Education is the foundation of the country. Whether an industry can develop healthily and continuously depends on the cultivation of professional talents and the construction of talent echelon. It is obviously not enough to rely solely on the re-education or vocational training of employees. The deeper demand is the specialization of personnel.
1. General situation of jewelry specialty in colleges and universities
With the vigorous development of jewelry market and the demand for comprehensive quality and professional skills of employees, a multi-level jewelry teaching system is gradually taking shape all over the country and has shown strong pertinence.
1. 1 There are various schools.
The running of jewelry specialty embodies the diversification of keeping pace with the times, both public and private; There are not only universities directly under the Ministry of Education, but also secondary colleges, as well as adult education and online education. There are not only knowledge-based higher education with bachelor degree or above, but also skilled secondary education in higher vocational colleges. It covers almost all stages of middle and senior education.
At present, there are nearly 50 colleges or higher vocational colleges offering jewelry appraisal and jewelry design courses, among which the most famous are China Geo University (Beijing) and China Geo University (Wuhan), which have a complete teaching and training plan, curriculum system and syllabus of each course, and have accumulated rich teaching experience in the teaching process for many years. Based on these two foundations, Great Wall College and Jiangcheng College, the secondary colleges of the two universities, also set up jewelry appraisal and other majors respectively.
Jewelry teaching units are all over the country, distributed in cities with developed economy, jewelry industry and higher education, and concentrated in Beijing, Guangdong, Shanghai and other places, such as China Geo University (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, beijing city university, Beijing Business School and so on, such as Guangzhou Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Panyu Vocational and Technical College Jewelry College, Shenzhen Institute of Art and Design, Shenzhen Senior Technical School and so on.
1.2 student situation
The students majoring in jewelry are still mainly undergraduates (first, second and third) and junior college students, including some master students and a few doctoral students, as well as many students from higher vocational colleges, junior colleges and technical secondary schools. According to incomplete statistics, the annual enrollment scale totals nearly ten thousand people.
The employment situation of graduates is generally good, with many directions. Secondary vocational schools, higher vocational colleges and junior colleges are mainly engaged in sales, and major companies and stores have a big gap every year; Except for a few undergraduates who went abroad for further study, quite a few of them joined the postgraduate entrance examination army. For example, nearly 50% of undergraduates majoring in gemstone and materials technology in China Geo University (Beijing) directly enter the master's degree every year, and some of them enter the society, such as industry management institutions, appraisal departments, industry enterprises, industry media, pawn shops, auction houses, etc., and a small number of students directly start their own businesses, which has also achieved gratifying results and brought a lot of vitality to the jewelry industry. Most graduate students are employed as teachers, enter management institutions or scientific research institutions such as trade associations, enter enterprise management, and a few start their own businesses or switch to other industries.
Today, many jewelry students who have graduated from the class have become a new force in the industry.
1.3 Joining of "Bao Er Generation"
With the gradual maturity and development of the jewelry industry, the second generation of employees have gradually reached the age of entering colleges and universities. These "second-generation treasures" have heard of colorful gems since childhood. For them, this is a rare treasure, and they turn a blind eye to it. However, many of them joined the army of studying jewelry because of their personal preference or the need to take over the family business. Compared with other students without jewelry background, their advantage is that they are familiar with gems and even jewelry industry, and they have great freedom in the choice of graduation direction, such as continuing to study in luxury management, art and other related majors. The joining of "Bao Er Generation" will undoubtedly become one of the important driving forces of China's jewelry industry.
1.42011~ 2012 Present situation of jewelry education in China
These two years are full of difficulties and challenges for China's jewelry industry. Facing all kinds of unfavorable factors at home and abroad, survival, development, transformation and upgrading have become urgent problems for jewelry enterprises. However, domestic jewelry education has not stagnated, and the cultivation of talents is still a long-term and arduous task.
Jewelry major not only lays a solid foundation for professional education and quality education, but also pays more attention to the platform needed by domestic talents and starts to create innovative talents with strong hands-on ability.
Since 2008, China Geo University (Beijing) has held many "expert appraisal competitions" on campus, which are divided into "gem appraisal" and "diamond grading" according to different semesters. It has been held for 65,438+00 semesters, and many students with solid professional knowledge stand out, and have achieved good results in the subsequent training of international certificates such as FGA.
