From the end of 1950s, Chang 'an City began a large-scale investigation and excavation, and successively completed the exploration of Guo Cheng, Imperial City, Miyagi City, streets, squares and passages in the city, and based on this, drew the measured map and restoration map of Chang 'an City. Miyagi is located in the middle of Waiguo City. The whole is rectangular, with a length of 1492.438+0 m from north to south and a width of 2820.3 m from east to west. The surrounding walls are rammed, and the width of the wall foundation is14-18m. There are five gates in Miyagi. Chengtianmen (called Yangguangmen in Sui Dynasty) in the middle of the south wall and Xuanwu gate in the west of the north wall have been explored. Chengtianmen Site is 4 1.7m long from east to west and 19m deep. It has three doorways, and the foundation of the door is paved with stone strips or slabs. Miyagi is divided into three parts by the partition wall: the palace area is the official residence of the emperor, the East Palace is on the east side, and the Yeting Palace is on the west side. The Imperial City is connected to Miyagi in the north, which is also rectangular, with a length of 1843.6 meters from north to south and the same width from east to west as Miyagi.

There are seven doors in the imperial city, three doors in the south and two doors in the east, but the second door in the west has not been proved because of the pressure of modern architecture. According to documents, there are 7 east-west streets and 5 north-south streets in the Imperial City, and 1 east-west streets and 1 north-south streets have been excavated.

Guo Cheng is a rectangular plane with a width of 972 1 m from east to west and a length of 865 1.7 m from north to south. The wall is rammed, and the width of the wall base is generally 9-12m. There is a moat 9 meters wide and 4 meters deep outside the city wall. East, west and south doors. Among the doors that have been explored, Mingde Gate in Nanzhong is the largest, with five doorways. Except Jianchun Gate in the middle of the east, all other doors have three doorways. On both sides of the imperial city and its southern district are residential areas, which are divided into squares and cities by vertical and horizontal streets. According to documents, Guo Cheng has eleven streets in the north and south and fourteen streets in the east and west. After investigation and review, to the south of the Imperial City, * * * discovered eleven north-south streets and ten east-west streets. Among them, the six streets connecting South Sanmen and East and West Liumen are the widest main streets in the city. Except for the east-west street from Yanpingmen to Yanxingmen, which is 55 meters wide, the others are all over 100 meters wide, especially from Zhuquemen, the south main entrance of Huangcheng, to Zhuquemen Street in Mingdemen, which is 155 meters wide. The street that does not pass through the city gate is slightly wider, between 39 and 68 meters. Shuncheng Street is the narrowest with a width of 20-25m. There are drains on both sides of every street. Vertical and horizontal streets divide the ground of Guo Cheng into two cities with 108 squares (1 10 squares), which has been recorded in the literature. According to the detection, the squares are all rectangular, which can be divided into three categories according to the size of the area: the four rows of squares on both sides of Zhuque Street in the south of the Imperial City are the smallest, with a length of 500-590 meters from north to south and a width of 558-700 meters from east to west; The other six pillars in the south of the Imperial City are relatively large, with a length of 500-590 meters from north to south and a width of1020-125m from east to west. The six rows of squares on both sides of the Imperial City (three rows on each side) are the largest, with a length of 838 meters from north to south and a width of115 meters from east to west (subject to the actual measurement of Jinguangmen Jude Square). There are rammed earth walls around each square, and the width of the wall base is 2.5-3 meters. There are four rows of squares on both sides of Suzaku Street. There is only one east-west street in the square, and there should be east and west gates. There are cross streets in other squares, and there should be four doors in the east, west, south and north, and the house numbers and addresses have been destroyed. These two cities are located in the southeast and southwest of the imperial city respectively. Southeast Sui called the capital, and Tang called the East City. In the southwest, the Sui Dynasty called it the city of benefiting the people, and the Tang Dynasty called it the city of the west. The planes of the two cities are both rectangles, each occupying two squares. There are three channels in the city, which mainly solve the water problem of palaces and gardens.

