by 20 players at the same time, with a length of 192 meters. The starting line is paved with stone strips and engraved with two parallel small grooves for athletes to use when starting.
Third, the grand occasion of the ancient Olympic Games.
The ancient Olympic Games was not only a competitive meeting, but also a national festival of the ancient Greeks for more than 1000 years.
After the announcement of the "Holy Truce", thousands of people flocked to Olympia, where representatives of the city-states took part in sacrificial activities and parades. Political envoys conclude treaties; Artists exhibit their works; Scholars and teachers discuss academics; The speaker made a speech; Businessmen display and sell goods; People wear the most luxurious clothes, bring the most exotic jewels and show off their wealth to each other.
Excellent players sent by the city-states fought bravely in the arena. They walked into the arena naked and showed their superhuman strength, strong and handsome figure and good education to the gods and the audience.
The grand occasion of the Olympic Games goes far beyond the scope of competitive competition. It is an important part of Greek religion, politics, economy and culture, and has played a role in promoting political exchanges, promoting trade development, prospering Greek culture and integrating national feelings. It brings all the Greek people together in a peaceful atmosphere, and its rich content and spectacular scenes form the biggest festival in Greece.
Fourth, the decline of the ancient Olympic Games.
In the fifth century BC, the slave society in ancient Greece entered its heyday, but soon after, the internal war divided and social contradictions intensified. At the end of 5th century BC, the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War led to the decline of slavery in Greece, which was also the turning point of the ancient Olympic Games from prosperity to decline. The war made the economy depressed, the social atmosphere low, and sports lost its original meaning and gradually became a means for people to pursue wealth. In the sports meeting, there appeared the unhealthy tendency of engaging in malpractices for personal gain at the expense of others, and the lofty ideal of the Olympic movement was distorted.
In the second century BC, Rome conquered Greece, and the world-famous ancient Olympic Games went into decline. At the end of the 4th century, the Roman emperor Theodosius I, who ruled Greece, declared Christianity as the state religion, so he regarded the ancient Olympic Games dedicated to Zeus as a pagan activity. In order to maintain Roman rule over Greece and consolidate the position of Christianity, Theodosius I ordered the termination of the ancient Olympic Games in 394. Held 293 times, the ancient Olympic Games, which lasted 1 169 years, disappeared.
Five, the ancient Olympic Games competition regulations
In 56 1 year BC, the ancient Greek philosopher Zhuo Ross drafted the competition regulations of the ancient Olympic Games, and the relevant provisions in the regulations have always been the rules that the Olympic Games must abide by.
1. The organizers of competitive competitions are specifically responsible for local officials and religious figures, representatives of slave owners and nobles, who have the right to decide the qualifications of athletes and spectators.
2. The arbitration committee of the competition consists of full-time priests of Zeus Temple and elected judges.
Anyone who bribes the referee or misbehaves in the game will be fined heavily.
4. Competitive competition can only be played between individuals, not between groups.
The contestants must be Greek, innocent in politics, morality, religion and law, and their identity must be proved by the referee.
6. Women can't participate in and visit the competition, and offenders will be executed.
The modern Olympic Games is the inevitable result of the development of modern capitalism and the widespread implementation of modern sports ideas in Europe and America.
From 65438 to 0894, with the efforts of Coubertin and the promotion of various factors, the "Restoration of the Olympic Games Congress" was held in Paris. At the meeting, the International Olympic Committee was established and it was decided to resume the Olympic Games.
The modern Olympic Games is deeply influenced by the ancient Olympic Games, but it is no longer a competition to sacrifice gods, but a real international sports competition. The appearance of modern Olympic Games is an important milestone in the history of sports competition, which indicates that sports have entered a brand-new era.
I. International Olympic Committee
The International Olympic Committee (IOC), established in 1894, is an international, non-governmental and non-profit organization, and the highest authority to lead the Olympic movement and decide all related issues. Its headquarters is located in Lausanne, Switzerland.
The IOC has 1 president and 4 vice-presidents. The chairman is elected from among the members, with a general term of eight years, and can be re-elected for four years.