The cultivation of hands-on talents in higher education is mainly based on the construction of laboratory on campus and the construction of off-campus practice base and trainee base. After years of hard work, many colleges and universities now have a number of internship bases that can accept students' internships. From the perspectives of testing institutions, scientific research institutions, enterprises and industry media, it aims to create a platform for students to get in touch with the industry, so that they can adapt to the fast pace and strong competition after entering the society in advance. At the same time, in 2009, the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League started to build internship bases in colleges and universities in accordance with the working policy of the CPC Central Committee to solve employment difficulties, and started the first batch of student internship bases at the end of 2009 according to the integration of many factors such as the location of colleges and universities, the scale of running schools, and the specialty setting. At the same time, the internship unit is required to give appropriate subsidies to students (mainly undergraduates) in the process of accepting internships, so that students can gain practical experience and earn a little money to maintain the cost of off-campus internships.
The opening of practice base and trainee base has narrowed the distance between jewelry majors and the industry and helped them locate their four-year study in university.
2. Characteristics and talent training direction of jewelry specialty in colleges and universities
Colleges and universities mainly focus on academic education, but they have clear goals in cultivating students, including division of labor and cooperation.
2. 1 distinctive professional features.
According to the rapid development of the jewelry industry and the demand for new talents from all sides, various school-running units constantly adjust the orientation and direction of running schools, and the setting of jewelry specialty has gradually expanded from the initial jewelry appraisal and jewelry design to 10 different but interrelated majors, such as strengthening jewelry appraisal and marketing specialty in marketing, emphasizing jewelry planning and economic management specialty in management, and even setting up specialties such as art collection and investment, which can be said to enrich the adaptability of jewelry specialty.
The curriculum is based on basic courses such as principles and methods of gem identification instruments, color gemmology, diamond science, jade, gem processing and jewelry trading, and then all relevant directions are strengthened according to the differences of specific majors, such as art design, design software application, jewelry expression techniques and jewelry trading. Marketing, jewelry evaluation, sales skills, business negotiation and other courses of marketing specialty combine jewelry processing technology and design, design aesthetics with design directions such as gemstone and material technology. Generally speaking, it is an all-round extension and development after understanding the big gem materials.
2.2 Different professional levels
Due to the different levels and purposes of running a school, students majoring in jewelry also present a multi-level and targeted situation from doctoral students, master students, undergraduates, junior college students to vocational and technical school students.
Generally speaking, the training goal of graduate students is mainly scientific research, undergraduates emphasize improving comprehensive quality with higher vocational skills, junior college students emphasize skills training on a certain basis, while higher vocational students and technical school students require students to master the practical ability of appraisal and marketing. Different levels of training programs fully consider the school-running characteristics of each unit, students' acceptance ability, future career choice, employment and other issues, and form a relatively independent and complete jewelry education and teaching system as a whole.
3. Some jewelry colleges have been set up.
Although many colleges and universities offering jewelry specialty in China are distributed all over the country, most of them have inherited the foundation of geology, rock and mineral specialty, and the foundation of science and engineering is profound.
3. 1 China Geo University (Beijing)
Jewellery College of China Geo University (Beijing) was established in1September, 1995, and it is one of the earliest institutions of higher learning in China to carry out gemology education and offer gemology specialty. At present, Jewellery College has two undergraduate majors, namely Gemmology, Material Technology and Art Design, and two master programs, namely Gemmology and Art Design. At present, there are more than 500 full-time students, including more than 400 undergraduates (including 10 foreign students) and more than 60 graduate students. There are 3 1 staff in the college, including 23 full-time teachers, 83% of whom have graduate degrees and 44% have senior titles. Five teachers have obtained the qualification certificate of national registered jewelry and jade quality inspector. The educational background, major and age structure of college teachers tend to be rational.
Gemmology major of China Geo University (Beijing) has trained more than 2,000 gemmological and artistic professionals and nearly 100 doctoral and master's students since its enrollment in 1988, which has sent a large number of gemmological professionals at all levels to China's jewelry industry.
With the development advantages of key disciplines such as mineralogy, petrology and mineral deposit science, Jewellery College has made a number of representative teaching and scientific research achievements in gemology, gem improvement and artificial crystal, gem material design and processing, gem identification, art design and gem deposit science. , published more than 65,438+000 papers and compiled more than 65,438+00 textbooks and monographs. He has undertaken many teaching reform projects, published dozens of teaching methodology papers and design works, and won many teaching achievement awards.
The college will adhere to the school-running concept of "characteristics plus quality products", focus on teaching, and gradually strengthen the scientific research of gemology; Broaden gem and material technology and its related majors, art design and its related design majors; Based on the jewelry industry and facing related fields, cultivate high-quality, high-skilled and innovative jewelry talents to meet social needs; Through hard work, Jewellery College will be built into a well-known characteristic college in China.
