A relief jewel,

On multi-color layered materials, such as gems and shells.

Design and sculpture,

The most common are two colors,

The upper layer carves the main body, and the bottom layer makes the background.

At the same time, there are many layers of guest appearances.

And monochrome relief

The earliest known relief.

Made in 332 BC

During the reign of Alexander the Great.

Then it rose again during the Renaissance,

In the Victorian era of19th century,

Form a blowout trend.

Basically, most excellent guest works

They were all produced in Italy during this period.

After the 20th century, the quality of relief gradually declined.

Although it has been continuously produced,

But there are fewer and fewer fine products.

Mostly works of poor quality.

Today's best hand relief

Still produced in Naples, Italy.

In recent years, the value of guest appearances has been rising.

I want to vomit this point.

It seems that there is nothing that does not go up.

Cabbage 1 yuan is one catty more. . .

But there are also some old and excellent works.

It's getting harder and harder to find

Cameo is currently on the market.

From a few hundred yuan to tens of thousands of yuan.

There are even hundreds of thousands.

Here's a brief explanation.

Factors affecting the value of relief

And collect the introductory knowledge of identification.

At first, the relief was carved with precious stones.

But the stone is hard and difficult to process.

So later, the softer shells

Has become a mainstream material,

Of course, price is also the main factor.

In addition, shells are the most common materials.

Therefore, the price of works of the same level must be

It is lower than rare materials such as agate, lava, rock and coral.

However, due to the difficulty of gem processing.

It is rare to see a sculptor particularly sharp.

In addition, there are different kinds of shells.

So the values are slightly different.

Some materials are listed below for reference.

shellfish

Sardonyx shell (agate shell wrapped in silk)

The height and length are about 12 inch,

The interior is maroon,

The appearance is all white.

It originated in Bermuda, Venezuela,

West Indies and the United States.

It is said that this kind of shell is rare,

The price will be more expensive.

Cornus officinalis shell (carnelian shell)

The height and length are about 6 inches.

The inside is a reddish-brown layer,

The sculptural appearance is light and flesh-colored,

Pink and orange tones.

This is a very traditional material.

Found off the coast of West Africa.

Pink shell (pink shell)

Pink shells,

The height and length are about 1 1 inch.

Found in the Caribbean, Bermuda,

Bahamas, Brazil and the Gulf of Mexico.

Its white and pink layers

This kind of shell is also found in oranges.

Tiger skin (tiger skin)

The length and height are 2-4 inches.

It has seven different color layers.

In order: tiger skin brown face.

Then white yellow, gray blue, two kinds of purple,

Finally, it is slightly blue and white.

Of Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean.

other

Lava stone

coral

agate

There are other things, such as ivory,

Turquoise, lapis lazuli,

Glass and other materials.

Living well is the most basic and important thing.

No matter how awesome the material is, the result is carved like shit.

It is definitely impossible. . . .

A good work must have a strong three-dimensional sense.

Clever color layered design

There are many details and the carving is in place.

There is no deformation when viewed from multiple angles,

For example, the front view is Takeshi Kaneshiro.

On the other hand, it is Bo Huang. . .

The following figure contains several levels.

Help yourself.

Some rare styles

The price is definitely higher than the ordinary one.

Works of the same level

The value of that scene clas is definitely higher than that of the portrait clas,

Because the process is complicated and rare.

Usually female roles are the most common,

But men's styles are more valuable, especially black ones.

Commonly known as "black hair"

Commesso is unique,

This technology started in Florence at the end of 16.

Color the shells to form a dress,

In addition, punch holes in the shell.

Fix some gems and ornaments.

Form a crown or some accessories.

This style is very rare,

So the price is naturally high.

But be careful not to talk to

Guest Habile is confused,

The latter is only on the relief.

Decorate a necklace or gem.

Cameo Habile

Is French "dress relief"?

That's probably what it means.

Adding Diamond Accessories to the Relief of Figures

Usually necklaces, earrings, etc.

The price of this style is not high.

It is mentioned here only as an example.

The above content is added.

In the 1930s,

The diamond industry needs to open its market,

So he began to set diamonds in relief.

Because at that time, most women would

Use relief gems instead of diamonds.

This style is called Cameo habille.

Athena relief below.

Design and technology are undoubtedly

Top works at the museum level

But there is a small bright spot hidden in it.

In the position of the chest

There is a head portrait of Medusa.

Most Victorian mythological figures

For example, the flower god, Medusa, Dionysus and so on are all lateral.

