First, the classification of nouns

Nouns are divided into proper nouns and common nouns. Common nouns can be further divided into general nouns, collective noun, material nouns and abstract nouns. Nouns are divided into countable nouns and uncountable nouns according to whether they are countable or not. Here we mainly explain the usage of proper nouns, countable nouns, uncountable nouns and collective noun.

1. proper nouns

Including countries, regions, mountains, rivers, oceans and other nouns, such as: China, Yangtze River.

2. uncountable nouns

Also known as material or abstract nouns, such as milk, soap, steel.

3. Countable nouns

Nouns that can express specific things, such as feet, teeth and houses.

note:

(1) Some nouns are both countable and uncountable, but they have different meanings.

Paper newspapers/newspapers; Experience experience; People/humans; A room/space

(2) Some nouns have the same singular and plural forms.

Aircraft/Deer/Sheep/Works/China/Switzerland

(3) Some nouns have different singular and plural meanings.

Look look/ look expression; Customs duties; Damage loss/damage; Good benefits/goods (goods)

4. collective noun

(1) collective noun cannot be modified by specific numbers. The following collective noun cannot be modified with one, one or two. Only the can be added before them to mean "all …".

Police (all police) British (all British)

French (all French), Swiss, Swiss (all Swiss)

(2) Some collective noun can be modified with specific numbers after changing their expressions.

One policeman, two policewomen, two policewomen.

Two English girls, two English girls and two French boys, two French boys.

Second, the plural of nouns.

1. There are two plural forms.

When some nouns have different meanings, their corresponding plural forms are also different.

Penny has two plural forms. When used as the value solution of "penny", the complex number is pence；; When the number "penny" is solved, the complex number is penny.

When works stands for "factory", the simple and complex numbers are isomorphic, but when works stands for "engineering", the singular number is work and the plural number is works.

When fish is used as the number of "fish", its plural form is fish, such as two fish; As a kind of "fish", the plural is fish, such as two different kinds of fish.

2. Only plural form, not singular form.

Some words are only plural and cannot be modified with specific numbers.

Pants pants clothes shorts merchandise glasses glasses

This kind of nouns can't be modified by specific numbers, nor can they say two pairs of trousers, but they can say multiple pairs of trousers, two pairs of trousers and so on.

3. Some collective noun are singular, and when they are subjects, the predicate verbs are also singular.

Fruit fruit jewelry furniture

4. The singular and plural expressions of "some China people":

One China-two China-one Japanese-two Japanese.

One Australian-two Australians, one Frenchman-two Frenchmen.

You can say I'm from China or I'm from China.

You can say I am English or I am an English boy, but you can't say I am English.

5. Plural number of compound nouns

(1) For compound nouns ending in countable nouns, the plural is directly added to the suffix.

Movie lover toothbrush boyfriend

(2) Compound nouns consisting of countable nouns and prepositional phrases/adverbs are changed to plural forms in the noun part.

Editor-in-chief mother-in-law passerby

(3) Compound words composed of men or women, in which all nouns are plural.

Female doctor, male driver and footman

(4) If there is no noun in the compound word, add plural at the end of the last word.

The collapse of middlemen adults

The possessive case of three or four cases of nouns

1. "Geography, country, city, astronomy, time, measurement, value" and other inanimate nouns can be expressed in the form of S.

China Capital/Moon Orbit/Today's newspaper/Five-minute walk.

2. If some live nouns are long or have more or longer attributives, you must use the possessive case of.

The brave story of William Tell and his son

3. When articles, numerals and indefinite pronouns (such as A/Some/A number /Any/No/The) precede the nouns indicating the possessions, you must use the dual possessive case (that is, the form of "of phrase+possessive case").

A friend of my father.

Susan's new dress.

When possessive case is followed by a noun such as house/church/shop/home/hospital/office, this noun is often omitted.

Dental clinic

At uncle Wang's house

St. Peter's Church

Fourthly, the difference between noun attributive and possessive case attributive.

Nouns as attributes can logically indicate purpose (function), material, source (place), time, etc. Prefixed; The possessive case of nouns is often used as an attribute to indicate ownership. Try to compare:

Girlfriend, girlfriend (specify the gender of "friend")

A girl's friend is a girl's friend.

Directly hit the college entrance examination

1. Football players have no strict restrictions before joining our club. (1997 Shanghai)

A. Practice C. Education C. Exercise D. Training

All the friends Betty made there were invited to her birthday party. (1997 Shanghai)

A. How many D. How many

3. Many countries are increasing the use of natural gas, wind energy and other forms of energy.

(1996 Shanghai)

A. Energy B. Source C. Power D. Materials

Who did you spend last weekend with?

_ _ _ _ _.( 1998 Shanghai)

A. Palmer B. Palmer C. Palmer D.

We all know that words speak louder than words. (1999 Shanghai)

A. Exercise B. Performance C. Operation D. Action

My parents always let me have my own life. (1999 Shanghai)

A. Mode B. Method C. Mode D. Fashion

7. The new law will take effect on the date of adoption. (1999 Shanghai)

A. Effect B. Use C. Service D. Existence

The manager's business is very good, so the company is doing well. (Beijing 2003)

A. idea b, feeling c, thinking d

Answers and analysis

1.d This sentence means: "These football players didn't receive strict training before joining our club." Training is "training".

2.c This is to test the examinee's mastery of the word "Shao", which is both an adjective and a noun. Fever means that some people. If the answer is a, the sentence should be a few of her friends ... item b indicates the contradiction between negation and all.

Natural gas and wind belong to energy. B, c and d don't match the meaning of the question.