3.2 China Geo University (Wuhan)
China Geo University (Wuhan) Jewelry College is a teaching and research unit with jewelry education as its central task. From 65438 to 0989, Gemmology Institute cooperated with British Gemmology Association to open the certificate course of Gemmology of British Gemmology Association, which was the first institute in China to introduce the international advanced gemmology education system, thus greatly accelerating the development of gemmology education in China. On the basis of studying the theory and skills of modern international gemmology, Jewellery Institute has set up its own courses on gems and diamonds and founded GIC brand, which has trained a large number of professionals for Chinese jewelry industry.
Up to now, more than 5,000 people have obtained various certificates such as FGA, DGA, GIC gemmology and diamond classification. At the same time, Jewellery College is also one of the only three national pre-examination training stations for jewelers and jade quality inspectors in China.
Since 1994, the college has undertaken the task of undergraduate education in gemology. In 2000, with the official approval of the Ministry of Education, the market-oriented and future-oriented undergraduate major of Gemmology and Materials Technology was opened. At present, undergraduate students in gemology, material technology and jewelry design are recruited, and higher-level master students and doctoral students in gemology are also trained, and master students graduate every year. In addition, students majoring in jewelry are trained through adult education and online education. It constitutes a multi-level jewelry education system.
There are many famous experts who are influential in the jewelry industry in Jewelry College. Among the existing full-time and part-time teachers, 77.8% have senior titles such as professors and associate professors, 6 1% have master's degrees or above, and 22% have doctoral degrees. Establish a team of teachers with good professional quality, high academic level and dedication.
Over the years, Jewellery Institute has made great efforts to carry out scientific research and academic exchanges at home and abroad in the field of gemology, and has made important achievements in the research of organic gems such as diamonds, jadeite, colored gems and pearls. Gemmology, an academic journal of gemmology, and gemmology magazine with Jewellery Institute as the main body, and the annual gemmology meeting held in Wuhan regularly provide important positions for academic exchanges at home and abroad.
3.3 Other jewelry departments
(1) Shijiazhuang University of Economics: Gemstone and Materials Technology College-Gemstone and Materials Technology Major.
(2) Kunming University of Science and Technology: Department of Gemstone and Material Technology-Gemstone and Material Technology
(3) Tianjin University of Commerce: Business School-Gems and Materials Technology.
(4) Shanghai Jianqiao College: Department of Art and Design-Gem and Material Technology
(5) Guilin University of Technology: School of Earth Sciences-Gems and Materials Technology
(6) Shanghai Tongji University: Gem Education Center
4. Jewelry Vocational Education
In addition to academic education, China also has a jewelry education model, which is vocational education. Jewelry vocational education has the characteristics of high starting point, flexible running mode, short talent training cycle, more emphasis on practical ability and application in content, and more diversified teaching forms, which effectively makes up for some shortcomings of jewelry academic education. They complement each other and develop together, and have trained a large number of jewelry talents at all levels for China from many aspects and angles.
Early jewelry vocational education, with gem identification as the teaching starting point, quickly and efficiently trains professionals for the early jewelry industry. With the increasing demand for talents in jewelry industry, vocational education has gradually developed from short-term training courses to more systematic and scientific certificate courses. This change marks the maturity of China's jewelry vocational education, and also plays a positive role in promoting the healthy development of China's jewelry industry.
4. 1 domestic industry training
Due to the rapid development of jewelry industry and the extreme shortage of jewelry professionals, jewelry vocational education, mainly short-term training courses, has also developed rapidly, and professional training recognized by the industry has been carried out. The earliest training was mainly conducted by relevant institutions of the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources, such as the National Jewelry Training Center (formerly known as "Beijing Jewelry Training Center of the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources" and later renamed as "National Gem Monitoring Training Center"). As early as 199 1, various training courses were held, covering jewelry marketing, gem identification, diamond classification, jade identification and trade, jewelry design, jewelry processing and so on. Other training institutions mainly include China Geo University (Wuhan) Jewelry Institute (GIC series certificate) and China Jewelry and Jade Industry Association (formerly China Gemstone Association, GAC series certificate).
4.2 Vocational qualification training
At present, among the vocational qualification certificates issued by various countries in China, the five-level vocational qualification certificates issued by the former Ministry of Labor and Social Security have the greatest influence, namely, primary skills (vocational qualification level 5), intermediate skills (vocational qualification level 4), advanced skills (vocational qualification level 3), technicians (vocational qualification level 2) and senior technicians (vocational qualification level 1).
