1 939 65438+1October1Germany: bread and flour rationing system was introduced. Germany got a taste of food rationing.
Although the Germans have won militarily, they are facing restrictions at home. The food ration card was put into use on August 28th, and now it covers meat, dairy products, sugar, eggs, bread, grains and fruits. Different kinds of food have different color cards.
The message conveyed by the Imperial Ministry of Food and Agriculture to German consumers is to take care of the family with what is available. The Nazis were eager to avoid the food shortage encountered in the last war; From August 65438 to August 0939, the focus of publicity was self-sufficiency, farmers were told to make full use of land and livestock, and householders were urged to grow vegetables instead of flowers. Rationing (about 16 ounces of meat and 10 ounces of fat per person per week) has led to the emergence of black market traders, who have been severely punished since last September.
On March 1939, Hitler reached an agreement with Romanian King Carol that Germany would get supplies from Romania's rich Plo Estey oil field. On June 27th, Carol agreed to closer cooperation. 1939 The agreement reached with Stalin further guaranteed Germany's position. According to this agreement, Germany will obtain oil from the Russian Caucasus. Germany also produces a large amount of synthetic oil.
Although the allied forces abandoned the plan to bomb the Caucasus oil fields for fear of political complications, and attacking Romania was not an option when Romania was in a non-belligerent state, the sea blockade against Germany prevented Germany from importing oil from other regions.
After the war between Germany and Britain and France, although the market price is not very expensive, most ordinary daily necessities need shopping vouchers or shopping licenses issued according to household registration. If you want to buy more food than the permitted quantity, you must pay double the price. Since the summer of 1939, the weekly ration of Berliners is: 2250g of bread, 700g of meat, 280g of margarine, 280g of sugar, artificial jam10g, beans150g, 63g of artificial coffee and dairy products. Like other Europeans, the German diet was originally based on meat. If you only ration 700 grams per week, only three or four slices will be thin after cooking, so it is difficult to see fresh vegetables and fish. In front of butcher shops and local goods shops, housewives can often be seen queuing up with food baskets. If you see a woman waiting in front of a store with her children, there must be candy for sale in this store; In front of the cigarette and paper shops are well-dressed men who queue for an hour or two just to buy some cigars or a tin of cigarettes. If these addicts are lucky enough to buy the goods they want and want to go to a bar for a beer to get some air, they have to add a "wartime surcharge" in addition to the wine money.
Buses are rarely seen on the streets of Berlin, and trams are mostly replaced by female drivers, many of whom are young women, so there are suddenly more men hitchhiking. Women have given up leather shoes and put on women's shoes with wooden soles, walking on the sidewalk like Japanese women's clogs. Thanks to the god of war, women holding dogs in the streets are also rare, so there is almost no famous shit on the streets of Berlin, so it is very popular to sweep the streets.
Berlin, 39 years165438+1October 12, we can see that many Germans have long faces. Men, women, boys, girls and babies all have different ration cards. Except for the baby's ration card, everyone's cards have 100 points. It only takes 5 points to buy a pair of socks or stockings, but you can only buy 5 pairs of socks every year. A set of pajamas costs 30 points, almost one-third of the total ration card, but if you buy a set of pajamas, you can save 5 points. A new coat or suit costs 60 cents. Ordinary adult clothing ration cards (clothing purchase is limited by season) can be purchased from April 12 to 1: two pairs of socks, two handkerchiefs, a scarf and a pair of gloves. From April 1 to September 1: a shirt, two collars and a set of underwear. The rest of the year: two ties and an undershirt. From now on, babies must also use clothing ration cards. When a country is short of diapers, its economy is really tight.
On the 40th Christmas, the German government also slightly relaxed the Christmas rationing system. Everyone gets a quarter pound of cream, 1 00g extra meat, and four eggs instead of1egg in the week of Christmas. An extra 26 ounces (750g) of rice and vegetables, plus just over 1 lb (500g) of sugar, jam and coffee. But extra rationing can't stop the food and gift trade that keeps appearing on the black market. A confidential report by the SS in Dortmund this month said: "Hunting of game and poultry started some time ago and was sold at a high price." The price per pound of goose is 10 imperial mark.
