Now in the National Museum of China, this hairpin uses complex techniques such as inlay and filigree to decorate its head, which is very luxurious. A white jade Buddha statue is embedded in the middle of the hairpin. The Buddha statue has a delicate face, clear facial features and correct standing posture. He was wearing a gown with well-defined lines, his left arm was bent, and a square bag was carved. The Buddha wears a gold-plated crown, with a gold-plated sitting Buddha on the crown and treasures on both sides of the crown. Around the Buddha statue, there is an oval silver silk Buddha statue with Sanskrit on both sides. The jade Buddha foot covers the lotus base, and the base under the lotus base is inlaid with three rubies and two sapphires. These gems should also be a tribute from overseas countries.
A lot of filigree techniques are used on this hairpin. Gold and silver wires are made of gold and silver, drawn into filaments and woven into various shapes. If all kinds of pearls and precious stones are decorated on silk fabrics and inlaid with silk, there is often a "touch of green". There is a rockhopper unearthed in Dingling in my collection, which is the application of these technologies. A large number of hairpin ornaments were unearthed in Dingling, and this kind of silver-plated and ruby-inlaid craft style should be all the rage during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty. Now in the National Palace Museum in Taipei.
Gray, medium jade, carved a bodhisattva. The gold socket is embedded in the back, and the metal processing is very good. The bead pattern outlines the receptacle and extends to the front of the sitting statue, forming a golden precious flower. Archaeologists, such as the jade bodhisattva unearthed from Lu tomb in Shanghai, are not as exquisite as this.
During the period of 1987, a number of precious cultural relics, such as Buddha statues, scrolls, headdresses, porcelain, wrapped sutras, etc., were found in Baiyidozi Tower, Qingyang Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou City. Two of the Guanyin statues are beautifully made, engraved with the words "Five Years of Chongzhen" (1632) and the princess's surname and identity, indicating that the Duozi Tower was built by the Wang family to pray for future generations and is extremely important.
Naming and function of one or two hair clips
After the two pins were unearthed, one pin was named "Jade Carved Guanyin" and the other pin was named "Jade Carved Guanyin". Judging from its naming, it only reflects the general name of the object and shows its practical function, but the production process and name of Guanyin statue are not clear. 1June, 1996, the national cultural relics appraisal expert group designated it as a national first-class cultural relic, and named it "Guanyin hairpin with white jade pine nuts in gold thread" and "Guanyin hairpin with white jade in gold thread". This naming basically reflects the texture, production technology, the name of Guanyin statue and its common name of these two cultural relics, which has reached the naming standard. But there are still some shortcomings in this naming. There is no doubt that the name "Golden silk, precious stones and white jade to send Guanyin" is accurate. The biggest feature of sending Guanyin is that the image of Guanyin itself is like a middle-aged woman with a baby in her hand. This statue has these two characteristics, so there is no doubt that it is Guanyin. However, the name of another Guanyin has not yet been determined, and its name needs to be determined. The characteristics of this Guanyin statue are obvious. Guanyin is a folk woman with a basket in her right hand. Throughout the statue itself, the temperament is light, especially the portable basket should be the symbol of Guanyin in the fish basket, which is consistent with the image of Guanyin in the fish basket in thirty-three guanyin. Therefore, the names of these two hairpins should be "Guanyin Hairpin with Jade Gem in Five Years of Ming Chongzhen" and "Guanyin Hairpin with Jade Gem and Fish Basket in Five Years of Ming Chongzhen".
In the fifth year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty, a gem inlaid with precious stones was sent to Guanyin Chai.
The first hairpin is a sitting statue of Guanyin, made of white jade. Guanyin has a high bun, a long round face, small eyes, a long straight nose, a small mouth, full cheeks, a long skirt, wide sleeves and knees, and a child in her hand. The child is sitting in a sitting position, with a small figure, fine eyes and bare feet, quite immature, quiet and kind to Guanyin, the main body. There is a lotus base made of fine gold thread under the Guanyin statue, which consists of three layers of lotus petals. Lotus petals are thin and have obvious characteristics of the times. The statue is surrounded by a lotus theme, all of which are woven into lotus petals with gold wires as thin as hair, and then welded and molded. Lotus is composed of a lotus leaf, a lotus flower and a lotus flower. There are five * * *, which are densely covered around the Guanyin statue. Lotus leaves are slender and roll sideways, indicating that they are intertwined with branches. Lotus petals are slender and flat, and the outline of the flower has wavy changes. Lotus plumule is inlaid with pearls and rubies. The pearls are bright and soft, and the gems are pure and bright red. As you wish, the lotus has four small round holes on its surface and blue enamel. The back of the statue is lined with palindrome net made of fine gold wire. Behind the net, there is a silver hairpin, which is quite flat and has a ridge in the middle. On the front, it is inscribed: "Wang Su is a hero, and Jin Yao, the capital of the class, is also installed." The inscription on the back reads: "the tenth day of August in the fifth year of Chongzhen."