4. The plural form of the surname C is used with the definite article to mean "family" or "couple".

Actions speak louder than words. Actions speak louder than words. Action means "action, action, action"; Movement means "movement, activity and action", and when it is used in the plural, it often means "movement (in the political and ideological fields)"; Performance is "play, play, play"; Operation is "business, activity".

6. Have your own way to do something. Is an idiom, meaning: the way or way to do something by yourself.

7. The implementation of "one entry into force"; Implement. "

8.b This question examines word discrimination between nouns. Idea means "opinion; Idea "refers to the idea that people come up with;" "Feeling" means "knowing"; Consciousness "refers to ideas. The manager is very business-conscious, so the company is developing well. So the answer is B. Thought means "thought; Know ",thinking is" thinking; Thinking ",these two nouns focus on the concept of" consideration ",so it doesn't matter.

Specialized training

1. Those are my books.

A. John's brother John's brother John's

Miss Smith is a friend of _ _ _ _.

A. Mary's mother Mary's mother Mary's mother

After Helen passed the exam, we sent her to school.

A. Our congratulations

The _ _ _ _ of these houses are covered with yellow.

A. the roof; The leaves turned yellow; Leaves C. roof; Rhododendron leaf; leave

5. I have read most of this book; The rest is more difficult.

A. it's b, it's c, it was d, it was d.

The concert was boring because only a few people came.

A. failure b failure c failure d failure

7. It took _ _ _ half an hour to do their work.

A. Mr. Kim; Housework B. Kings; Indoor engineering

C. the king; Housework D. king; housework

8. They called on _ _ _ yesterday.

A.my uncle's friend Mary's teacher

We haven't heard much about him recently.

A. news b word c information d information

10. She broke a plate while washing dishes.

A.a glass of wine

1 1. After climbing for two hours, we are glad to have a rest.

A. a few minutes.

12. The woman over there is _ _ _ _ _.

A. Julia and Mary's mother

C.julia and mary's mother

13. Tom's calligraphy is much better than _ _ _ _.

A. Anyone's B. Anyone's C. Anyone's D. Anyone's

14. She _ _ _ _.

A. know that ants have two stomachs

C. Ting sent me a thank-you letter and shook hands with me.

15. We hired two people in our office last year.

A. female workers; Female workers; Salesman; manservant

16. My grandmother has _ _ _ _ _, but she has some _ _ _ _.

A. beautiful hair; White hair B. beautiful hair; grey/white hair

C. beautiful hair; White hair D. beautiful hair; grey/white hair

17. No, considering that he has been overworked for many years, he is ill.

A. Miracle B. Idea C. Matter D. Hope

18. They moved back to _ _ _ _ soon because it was difficult for them to adapt to city life.

A. country B. nationality C. province D. state

19. Rita did many interesting things. She should write a book about her.

A. Some experiences

He didn't think the painting was valuable, so he sold it to me for only 10.

A. cost, value, price and expenses

Answers and analysis

1. John is the appositive of brothers, so all cases should be added after John.

Mary and her mother belong to each other; The title means "Mary's mother's friend", so the dual possessive case is used.

Congratulations are customarily used in the plural, and nouns with similar usage include wishes/thanks/greetings, etc.

C is the plural form of nouns ending in -f or -fe, and those ending in -s are: roof/chief/gulf/serf/wolf/believe/proof/safe, etc. The suffix is changed to F or fe is V, plus es: leaf/life/knife/shelf/half/bread/wife, etc. Suffixes come in two forms: handkerchiefs/scarves, etc.

5. When the rest is the subject, the singular and plural of its predicate verb depends on the word the rest refers to. The rest here refers to the uncountable part, so the predicate verb is singular.

6.c abstract nouns such as failure and success used to be uncountable nouns, but under certain circumstances, especially when there are restrictive attributes, such abstract nouns are embodied as "someone or something" and need to be preceded by the definite article a(n). From the second half of this question, we can know that the concert was "a failure"

7. household d is an uncountable noun, so b and c are excluded; Exclude item a from the information word their.

8.C call at means "visit", followed by a noun indicating the place; Call it "visit", followed by the noun of the table

9. Words are uncountable nouns with no plural form and no articles in front. Information is an uncountable noun and has no plural form. Message is a countable noun and can't be decorated too much.

10.B According to the information word A, it is a broken glass, but item A is wrongly matched, item D is illogical (breaking a glass of wine), and item C is not concise enough, so B is chosen.

1 1.a cannot modify minutes at all, so c and d are excluded; Phrases such as time and distance often use the possessive case as the attributive of nouns.

12.b According to word is, the nouns referred to are singular, and mother is * * *, just add "'s" after Mary.

13.d is illogical according to the semantic c item; When a noun or pronoun with else modifier changes the possessive case, you should add s after else. Another example: others', others' and so on.

14.c. Prepare for "preparation". It should be noted that preparation is plural; The plural of stomach is stomach, so item B is also wrong; Shake hands with, and hand must be plural, such as making friends.

When noun 15. B as an attribute, the singular form is often used; But man and woman are attributes, and if the modified word is plural, it is also in plural form; Although the expression of selling girls is correct, it is irrelevant.

16. hair is an uncountable noun when it refers to "hair" in general; If it refers to a specific hair, it is a countable noun.

17.a (Yes) No wonder (that) … means "No wonder ……"; "... not surprising"

18. Village; Rural areas. Contrary to city life.

19.B experience is an uncountable noun when used as an "empirical" solution; But it is a countable noun when interpreted as "experience and travel calendar". This question expresses the latter meaning, so a is excluded; Moreover, because articles, some and other words cannot be used to modify nouns at the same time as possessive pronouns, C and D should also be excluded.

He thought the painting was worthless, so I bought it for 10.