Chang 'an was a closed city in Sui and Tang Dynasties. Overall design, the South Gate of Miyagi, the Imperial City and Guo Cheng form the north-south central axis, with "scattered borders and ink in the alleys". Miyagi is located in the middle of the north, and the imperial city is built in the south, which is used to house the central government organs and separate the general residents from the royal residence. "There is no longer blood relationship between the residents of the imperial temple", which strengthens the defense of Miyagi.

The expansion and changes of Chang 'an City after Emperor Taizong mainly include the evolution of Daming Palace, Xingqing Palace and Fangshi City. Daming Palace was built in the eighth year of Zhenguan (634), and was renovated during the reign of Emperor Gaozong. In 663, Longshuo became the main court of the Tang Dynasty, and the site was located on Longshou Garden, the forbidden garden in the northeast of Miyagi. The plane is slightly trapezoidal, wide in the south and wide in the north. The south wall is actually a part of the north wall of the country, with a length of 1674m, a north wall of 1 135m, and a west wall of 2256m. The east wall is slightly longer than the west wall. The city walls are rammed, and the corner doors are made of bricks. There may be turrets or something in the corner of the city. In the late Tang Dynasty, Jiacheng was built on the outside of the east, west and north walls. There are doors on the four walls of Daming Palace, and many doors have been stuck out. There are three doorways in Danfeng Gate in the south and one in Xuanwu Gate in the north. More than 20 palace ruins have been found in this city.

Xingqing Palace, located in Xingqing Square, was originally the official residence of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. Xuanzong took this as a departure from the palace after he acceded to the throne. In the 14th year of Kaiyuan (726), it was expanded and became the place where the emperor listened to politics. Xingqing Palace is rectangular in plane, with a width of1080m from east to west and a length of1250m from north to south. Some house addresses in the east, west and south have been surveyed. The northern part of the palace is the palace area and the southern part is the garden area. The oval pool in the south area should be the relic of Longchi, and the architectural relic in the southwest is 17. Address 1, near the south wall of Gongcheng, is rectangular, five rooms wide and three rooms deep, which may be the base address of Qinzheng Building. Many tiles were found in the architectural site of Xingqing Palace, including 73 kinds of lotus tiles. Luoyang City in Sui and Tang Dynasties was mainly composed of Miyagi, Imperial City and Guo Cheng, but its layout was different from Chang 'an.

Miyagi is located in the northwest corner of the city, with a nearly square plane, with east wall1.270m, west wall1.275m, north wall1.400m and south wall1.765438m.. The wall is rammed, with a width of15-16m, and both inside and outside are made of bricks. There are five gates in Miyagi, and the main palace area is located in the south of the central part of the city. To the east of the palace area is the East Palace. There is a city in the northeast corner and a city in the northwest corner of Miyagi.

The Imperial City surrounds the east, west and south of Miyagi, and the wall is also rammed, with a length of 1670 meters from north to south.

To the north of the Palace and the Imperial City, there are Obsidian and Bi Yuan. Yaoyi City is a long and narrow square, with a length of 2 100 m from east to west and 120 m from north to south. The plane of the round wall city is trapezoidal, and the length from east to west is 2 1 10 meter. Dongcheng is next to the east of the Imperial City, with the north wall 620m long and the east wall1270m long. To the north of Dongcheng is Hanjiacang, which is about 600 meters wide from east to west and 700 meters long from north to south.

Guo Cheng is approximately square in plane, wide in the south and narrow in the north, with rammed walls. The east wall is 73 12 meters long, the south wall is 7290 meters long, the north wall is 6 138 meters long, and the west wall is tortuous and 6776 meters long. South, North and East Eight Gates, South Three Gates and Dongjian Chunmen have all been poked out, and the house numbers and addresses are all three doorways. The main entrance to the south is Dingdingmen, which is 28 meters wide. Most of the streets in the city are out. There are 12 north-south streets and 6 east-west streets to the south of Luohe. North of Luohe, there are four north-south streets and three east-west streets. Among the proven streets, the street leading to the city gate is relatively wide, generally about 4 1-59 meters, of which Dingding Street starts from the main entrance of Huangtongcheng in Dingdingmen, Guo Cheng, with a width of 1 and 2 1 meter. The square in the city has a neat layout. The square is square, and there is a cross street inside. The wall of the square is built around it. The length and width are generally between 500 and 580 meters. There are three cities in Luoyang.