In the fifth year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty, Guanyin hairpin was inlaid with precious stones and white jade fish baskets;
The first statue of hairpin is the fish basket statue of Guanyin, made of white jade, with a towering bun, a long round face, small eyes, a long nose and a small mouth, wearing a gown with wide sleeves and a shawl floating over her shoulders. Under the shawl, the arm flies outward, and the basket is carried in the right hand, which is thinner than Guanyin above. Behind it is a leaf-shaped white jade back screen, with fine through-carving holes and tangled flowers carved on the edge. Through simple intaglio lines, carved faces and clothing lines can be displayed. There is a waist-covered lotus seat below. The lotus base is made of lotus petals woven with hair-thin gold thread and welded. There are two layers of lotus petals above and one layer of lotus petals below. The waist is decorated with lotus beads. Guanyin statue is also surrounded by a lotus theme woven with fine gold thread, and there are also five lotus flowers. Lotus is a combination of lotus and lotus leaf. The lotus core is set with red gems. The most striking thing is that there are four short thin springs made of thin gold wire evenly distributed between the lotus leaves of the five lotus leaves, and the other end of each spring is inlaid with a pearl, which is very beautiful. After the back screen, the thin gold thread was woven into a palindrome net to hold the jade statue.
The two hairpin are made of jade and gold inlaid in Ming Dynasty, and the main materials are gold, jade, silver, pearls and rubies. The statues are all high-quality white jade, and the edges are decorated with many fine gold wires, precious stones and pearls. From the production process, Guanyin statue is made by cutting, carving, pondering and polishing, while the decorative part mainly adopts the silk-tired process, that is, the lotus theme is woven with extremely fine gold thread, inlaid with pearls and precious stones, and hammering, welding, inlaying and enameling are also used to show its luxury. It perfectly reproduces the superb technology of the developed Ming Dynasty metalworking.
By comparison, we can also see that there are some differences between the two kinds of hair clips in the production process, the combination of decorative themes and the shape. The biggest difference in the production process of the main body of the statue is that the Songzi Guanyin statue does not use carving technology, but mainly uses relief, emphasizing the outline of the main body and highlighting the solemn and heavy modeling temperament; In addition to the body, the back screen, shawl and other accessories of the fish basket Guanyin statue have been carved, which is lively and light. The thin spring is inlaid with pearls, which has a splash effect and is more aesthetic. In terms of theme, the lotus theme combination which is also decorated with jade statues is different. The lotus flower for Guanyin statue is lotus, lotus leaf, lotus flower. Lotus is painted with blue enamel. Lotus petals are slender and flat, and the edge contour is tortuous. Lotus plumule is inlaid with pearls and rubies. However, there is no lotus in the lotus combination of Guanyin statue in fish basket. The petals of the lotus are pointed and upright, and the edge contour is smooth. The stamens are all set with rubies and no pearls. The shapes of lotus stands are also different. The lower part of Guanyin is a three-layer lotus platform, which extends layer by layer, while the fish basket Guanyin is a waist-girding lotus platform, with two layers of lotus petals on the upper part, lotus petals on the lower part and pearl embroidery patterns in the middle. The existence of these differences is related to the different functional meanings of the two Guanyin.
The practical functions of these two chopsticks are undoubtedly chopsticks, but as things put into the tower, they are special offerings. The technology of gold-inlaid jewelry in Ming Dynasty was the most developed, which was widely used in ceremonial crown jewelry. There are many changes in the making of hairpins, especially hairpins. They are not only made into the shapes of flowers, some of which are dragons and phoenixes, but also into miniature trees, pavilions and various figures. The role of these hairpins greatly exceeds that of hairpins, and they are often used and made into special articles for social and religious ceremonies. The hairpin unearthed from these two Yisi Duozi Pagoda should be used for charity. Its function can be explained by the fact that it comes from a pagoda. At the same time, its function is clearly recorded in the inscription: "Xiong Shishi, a princess of the Ming Dynasty, was installed in Jin Yao, the capital of the class, on the tenth day of August in Chongzhen five years." It clearly shows that this is what Princess Bear did to the tower. It was specially made to respect the Buddha, and it also shows the identity of the donor. Therefore, these two chopsticks are dedicated to support, not practical. Although it has the practical function of issuing cards, its practical function here is only formal.
The connotation of praying for children by the statue of Guanyin.