In 2002, the Ministry of Labor established the "Jewelry Vocational Skills Appraisal Guidance Center", which is subordinate to the Jewelry and Jade Jewelry Management Center of the Ministry of Land and Resources, and set up 23 jewelry vocational skills appraisal stations throughout the country. At present, the jewelry industry has begun to identify precious metals, diamonds, gem inspectors, jewelry salesmen, precious metal jewelry craftsmen, precious metal jewelry mechanics, gem polishers and other jobs. A large number of professionals have been trained, which has played a positive role in promoting the healthy development of the jewelry industry.
4.3 Qualification training
The highest gold content in the jewelry industry is the "CGC" qualification certificate jointly issued by the former Ministry of Personnel and the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine and the "CPVG" qualification certificate jointly issued by the former Ministry of Personnel and the Ministry of Finance.
The CGC exam is held every two years and consists of four subjects and two theoretical subjects: "Basic Gemmology Theory and Related Laws and Regulations" and "Gemmology Professional Knowledge". There are two kinds of practical tests: "Gem Identification" and "Diamond Classification". There are three pre-test training stations in China: Beijing Station (National Jewelry Training Center), Wuhan Station (Jewelry College of China Geo University) and Shanghai Station. Since 1997, Beijing has held nine national examinations.
The national CPVG qualification examination consists of five examination subjects: jewelry appraisal and classification, asset appraisal, economic law, jewelry appraisal theory and method, and jewelry appraisal case analysis. Among them, "Jewelry Identification and Classification" is included in the Qualification Examination for Jewelry and Jade Quality Inspector (CGC); "Assets Appraisal" and "Economic Law" can participate in the local annual social unified examination; Theory and Method of Jewelry Appraisal and Case Analysis of Jewelry Appraisal are tested every two years. The only CPVG pre-test training institution in China is undertaken by the National Jewelry Training Center. Since 2004, Beijing has held four national examinations.
4.4 International professional training
Jewelry education abroad is also based on vocational education. The earliest foreign educational institution introduced to China was the Royal Gemstone Association, which cooperated with Gemological College of China Geo University in Wuhan to set up FGA (Gemstone Course) and DGA (Diamond Course) certificate course on 1989. Other foreign training institutions such as GIA (American Gemological Institute), HRD (Belgian Diamond High Council) and GII (American International Gemological Institute).
FGA
FGA is a GEMA gemstone appraiser qualification certificate, which was established in 1908 and enjoys a high reputation in the world. The FGA certificate 1988 was introduced to China, taught in Chinese, and the test sites were in Beijing, Guangzhou, Guizhou, Shanghai and Han.
Examination content: involves the essence, formation and appearance of gems; Structure and characteristics of gemstones; Color and optical characteristics of gemstones; Optical characteristics of gem detection: electromagnetic spectrum used for gem detection; Visible spectrum and spectroscope; Non-optical characteristics and detection technology; Magnifier technology, internal and external characteristics; Gem polishing; Artificial, synthetic and imitation gems; Processing gems and processing methods; Introduction of inorganic gemstones; Introduction of organic gemstones.
GIA
Gemological Institute of America (GIA) was founded in 193 1, and now it is the largest non-profit institution for gem research and education in the world. The globally recognized diamond grading system was founded by it. GIA's main certificate is graduate gemmologist (G.G.). The diploma has always been regarded as an influential academic certification by the industry, and the practitioners who have won the title of G.G. are recognized as senior professionals in the global jewelry industry.
Exam content: It involves diamond appraisal standards and knowledge, gem synthesis and processing technology, precise appraisal of gems, and evaluation of diamond grade by using standard color system.
4.4.3 IIG
Established in Antwerp, Belgium, 1975, IGI is the world's largest independent gem appraisal laboratory and gem research and education institution, with 15 laboratories and schools in major diamond trading centers and central cities around the world (Antwerp, new york, Toronto, Dubai, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Tel Aviv, Mumbai and Los Angeles). At present, gemologists from more than 96 countries around the world get laboratory, education and scientific research services from IGI.
Advantages: there are many practical courses, which can exercise practical operation ability and thinking ability, and are closely integrated with the industry market. All courses are taught by IGI's own teachers, which should be the only one in the world at present.
Disadvantages: the time is not flexible, and classes have to be held all day for two weeks.
human resources development
The full name of HRD is Diamond HighCouncil——HRD (Hogeraad Voor Diamond in Dutch) and Belgian Senior Diamond Council in Chinese, which is located in Antwerp, Belgium, the world diamond center. But it should not be called this name now, because the original public welfare function of the Diamond Council has been replaced by the AWDC Antwerp World Diamond Center in recent years. At present, HRD is mainly used for identification.