The East-West City of Chang 'an was excavated, which is an important site of Chang 'an and Luoyang. The exploration shows that the east-west city of Chang 'an is 103 1 meter long from north to south and 927 meters wide from east to west. Dongshi is about 1000 meters long from north to south and about 924 meters wide from east to west. There are rammed walls around the two cities, and there are streets in the wall, and streets are set along the wall. Drainage ditches are built on both sides of the street to connect with each other to form a complete drainage system. Tiles and residual brick walls were found in the center of Xijing Street, which should be the location of market management institutions, municipal departments or stability departments. There are dense houses on both sides of Jingzi Street, the largest is about 10 meter wide, the smallest is about 3 meters wide, and the depth is about 3 meters, which should be the base address of all kinds of shops. Pottery pots, pots, pieces of tricolor ware and a large number of pieces of porcelain were excavated south of the east end road of Southwest Street. Stone pestles and mortar were found on the construction site. Several small round pits were cleared in the street and jars were buried. This area is where the catering industry is located. A large number of bone ornaments, pearls, agates, crystal ornaments and gold ornaments have been unearthed in the south site of Nanjie Middle Street, which seems to be the site of a jewelry firm with a processing workshop. Two oval pools were found in the northeast corner of Dongshi, which may be the "release pools" in the Tang Dynasty. Linde Hall in Chang 'an and Linde Hall in Hanyuan Temple are located in the west of Daming Palace, yuechi county. The temple base is rectangular and surrounded by blue bricks. There are three halls connected north and south on the temple base, which are 85 meters long. The front hall is 58 meters wide from east to west, nine rooms wide and four rooms deep, with six columns falling in the middle. Attached to the front is a sub-order, and there is an order address in front of the sub-order. Behind the front hall is an east-west passage with a width of 8.2 meters, which is connected with the central hall. Nave is the same width as the front hall, and there are five deep rooms, with one platform on the left and one platform on the right, that is, the east and west pavilions. Most of the floors in the front yard and the nave were originally paved with polished rectangular stones. The back hall is next to the middle hall, and the two halls are connected by east and west gables. The back hall is the same width as the middle hall, and there are three deep rooms, with a rectangular abutment on the left and right, which is the legacy of the "first floor" and the "adjacent building". To the north of Houdian is a building with nine rooms wide and three rooms deep. Square bricks, square bricks, slab tiles, pipe tiles, tiles, glazed tiles with blue glaze, animal head stone carvings, etc. have been unearthed at Linde Temple site. Hanyuan Temple, located in the south of the Dragon Head, is the main hall of Daming Palace. The base of the temple is about 13 meters from the ground, 75.9 meters long from east to west and 42.3 meters wide from north to south. The temple is eleven rooms wide and four rooms deep. There is no fence in the south, and the other three sides are rammed earth walls. The middle of the left and right ends of the temple base is slightly north, and there is a corridor extending outward and turning south, which is connected with the "Xiangluan" and "Qifeng" pavilions diagonally opposite the front of the temple base. The second pavilion has only a rectangular rammed earth abutment, which is about 15 meters above the ground and surrounded by brick walls. Wei Long Road, located about 70 meters south of the temple foundation, consists of three parallel inclined steps with an interval of 8 meters. Stone pillar, cicada's head fragment, square brick, lotus square brick, etc. Unearthed from the ruins of Hanyuan Temple. A courtyard site was revealed in Chang 'an City, which consists of the main courtyard, the southeast courtyard and Sainaning. There are temples, cloisters, houses and wells in the courtyard, and some building materials, Buddhist relics, inscriptions and daily necessities have been unearthed. One of the damaged stone tea houses is rare to find, with the words "Ximing Temple" and "Stone Tea House" engraved on it. According to textual research, it is part of the site of Ximing Temple in Tang Dynasty. Qingliu Temple Site Qingliu Temple is located in the southeast corner of Xinchang Square in Chang 'an. It was originally the Sui Inspiration Temple. In the second year of Tang Jingyun, it was renamed Qinglong Temple. Two sites have been excavated, one is the tower site, and the tower base is square with a pit in the middle, which is regarded as the underground palace. Another site is the temple site. In the east of the tower site, the abutment is rectangular and the base surface has been destroyed. There are five rows of rammed earth piers in the east and west and six rows in the north and south, which support the foundation stone of the original column and lack two piers in the middle. It can be seen that it is a building with five rooms wide and four rooms deep, and the falling column in the center seems to be the remains of the pedestal. There are only some bricks around the abutment, and there are rammed earth relics in the east-west symmetrical part, which should be the corridor relics connected with the temple. There are sidewalks in the north and small platforms in the south. The unearthed cultural relics are mainly bricks and tiles, as well as gold-plated small bronze buddhas, small silver buddhas, stone carvings, fragments of classical buildings and many murals. Hanjiacang, the site of Hanjiacang in Luoyang, is located in the northeast of Gongcheng District, Luoyang. There are 259 grain pits in the northeast and south of Hanjiacang, which are neatly arranged and lined up. Each cellar is a round tank with a big mouth and a small bottom, with a maximum diameter of about 18m and a depth of about 12m. The minimum diameter is about 8 meters and the depth is about 6 meters. Six of them were excavated, and the bottom of the cellar structure was tamped and burned, covered with clods and black ash, then covered with boards or grass, and then covered with chaff and mats. The walls of the cellar are made of wooden boards, and the top of the cellar is a grass roof with a wooden frame structure, which is coated with thick mixed mud. 160 There is still more than half of the deteriorated and carbonized millet in the cellar, which should be 250,000 Jin. Eight inscribed bricks were also unearthed in the three cellars, which recorded the location, grain type, source, quantity, storage time and the names of officials in charge of transportation and storage.