Duozi Pagoda, located in Baiyi Temple, was built in Ming Dynasty. According to the inscription of Xiubaiyi Temple Tower in Xianfeng period of Qing Dynasty, "Baiyi Temple is the merit of Princess Su Fan in the former Ming Dynasty." There are many pagodas behind the main hall of the temple. According to the inscription, this pagoda was rebuilt in the fifth year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty. The name of the "Duzi" tower directly reflects the purpose of building this tower. Sumitomo Tower is surrounded by traditional auspicious patterns of brick carving, mainly with lotus patterns, dark eight immortals and auspicious animals. There are patterns such as semi-exposed pomegranate and drooping grape branches on the lower edge of the tower foundation. Lotus, pomegranate, grapes and other themes all symbolize many sons, conveying that the Duozi Tower of Baiyi Temple was built for the blessing of the Wang family, and the things placed in the tower were naturally given for the blessing.
The statue itself, whether Guanyin or decorative theme, mainly expresses the content of praying for the son. Guanyin: Wearing a towel and holding a child in her hands, sitting on a lotus seat, with a long round face, solemn expression, short neck and slightly drooping head, she is a middle-aged folk woman with strong maternal characteristics. It also embodies the characteristics of motherhood, which is also in line with the concept of praying for children. This hairpin is the first to send Guanyin to the son, which directly expresses the wish to pray for the son. Look at the fish basket Guanyin again:
Fish basket Guanyin, that is, Malangfu Guanyin. As one of thirty-three guanyin, the fish basket in hand has the name and image of a big fish on the water. Song Lian praised the Fish Basket and said, "According to Guanyin, in the 12th year of Tang and Yuan Dynasties, there was a beautiful woman on the beach in Youjin, Shaanxi Province. People really want to stay in the room. The woman said, I can receive menstruation. What's wrong with people who can recite hot products overnight? Dawn can be twenty. Women say that a suit is worthy of all husbands. Please give me the Book of Changes. As in the previous period. Capable people live in half. A woman resigned from a northern religion for three days, and only a girl can. The woman got married. Let's start. That woman will die. Death is the end of erosion. Abrupt and sudden. In the future, there will be a tomb opened by a monk and a horse, but only gold can lock the bones. The monk said that this Guanyin is for you to change your ears. Words fly. There are naturally many people who read Buddha in Shaanxi. "
The fish basket Guanyin is the most unique image of Guanyin in China, which has nothing to do with Buddhist scriptures. Its fixed image is mostly elegant middle-aged women, holding fish baskets, or standing on the roadside, or standing on the back of fish. For example, Zhao Mengfu's "Fish Basket Guanyin Statue" in Yuan Dynasty depicts a middle-aged woman standing on the roadside with a basket in her hand, with a luxurious temperament. Guanyin in the fish basket is always associated with persuading people to respect Buddha. The fish in the basket is a prop for Guanyin to become a folk woman's persuasion. By selling fish, she reached out to the people and persuaded stupidity. The fish basket Guanyin statue appears on the multi-tower with the praying son as the main body. Combined with the purpose of building the multi-tower of Baiyi Temple, there should still be some connection with Qizi. Guanyin on the hairpin is the image of a woman, wearing a long skirt with wide sleeves, a shawl floating over her shoulders and carrying a basket. There are no characteristics related to praying for a son. However, there are two things related to this image, one is the fish basket and the other is the lotus. Described the story about putting the lotus in the back. Although this basket has no real image of fish, it is used to hold fish here because the basket in Guanyin's hand is an aid to fish. Fish, existing in China's deep-rooted traditional concept, is a symbol of having many children and grandchildren. In ancient China, fish was a symbol of wealth, and its homonym lasted for many years. Meanwhile, fish has many meanings. For example, in folk art works, images of praying for more blessings and using more fish are often expressed, such as "beating lotus with fish" and "persuading lotus with fish". Although the fish in Guanyin's hand in the fish basket was originally a prop to persuade those who didn't respect the three treasures, here, it not only shows that Guanyin has become a folk fish girl to educate fools, but also means praying for children.
Judging from the decorative theme, the five lotus flowers decorated around the two Guanyin statues are all related to praying for the son. Lotus theme was popular in Ming and Qing dynasties, and appeared in the decoration of many articles, which can be used as both decorative theme and marginal decoration. The common combinations are lotus, lotus and lotus leaf, which are often displayed as a bunch, and the stems are tied with brocade, which becomes a fixed traditional pattern, which has auspicious significance and implies the meaning of sharing a precious son. Both hair clips are decorated with lotus flowers, which is consistent with the desire to pray for children. At this time, it should be pointed out that all the five lotus flowers that gave Guanyin to the son had lotus buds, while the five lotus flowers in Fish Basket Guanyin only emphasized lotus flowers and lotus leaves, but did not see lotus buds, which was consistent with the change of lotus patterns during Chongzhen period in Ming Dynasty. Only during the Chongzhen period of the Ming Dynasty did the lotus combination have no lotus buds, which were never seen by the previous generation and future generations. For example, during the Chongzhen period, many porcelains made the patterns of lotus flowers in a hurry, only simple lotus leaves, even lotus ribbons were omitted, and some even lotus flowers were omitted. Therefore, the significance of the combination of lotus theme and main image lies in praying for the son.