II. Relevant regulations of the Olympic Games
1. Olympic flag
The Olympic flag is rectangular with a boundless white background and five colored rings in the middle. It symbolizes the unity of the five continents, and athletes from all over the world gather in the Olympic Games with fair and frank competition and friendly spirit.
2. Olympic oath ceremony
At the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games, the most famous athletes of the host country read the oath: "I promise to participate in this Olympic Games in the true spirit of sports for the honor of sports and the honor of our sports team, and to respect and abide by the regulations guiding the Games." After that, the referee will hold an oath ceremony.
3. Olympic medals
Medals are divided into three colors: gold, silver and bronze. They are round, at least 60 mm in diameter and 3 mm in thickness, with a female idol on them.
4. The duration of the Olympic Games
Starting from 1932, the IOC stipulates that the duration of the Summer Olympic Games shall not exceed 16 days and the Winter Olympic Games shall not exceed 12 days.
Third, the sports setting of the modern Olympic Games.
When the first modern Olympic Games was held, there were few international individual sports organizations and there were no strict regulations on Olympic events, which were basically decided by the host country. Therefore, in previous Olympic Games, not only individual events changed greatly, but also major events were unstable. Some events that are not widely developed in the world are listed, such as polo, lacrosse, steamboat and squash. With the establishment of various international individual sports organizations, Olympic events have gradually stabilized.
In order to make the Olympic Games conform to the development of world sports, the International Olympic Committee stipulates that each summer Olympic Games must include at least the following 15 sports before it can be held. 1963, the international Olympic Committee determined the competition order of these major events in the summer Olympic Games as follows: track and field, swimming, wrestling, gymnastics, weightlifting, hockey, equestrian, fencing, rowing, boxing, shooting, modern pentathlon, sailing, basketball, kayaking, cycling, football, volleyball, archery, handball and judo.
From 1972- 1984, the Olympic Games are fixed at 2 1. The 24th Olympic Games made a historic breakthrough, adding two major events, table tennis and tennis, which increased the number of major events to 23 and single events to 237 in the Summer Olympic Games, including men's 1, 5 1, women's 72 and mixed events 14.
The examination and approval conditions for inclusion in the official Olympic events are as follows: the men's events of the Summer Olympic Games should be widely carried out in at least 75 countries on 4 continents, and the women's events should be widely carried out in at least 40 countries on 3 continents.
After 100 years of tortuous development since the birth of modern Olympic Games, it has become an important activity in today's international life. Today, the Olympic movement is almost all over the world. The Olympic Games has become a high-level comprehensive sports meeting that attracts worldwide attention. The Olympic motto "Faster, Higher and Stronger" has become a resounding slogan in the world sports world. International Olympic Committee, June 23rd, 1894
Established, * * * has 49 sports organizations and 79 representatives from 12 countries.
Canada's inaugural meeting in Paris. Ioc headquarters is located in Lausanne.
The International Olympic Committee is a non-governmental, non-profit and permanent country.
International sports organizations. Is to lead the Olympic movement and decide the Olympic Games.
The supreme authority on sports issues.
International Olympic Committee and its member countries or regions, as well as international individual sports organizations.
Weaving mutual recognition.
The purpose of the International Olympic Committee is to encourage the organization and development of sports.
Competition; Under the guidance of Olympic thought, inspire and lead sports, from
Promote and strengthen the friendship between athletes from all countries; Ensure that the Olympic Games will be held as scheduled.
Yes
The International Olympic Committee has all the rights to hold the Olympic Games every four years.
Starting from 1924, the Winter Olympics will be held separately for four years.
Once.
The IOC leads the Olympic movement according to the Olympic Charter.
The Charter includes 73 rules and their implementing rules. The International Olympic Committee is the Olympic Games.
And its five-ring symbol.
One of the tasks of the IOC plenary session is to elect each Olympic Games.
Host city. According to the regulations of the International Olympic Committee, the president will not participate in the bid for the Olympic Games.
Vote at the sports meeting.
The president of the International Olympic Committee is elected by the IOC plenary session for a term of 8 years.