Christmas trees began to be sold, but they were immediately snapped up by people. People everywhere are trying to make this Christmas look like peacetime. There are so many good things in the window, but people can't buy them, because according to the government's order, they are just there for exhibition. Germans often give each other clothes, soap, perfume, candy and other gifts at Christmas, but this year these things have been limited, and something else has to be given. Today, in crowded shops, most people buy books, radios, phonographs, records and jewelry.
1940 On New Year's Day, Himmler suddenly decided to cancel the decision to allow cafes and bars to stay open all night on New Year's Eve, and warned the public not to drink too much that night, and everyone must close the store before 1 on New Year's Eve.
40 years of winter is chilly. The temperature outside the window is as low as MINUS 15 degrees. Because there is no coal, half of Germany's population is frozen in homes, offices or factories. The poor people in the street push a bag of coal home in a stroller or carry it on their shoulders. Everyone is full of complaints. Nothing can kill morale like the constant cold. In fact, the rationing system and material shortage in the first half of the year dealt a great blow to the morale of the German people and their loyalty to the Nazi regime. If Germany's blitzkrieg victory in western Europe in the past 40 years had not greatly enriched domestic supply, German morale would have been consolidated again long ago.
1940 After Germany occupied Denmark, the Berlin market flourished for some time. A large number of eggs, butter, condensed milk and bacon originally sold to Britain were shipped to Germany, worth 80 million kronor. Coupled with herring shipped from Norway, the food crisis in Berlin was greatly alleviated. Since the end of September, an average of 2.5 trains loaded with Dutch agricultural products have been unloaded at several stations in the suburbs of Berlin every week. By plundering rich western and northern European countries, Hitler ensured that the dining table of the people in the capital didn't look so shabby.
The surrender of France excited Berliners for some time, and people talked about the possibility of peace with Britain.
In fact, compared with the embarrassing situation of Britain in 1940, the life of the German people reached the highest level in wartime. A large number of agricultural products, meat and luxury goods shipped from the occupied countries have prospered the German market, and the huge occupation fees paid by the occupied countries have enabled Germany to search for consumer goods markets in these countries.
Hitler's lunch was simple, usually stew or vegetable omelet. Of course, he is a vegetarian, a teetotaler and a smoker. He often invites a small group of people to lunch, including three or four assistants, Hess, the press officer Dr Dietrich, and sometimes Goering. At this banquet, a beer with an alcohol content of only 65,438+0 degrees specially brewed for Hitler will be put on, and sometimes a drink made of sour cabbage called "Jelf" will be put on, flavored with a little Moser wine.
Reporter William Scheler recalled in February 65438+940:
Germany was blocked for a year and a half, but the blockade neither brought famine to Germany nor affected the operation of the German war machine. German food is still barely passable. Although it may be difficult for Americans to swallow such food, due to a century of tempering, Germans have become accustomed to the diet structure of potatoes, cabbage and bread, and these food reserves are quite sufficient. What they lack is meat, fat, butter and fruit. Now they only have a pound of meat and a quarter pound of butter or margarine every week, which is not as much as usual, but it is acceptable, but the contradiction of the shortage of vitamin-rich fruits is more acute. The severe cold last winter destroyed most fruit crops in Germany. The only fruit available on the market now is apples, which are reserved for children, patients and pregnant women. We didn't see bananas and oranges at all last winter, and it seems that there won't be these things this winter, so we provide inferior vitamin tablets to troops and children. Germans have no coffee, tea, chocolate and fruit. They can only eat one egg and little meat and fat every week, but they make up for everything else, so there will be no famine in Germany in the foreseeable future.