Very few are positive.

That thing which is rare is dear.

Common frame materials are

Gold, platinum and gold-plated silver

? Brass Pinbeck et al.

Exquisite precious metal frame

For example, gold and silver will definitely increase the value of guest appearances.

But please remember.

Sculpture is the first element you need to see.

In fact, it is common that,

The best work

Only a simple model was assembled.

Brass or copper frame

The best guest appearance period is

From the end of 18 to the end of Victorian era

During this period, many excellent works were produced.

Can be engraved on the relief

Such as materials or numbers and names.

Know what time it is.

But there are also many without any marks.

Meet this guest appearance

You can try the following methods

A method for dating

If it's a brooch relief

You can refer to your age by the pin buckle on the back.

There are three most common types.

C button?

This is the earliest type of buckle used on brooches.

Most C-buttons were used before the 20th century.

But after the 20th century, we can occasionally see cases of using C-buckle.

Early C-pins were longer,

As the development time is getting shorter and shorter,

So when you look at the length of a needle,

Even beyond relief,

Generally speaking, it must be something older.

Trombone button or button

The part of the pin buckle is a tube,

The needle is inserted into it.

The tube can be moved from left to right for insertion,

Then slide back and buckle it.

Trombone buckles are mainly found in European jewelry.

It was used from 1850 to about 1950.

Safety buckle (flip buckle or locking C buckle)

It's basically a c button,

But there is an extra metal buckle,

Rolling at the opening can lock the needle tip.

Rolling buttons became popular around 19 10.

It is still widely used in brooches.

In fact, every kind of pin buckle

There are subtle changes in different times,

If I really want to elaborate, I have to write another article.

So basically refer to the above three items.

In addition, some reliefs may have been replaced by pins.

So you need it when you look at it.

See if there are any welding changes.

If it's a relief made of lava,

It is almost certain that it is a Victorian product.

But it's already on the market.

Some resins made in Britain.

Relief made of imitation lava stone

It's hard to see in the picture.

The price of these goods in Britain is about tens of pounds.

When buying, you must also keep your eyes open and see clearly.

The picture below is true. . .

The material of the picture frame may also show the division of the times.

Copper is an alloy of copper and zinc.

The color is a bit like gold and brass.

It was invented by a watchmaker in London in the18th century.

At that time, gold could only be sold at the quality of 18k.

So Pinkbeck had to invent

Meet the mandatory needs of the public.

19th century, 1840 was patented by gold plating.

And the legalization of gold in 1854 9k,

So with Pinkbeck's framework,

Basically before 1840.

The popular border material for guest appearances in 1880 is silver.

But that doesn't mean all the silver frames.

Are the products of this era.

After 19 19, the border made of platinum was used.

/kloc-characteristics of nose in the 0/9th century

This is a typical Greek nose,

Cheeks are round and full.

Nose prints after the 20th century.

Slightly softened, slightly upturned nose.

Mainly the rise of the film industry,

Many famous actresses

Became the inspiration for sculptors.

After 80, the nose became more crooked.

The hairstyle of the characters has also become very elegant and modern.

Many of them are produced by machines.

This is basically common,

There are other ways.

Such as the clothes and hairstyles of the characters.

Are not as simple and direct as the above methods.

And you need to know something about art history to be more clear.

Dating requires a combination of conditions.

Can't be judged by a single standard.

At present, the best guest star

Still produced in Italy

But there are few masterpieces,

Most of them are masterpieces.

They all went to Japan in their early years.

It's very expensive, and it belongs to the artistic level.

The rest of the more common ones are made by apprentices.

And many of them are assembly line operations.

Everyone is responsible for a task.

The production speed is very fast,

Go shopping at least once a day.

You can make dozens.

Of course, these works are very general,

There are few details.

German Ido Burstein

Making agate relief by laser cutting

I think it's called German blue agate?

Anyway, this is the thing,

In fact, not only Germany,

The United States, Britain, Japan, China and so on.

There are such mechanical products.

The material comes from plastic resin?

There are many kinds of glass and porcelain.

How to choose between manual and mechanical?

Different people have different opinions.

There's still a lot to write.

If you have any questions, please look for them in the following books.

Anna Miller's "New and Old Guest"

It can be said that it is an authoritative textbook for guest collection.

This book introduces the historical development of relief.

Production technology, identification and other knowledge.

The latest version should be the fourth edition.

Students who like it can take a book to learn.