The extension of the chairman's term is only four years. The plenary session will also elect a fourth term.
In 2000, there were four vice-chairmen and six members, who together with the Chairman formed the Executive Committee.
Committee.
French and English are the two official working languages of the International Olympic Committee, and it also
There are also four working languages: German, Spanish, Russian and Arabic.
Members of the International Olympic Committee are elected by the IOC plenary session.
The number of employees is not fixed.
The function of the IOC plenary session is similar to that of parliament. It is held every year.
Have a meeting IOC members are permanent members of the IOC.
China's special envoy, not the representative of the IOC member countries. one
This country can only produce one IOC member, for those who have organized it more than once.
Countries hosting the Olympic Games (Winter Olympics or Summer Olympics) are not included.
Such a country can produce two members.
The IOC Executive Board meets at least four times a year.
1993 The Olympic Committee * * * has 9 1 members, distributed on the continent:
Europe 38, Africa 16, Latin America 16, Asia 14,
4 in Oceania and 3 in North America.
Among the members of the Olympic Committee, except 1966, they were elected by themselves.
Out of the members, as well as those for life, all ages.
75-year-old members will become honorary members. As of 1993, yes
12 life member.
During the International Olympic Committee Congress and during the Olympic Games, it is "righteousness"
Ordinary members of "immigrant writers" can get 105 USD per person per day in Lausanne.
The allowance outside Lausanne is 150 USD 1 day. The Executive Committee has completed
During the meeting of the Executive Committee, members can get 1000 USD.
199965438+February 12, International Olympic Committee held in Lausanne, Switzerland.
The 1 10 plenary meeting was held. At the meeting, the International Olympic Committee passed "
The 50 reform measures put forward by the Committee in 2000 were partially revised.
The Olympic Charter, the Composition of the International Olympic Committee and the Host City of the Olympic Games
Major adjustments have been made in the selection method.
The general assembly decided to increase the number of IOC members to 1 15, of which
It can include at most 15 athletes and 15 IFs.
President, 15 presidents of Olympic committees of various countries or continents, and the rest are 70 people.
Individual members; Members of the International Olympic Committee have a term of eight years and may be re-elected;
The newly elected members shall not be over 70 years old; Chairman of the National Olympic Committee
The longest term of office shall not exceed 12 years; Number of members of the IOC Executive Board.
It will also increase from 1 1 to 15. The meeting also decided to set up international individual events.
Representatives of sports organizations, such as sports federations, the International Olympic Committee and the Athletes' Committee.
Table of the evaluation committee, responsible for the evaluation of the Olympic bid city, at the same time
Members of the International Olympic Committee are forbidden to visit the bidding cities.
Member States:
By the end of February, there were 200 members of the International Olympic Committee.
Member countries or regions.
1On June 20th, 993, the IOC Executive Committee decided to temporarily undertake the project.
Macedonia is recognized as a member state. In September of the same year, Palestine was accepted as an interim committee.
Members.
65438+September 0993, Burundi, Cape Verde, Comoros Islands, Santiago
Dominica, Dominica and Dominica were admitted as new members.
1In June 1994, Nauru joined the International Olympic Committee.
1In July 1995, Cambodia and Guinea-Bissau joined the International Olympic Committee.
Yes
1998 12 Palau and Eritrea join the International Olympic Committee.
Yes
Publications: Olympic Monthly; Olympic newsletter.
Relations with China:
The Chinese Olympic Committee has been recognized by the International Olympic Committee.
1979 10, Nagoya meeting of the IOC executive board.
After a resolution, 165438+ officially resumed its recognition of the Chinese Olympic Committee on1October 26th.
Confirm that the Chinese Olympic Committee is the national committee of China, located in Taibei.
Our Olympic Committee will remain in the International Olympic Committee in the name of "China Taipei Olympic Committee".
Within the Committee. At present, among the International Olympic Committees, the Chinese Olympic Committee and China Taibei.
The Olympic Committee has one member each.
1July 3, 997, IOC President Samaranch announced
Hong Kong will participate in the Olympic Games in the name of "China Hong Kong".