If the war will last for a long time, then clothes will be a very serious problem. Almost all wool products and cotton in Germany are imported. At present, the distribution of clothes in Germany is based on the assumption that all Germans have enough clothes in their closets until the end of the war and the lifting of the blockade. The shortage of silk fabrics is felt not only by ordinary people, but also by the army. Every winter, the winter coat prepared by the army for soldiers is always not enough. Hitler's labor service organization wore uniforms seized from the Czech Republic. Thousands of people in this organization called Toth are engaged in jobs that should be undertaken by the labor department in the army, but they don't even have uniforms. When I saw them at the front in summer, they were all dressed in casual clothes made of burlap. In order to alleviate the shortage of raw materials, desperate Germans developed artificial silk fabrics, especially those made of cellulose. Germany appeals to housewives to donate unwanted rags and clothes for reuse. In this way, they can be used to make recycled wool and absorbent cotton-both of which can be used to make man-made fibers and rayon.
But I don't believe they can make 80 million Germans wear clothes made of wood.
As for the raw materials necessary for the war, the situation is as follows: Germany is rich in iron ore, and enough aluminum ore can be obtained from Yugoslavia, France and Germany to meet the huge needs of aircraft production, but copper and tin are very short, but Germany is expected to gather this shortage from the Balkans and Russia.
As for oil, German general Schell, who is in charge of oil affairs, said that he was not worried at all. Of course, even if he was worried, he would not admit it. But we must know the following facts:
1. The fuel required by the German Air Force is completely independent of imports. All aircraft engines in Germany are designed to use synthetic fuel, which is produced by Germany itself and takes coal as raw material. At present, the annual output of synthetic fuel in Germany is about 4 million tons, which greatly exceeds the fuel required by the German Air Force. If Britain wants to put Germany into crisis, it can attack these factories that process coal into fuel oil. In fact, Britain is also trying. They attacked the oil processing plants near Leipzig and Stiding, but the damage was far from enough to paralyze the whole German artificial oil industry system, and even a substantial blow was not realized.
2. Germany controlled Romanian oil fields for oil export and reached an agreement with the Soviet Union to import at least 1 10,000 tons of oil from Russia every year, but I doubt whether the Soviet Union really sent so much oil to Germany after the war began.
Before the war, Germany had a large amount of oil reserves, and the fall of Norway, the Netherlands and Belgium also made Germany bargain on oil.
The consumption of civil oil has been almost cut to the limit, private cars and trucks without actual carrying capacity are not allowed to start, and the authorities strictly prohibit using oil for heating.
According to my personal guess, Germany has enough oil, and it has the ability to obtain enough oil to meet military needs. There will be no oil shortage in Germany for at least two years. Farmers are not restricted by the ration system, while miners are "heavy manual workers", so they get a relatively large number. Fuel has also been restricted by quotas since the beginning of the war, which reflects that Germany is very concerned about the fragility of its trade routes under the blockade of the maritime allies.
1civilian daily rations at the end of 939:
340 grams of bread (ordinary civilians) or 685 grams of bread (heavy manual workers).
70g meat (ordinary civilians) or 170g meat (heavy manual workers).
50g fat (ordinary people) or 1 10g fat (heavy manual workers).
Daily required heat conversion:
Ordinary civilians: 2,570 kcal
Heavy manual workers (such as construction workers): 4652 calories.
Wehrmacht soldiers: 3,600 calories on average, 4,500 calories in wartime (the German Bundeswehr still uses this calorie ration standard for field food).
The occupied countries and satellite countries played an important role in supplying raw materials to Germany. 1943 Among the raw materials used in Germany, 55% to 100% of iron ore, sulfur, silicon and nitrogen came from the occupied countries. Starting from 194 1, Germany regularly transports the spoils captured in the Soviet Union back to China by train to maintain its production speed. Under the "new European order" established by the Germans, every country in Europe should try its best to support the huge Germany.
Russia provides labor and all kinds of raw materials, Ukraine provides wheat, corn and meat, Denmark and the Netherlands provide cheese, meat and butter, and Norway provides electricity and molybdenum, which is very important for the production of armored steel. Sweden provides iron ore, Switzerland provides quality financial services, Hungary provides bauxite, Romania provides oil and wheat, Czechoslovakia provides arms, Belgium provides steel and machinery, and Spain and Turkey provide tungsten. Strategic metals and France, such as chrome, provided everything from grain and alcohol to steel, aluminum, weapons, engines and cars ... Of course, consumer goods such as private cars, refrigerators, vacuum cleaners and pianos unrelated to the war were not allowed to be reproduced before the end of the war.