Yangzhou city

Yangzhou in the Tang Dynasty was second only to Chang 'an and Luoyang at that time. Since 1986, the city has carried out a large-scale archaeological investigation and excavation. The four walls of Zicheng, the two roads in the city, and the east and south gates have all been explored. Los Angeles also poked out four walls, seven doors, five roads and five rivers. Trench excavation was carried out in the west wall and northwest corner of Zicheng, and the strata of Han, Six Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties, Five Dynasties and Song Dynasty were found, indicating that Zicheng was built for a long time. Two trenches were dug in the west and south walls of Los Angeles, three trenches of 10× 10 m were dug in Shita Road in the city, and the site of Ximen was also dug. The investigation and excavation of Yangzhou City show that Yangzhou was divided into two parts in the Tang Dynasty. The sub-city is in the northwest corner of the city. The whole city is 6030m long from north to south and 3120m wide from east to west. The north-south road and the east-west road of the sub-city are located in the middle of the city and cross each other. North-South Road and East-West Road in Los Angeles correspond to the city gates. No relics before Sui and Tang Dynasties were found in Luocheng. Initially, Luocheng was built in the middle and late Tang Dynasty and abandoned at the end of the Five Dynasties. ② In the capital construction project, Yangzhou Institute of Education in Yangzhou City also found architectural relics, ancient rivers, ceramics and building components in the Tang Dynasty.

Important sites in Tang dynasty

Important discoveries include Tangpu Jinqiao in Zhou Pu, Shaanxi, Tang Chi in Huaqing Palace in Lintong, Shaanxi and Jiuhuashan Copper Mine in Nanjing in Tang Dynasty.