Beijing Architectural Design and Research Institute designed this project for the 1 1 Asian Games.
Won the "1992 Sports Architecture Award" issued by the International Olympic Committee.
"1992 Sports Architecture Award" was first established and awarded by the International Olympic Committee.
Award special prizes. Medals are transparent triangular crystals. It is marked with five rings.
There are a group of sports human statues on the front and back.
In the long history of human development, apart from the ancient social and cultural phenomenon of religion, the Olympic movement can be said to be the oldest social and cultural phenomenon. From the recorded history, the origin of the Olympic Movement can be traced back to 776 BC. But before that, the ancient Olympic Games may have existed for centuries. The Olympic Games, referred to as the "Olympic Games" for short, is a world-wide comprehensive games sponsored by the International Olympic Committee.
The Olympic Games originated in ancient Greece and got its name because it was held in the Olympic Games. Legend has it that the ancient Olympic Games was founded by Zeus, the king of the gods. The 1 th ancient Olympic Games was held in 776 BC and 293 times in 394 AD. The sports meeting is held every 14 17 days, that is, every four years. Later, people called this cycle the Olympic cycle. With the rise of modern sports, the Greek people hope to restore the ancient Olympic Games. 1859―― 1889, Greece hosted four Olympic Games and made a preliminary attempt. From 1883, Frenchman Coubertin devoted himself to the revival of the ancient Olympic Games. Through the efforts of several generations, the International Olympic Committee was established on June 23rd, 1894. The first Olympic Charter formulated by Coubertin emphasized the amateurism of the Olympic movement, stipulating that only the winners were awarded honorary awards at the Olympic Games, and no money or other material rewards were given to athletes in any form. 1896 ―― 15 On April 6th, the first Olympic Games was held in Athens.
The ancient Olympic Games were basically held every four years, and this cycle was called "Olympiad". According to this cycle, from 776 BC to 394 AD, * * * should be held for 293 sessions; But in fact the number of meetings is much less. However, according to the ancient Olympic Games, one Olympic Games is one, whether it is held or not.
In the early days of the ancient Olympic Games, there were not many events, so the first 22 sessions only lasted for one day. Later, with the increase of incidents, it was extended to two days. From the 37th session, the juvenile competition was added, and the time was extended to 5 days. The first day is the opening ceremony, where sacrifices and oaths are held, the second, third and fourth days are the specific contents of the competition, and the fifth day is the closing ceremony, where prizes are awarded and sacrificial activities are held.
At present, the Olympic Games include track and field, swimming (including diving, water polo and synchronized swimming), shooting, weightlifting, cycling, archery, basketball, volleyball, football, handball, hockey, gymnastics (including rhythmic gymnastics), fencing, international wrestling (freestyle and classical), boxing, judo, rowing and kayaking.
The development scale and level of the modern Olympic Movement have attracted worldwide attention. The Olympic spirit has been widely spread. People see that Olympism, as a cultural phenomenon, closely links ethnic groups with different skin colors and cultural backgrounds in the form of competition, which has a far-reaching impact on human social activities and human civilization. As a sports phenomenon, the Olympic Games is the most fascinating stage for human beings to explore the limits of physical fitness. Olympic records and medals have become lofty goals pursued by athletes, and the Olympic movement has become a global activity with great attraction, penetration and cohesion in many participating countries and regions.
From 65438 to 0893, at the suggestion of Coubertin, the father of the Olympic Games, an international sports conference was held in Paris to discuss the revival of the Olympic Games. 1894 1 month, Coubertin drew up the concrete steps to revive the Olympic Games and 10 issues to be discussed, and wrote to sports organizations and groups in various countries. 16 June, the "International Sports Congress" opened in Sorbonne Theological Seminary in Paris, with 79 delegates representing 49 sports organizations in 2 countries. 2000 people attended the opening ceremony. The General Assembly adopted the resolution of "Reviving the Olympic Movement". On June 23rd, the International Olympic Committee was established. The establishment of the International Olympic Committee marks the birth of the Olympic Movement.