The daily calorie ration standard for civilians using ration cards has been reduced from the end of 1942 to 2078 calories, and the lack of food ration has begun to affect the physical fitness level of soldiers born after 1924.
1943 was reduced to 1980 kcal, 1944 to 1670 kcal, and the lowest value was 1945 after the German surrender. At the end of 1942, the lack of food rations has begun to affect the physical fitness level of young people born after 1924.
1daily caloric ration of German civilian population in Europe at the end of 943;
Balkan region: 1305 kcal
Belgium: 1320 kcal
France: 1080 kcal
Netherlands: 1765 kcal
Poland: 855 kcal
The reason why the daily heat ration in the Netherlands is high is not only because it belongs to the Germanic nation with Germany, but more importantly, the Netherlands provided a large number of soldiers for Germany in the war!
In Germany-occupied France, the love of food was hit by new dietary restrictions. Dining in hotels and restaurants is limited to two dishes, only one of which can be a meat dish, and the sales of wine will be limited to four days a week. In order to prevent hoarding, nails were put on the cans for sale. Eating at home is no exception: ration cards will be used, and foods including bread, French cakes and chocolate will be restricted or completely banned.
A healthy adult consumes 1800 calories a day without strenuous exercise. Therefore, the daily heat ration of civilians in German-occupied areas can not maintain people's basic survival needs. As a result, the black market in Europe is rampant, and people can only buy necessary food at 10 times the normal price. Hunger and disease caused by malnutrition ravage the European continent!
The production of meat food is particularly affected, and European consumption will have to rely more and more on vegetarianism. Hunger appeared, and some people even starved to death in some places, but before 1945, this situation was limited to non-Germans in Europe. Despite the shortage of food in the occupied areas, Germany collected a large amount of food, which was either transported to Germany or supplied to the occupying forces.
When the war broke out, Germany had to feed nearly 80 million people. During the war,12 million people were mobilized to join the army. Although these people have not contributed to industrial and agricultural production, they must get a ration of 2,750 to 3,550 calories. Among the conscripts, 7 million were replaced by foreign workers and prisoners of war. Although most of them live on a poor and monotonous diet, if they want to do heavy work in factories and farms, they must be given enough starchy food. Therefore, during the war, the total amount of food needed by civilians and troops was at least 20% higher than that before the war. The difference between domestic supply and total demand is completely made up by grain requisition in occupied areas.
Jews are the most discriminated against. 1942 After September, Jews were not allowed to get any meat, meat products, eggs, cakes, white bread, whole milk, skim milk or any food distributed without special permission. Bread coupons issued to Jews only allow you to buy rye bread. Jewish children and teenagers can only get bread rations from ordinary consumers. They have no artificial honey, cocoa powder and extra jam, so they are not qualified to drink whole milk. All other supplementary rations that Germans are entitled to enjoy are not enjoyed by Jews of the same status.
Before 1943, all consumer goods in Germany were strictly rationed. Coupled with the constant tribute from the occupied countries and satellite countries, the living standard of the German people is still relatively high compared with other European countries, second only to the United States. It was not until after the war that the diet of the German people gradually deteriorated.
With the further deterioration of the war situation, the supply in Berlin deteriorated again, and housewives were also called upon to hand over their "extra" clothes, scrap iron and aluminum pot aluminum pot. Even the Brandenburg Gate was not spared in the wartime collection activities:1In February, 943, a group of Berlin firefighters climbed to the top of the gate and demolished all the bronze roofs of the Brandenburg Gate to prepare for melting.
Germany was forced to convert animal protein into plant products. Only 30% of Germans' total food consumption comes from meat, while 40% in other industrialized countries. Most of protein consumed by Germans comes from vegetarian food, while in other industrialized countries, most of protein comes from meat food.