There are many records of Pujin Bridge, Tangpu Bridge and Tieniu Bridge, which were the fortresses of the northeast land entering Guanzhong in the Tang Dynasty and the traffic lifeline at that time. This bridge has been lost several times since ancient times. 1989, it was finally discovered and excavated on the east bank of the ancient Yellow River Road in Zhou Pu, Shanxi Province. The bridgehead site of Tangpu Jinqiao and the majestic iron cow, iron man, iron mountain and iron column were discovered. Iron ox, iron man, iron mountain and iron column are important components used to tie cables and boats and fix pontoon bridges. There are four iron cows * * *, number 1-4. 1 is in the northwest, No.2 in the northeast, No.3 in the southwest and No.4 in the southeast, all of which sit and lie in the east and west, and are cast on rectangular iron plates with a width of 2.3 meters, a length of 3.5 meters and a thickness of 0.7 meters. The four iron cows have different shapes, plump and solid bodies, bulging muscles, round eyes like anger, erect ears and upturned tails. There are four big iron pillars under each cow, which go more than ten feet underground. The weight of cattle is about fifteen tons. There is a transverse iron shaft behind each oxtail, each with a length of 2.33 meters and a diameter of 0.5 meters, which is used to tie the bridge iron cable. The number one cow is 3.3 meters long and 1.5 meters tall. The other three cows are basically the same. There is an iron man outside each of the four cows. There are two iron mountains among the four iron cows, which are used to help the iron cow and the iron man increase the weight of the ground anchor. The whole layout of cattle, mountains and people buried in the middle, with a big iron column as the central axis, 0.75 meters off the ground and a circumference of 1.03 meters, is a complete pontoon bridge site. Huaqing Palace Huaqing Palace is located in the southwest of Lintong County, Shaanxi Province. The total excavation area of the site is about 6,000 square meters, and Tang Chi, brick waterways, ceramic water pipes and wells have been cleared. There are seven relics in Tang Chi, numbered T 1-T7. T3 is located in the Qin and Han cultural layers below the Tang cultural layers. The bottom of the pool is polished sandstone, with Qin and Han building materials and rope bricks restored in the early Tang Dynasty. Its era started from the Qin and Han Dynasties, from the lower to the early Tang Dynasty. T6 is made of sand and gravel. The stratum is below the cultural level of Tang Dynasty and above the cultural level of Qin and Han Dynasties. There are also relics restored in the Tang Dynasty. The upper limit should not exceed the Northern Wei Dynasty, and the lower limit should be six years of Tang Tianbao. T2 is a two-story desktop with a symmetrical lotus shape on the upper plane and an octagon on the lower plane. There are four stone steps in the middle of the north wall of the pond, and the bottom of the pond is paved with bluestone slabs. There are two steps in the east, west and north, which can go up and down. According to its shape characteristics and literature records, it should be the Lotus Soup in Huaqing Palace, that is, Yutang Jiulong Hall, which was the bathing place of Li Longji in Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty. T4 is small and exquisite with unique design. Its plane shape is like a begonia flower. The word "Yang" is engraved on the cornerstone of the north eaves wall, which proves that this is the Haitang soup built by Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty for his favorite princess in Huaqing Palace. T 1 is located in the southwest of T2. According to the literature, T 1 may be the Tang Taizi of the Qing Dynasty. The original water source between T5-t 1 should be the Qing Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty. The water supply and drainage system of Tang Chi in Huaqing Palace is reasonable in design, self-contained, non-interfering, avoiding the ground buildings and making full use of the space outside the buildings. The discovery of this relic, especially the Tang ruler used by emperors and concubines, is an important achievement. Jiuhuashan Copper Mine Jiuhuashan Copper Mine in Tang Dynasty was located in the northeast of Tangshan Town, Jiangning, Nanjing, and was discovered when excavating tunnels in existing mining areas. At present, there are 4 exposed sections of ancient tunnels 12 and ancient stopes. The stope is the space left by the layered excavation of the same pillar, and the working face still has the wooden workbench and the remaining frame structure set up by the ancients during excavation. 10 patio and roadway 28 were found in the top and wall of four stopes. The relics found in the investigation include wooden hooks, wooden frame lifters, bamboo baskets and porcelain bowls. Also cleaned up a smelting relic. From the analysis of the scope of surface subsidence area and other relics, the underground ancient stope should have a considerable scale. The characteristics of porcelain unearthed from copper mine are similar to that of Yixing kiln in Tang Dynasty, and the age is generally in the middle and late Tang Dynasty, which makes up for the blank of mining and metallurgy sites in Tang Dynasty.