In the decoration of the two pins, in addition to the lotus theme symbolizing the birth of your son, there is a net woven with fine gold thread behind the statue, and the palindromes are continuous. Because of the continuous shape of palindromes, they are called "wealth never stops" and are regarded as far-reaching and lasting mascots symbolizing God, wealth, longevity, generations and national luck. In the treatment of lotus leaves, they also have the meaning of tying branches, which means endless life.
From the above, the two hairpin statues and decorative themes both reflect a theme, that is, praying for children, and both express the donor's willingness to pray for children. The ultimate goal of seeking children is related to the survival of Wang Su family in Ming Dynasty.
Inheritance and Prayer of the Crown of Su San Family
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the descendants of the Su clan were not prosperous, which affected the succession of the throne from generation to generation. The feudal system was implemented in the early Ming Dynasty, which became the unchangeable ancestral motto of the Ming emperors. Xun is the fourteenth son. Hongwu granted Hanwang in eleven years, changed to Wang Su in twenty-five years, settled in Pingliang in twenty-six years and settled in Ganzhou in twenty-eight years. In the first year of Wen Jian, he moved to Lanzhou. From the first generation of Zhu Ying to the last generation of Jiuwang Zhihong, Wanli inherited the macro in forty-six years. "In the winter of the sixteenth year of Chongzhen, Li Zicheng broke Lanzhou, was arrested and everyone died." In the process of the inheritance of the princes in the Nine Dynasties, there were three times because there was no eldest son, two times was Sun, and another time because there was no heir, there was a discussion on inheritance, so we had to pay more attention to the fathers of the princes in the Six Dynasties.
(Introduction) The son of Lu Weisi died in Chenghua for fifteen years. King Zigong paid tribute to the whale heir, and died in Jiajing for fifteen years. The prince was really silted up. His eldest grandson Bi Huan died early, and his second grandson Wang Ding Bi Si died in forty-one years. Son Jin Jiong died first, and Wang Huai banned the heir, which lasted for more than two years. No son, the fourth son of persimmon assistant general Wang Jing, is expensive, so he is a direct heir. The ceremony official said that the expensive is expensive, and the king is obedient to his father and should not attack. Write to government affairs, books, and officials. When Mu Zong ascended the throne, Wang Zhenyang and Chinese princess Wang Wu successively said, "The saints of sages will rule the world, and there is no substitute for the meritorious service code. The ancestor of the minister, Zhuang Wang, was sealed at the border and stationed to defend the heaven. Unfortunately, it is the second time that Zhao Mu has been arrested, which is not as good as the code of martial arts. It is not the reason why it worships this branch and keeps it thick. " The second half of the discussion is about managing the government with the county king. The emperor forbid it. During his five years in Qin Long, he was appointed as the heir to the king and established a semi-official family.
Again, Ming hongwu twenty-eight years custom:
The eldest son of the prince, at the age of ten, won the gold book treasure and made Wang Shizi. The second and illegitimate children were both made county kings. All Wang Shizi must be a county magistrate, and Wang is thirty years old. The princess has no son, and her son is the county king. The king and princess had no sons when they were fifty years old. The eldest son of the common family was Wang Shizi, who attacked India.
This kind of customization is very strict, especially for the Wang Su family who is responsible for "sealing the border, practicing garrison and guarding abundance", which is related to the continuation of this family and the succession of the throne. Mr. Wang family in Ming dynasty, the failure of descendants means that the throne is not guaranteed. As long as there are children, the throne is secure. Compared with other vassal families in Ming Dynasty, the Wang Su family did not make great achievements, which was also closely related to the depression of later generations. Therefore, attaching importance to the continuation of the family will naturally lead to the action of praying for children. The multi-tower is built to pray for children. This kind of behavior is to hope to be protected by God by doing merit, and to realize the reproduction of family descendants and the eternal will of imperial power.
To sum up, the purpose of building a tower for charity is to have many children and grandchildren, and I hope Wang Siyong will succeed to the throne. There is a house-shaped niche in the south of the multi-tower bowl, and there is a pair of couplets on both sides of the niche: "The jade column is exquisite and connected with the emperor seat, and the golden city protects the emperor map through the ages." It is more clear that the relationship between the blessing of the son and the imperial power of the Ming Dynasty is eternal, and the religious belief is very utilitarian.