In order to solve the serious shortage of food, Germany began to study the use of cultured yeast to produce protein. The method is to convert wood and papermaking wastewater into sugar. Because this yeast protein is very similar to pork and beef after pressing, it is called "artificial meat" with an annual output of 50 thousand tons.
At the same time, we are also saving milk. Because the consumption of whole milk is limited to children, mothers and workers who are engaged in jobs harmful to health, most of the milk produced can be used to make butter. Although this did not change the total amount of fat contained in milk, it increased the supply of available fat, thus maintaining a fairly satisfactory fat ration during the war.
The increase in the output of oil crops, potatoes and vegetables suitable for planting has affected the total number of livestock in Germany, especially the concentrated oil supplied overseas has been blocked and cut off, and the supply of green husk in China has also decreased due to the high yield of flour. During the five-year war, the output of flour increased from 77% to 90% and above. Dairy cows are mainly fed by family feed, so the supply of milk remains at a high level, but the total number of pigs has to be reduced. By the end of the war, the total number had dropped to about 60% of the pre-war level. The output of pork and lard decreased even more than the total number of pigs, because the weight of pork and the content of lard decreased due to the lack of grain and potatoes as feed and slaughter.
After 43 years, the supply of flour began to be tight. Barley flour, potato flour and other ingredients must be mixed into the bread eaten by the people. The grain production in Germany could not keep up with the population growth, so the demand was in short supply at the beginning of the war. From 19 14 to 10, all German mills must step up grinding grain. The baker must add a certain amount of rye to the white bread. Rye bread is often mixed with potato flour. The common abbreviation of wartime bread is "K bread", and soon, there are a number of laws and regulations to coordinate the production of this kind of bread. At this time, white bread must contain at least 10% rye flour; Rye bread must be mixed with at least 5% potato flour or starch. Despite this, the supply of bread is still very tight, and it became increasingly insufficient during the war.
Ji Xianlin, who was studying in Germany at that time, recalled that we in China didn't eat much meat, and our so-called "staple food" was actually a "non-staple food" for westerners. We didn't eat butter before. Therefore, when the Germans began to lose their temper, I was still carefree and calm. However, when my "staple food" bread and potatoes were rationed, I felt a little bad. Without bread, the essence is even more terrible. I don't know what's in it. Some people say it's fishmeal, which can't be denied or confirmed. Anyway, as long as you wear it for one day, it will smell like fish the next day. If you eat it, you can make gas in your stomach. "
The distribution of consumer goods in Germany is strict and effective, not only food, but also clothes, shoes and hats, cigarettes and spirits.
Everyone in Germany has a supply card. For example, when eating in a restaurant and ordering food, in addition to paying cash, you need to deduct the ration of cooking oil, meat and eggs from the supply card. The same is true for buying clothes, shoes and hats. For example, if you supply two shirts every year, you must have a cloth ticket for the supply card when you pay. But you have the freedom to choose a top-grade shirt with a score of 30 or a shirt with a score of 15.
Due to the lack of rubber in Germany, the soles of military boots and the brim of military hats are made of leather, saving precious rubber to make tires!
German soldiers use special food supply cards when they go home for vacation. The bread card and the food supply card are printed together on a piece of hard paper. How many grams of bread are cut with scissors? When used with soldier cards, you can enjoy the free food supply of wartime scouts.
In the winter of April12008, the myth that the Germans were invincible was shattered in the snow and ice at the gates of Moscow. People in Germany have a hard time at this time. In addition to responding to the government's call to donate winter clothes to the troops, they have to endure the reduction of coal supply for heating in winter. For the sake of war consumption, Germans began to experience austerity and cold!
As soon as the Allies learned that Germany was seriously short of warm clothes in the first winter of the Russian War, they began to purchase warm clothes on a large scale. In 1942, we bought nearly 25,000 tons of materials worth10 million pounds, from sheepskin coats and sheepskin-lined gloves to old wool clothes and cow hair. Germany's rush to buy these goods is considered as evidence of its reduced reserves and increasingly difficult situation.
The opinion of the Ministry of Economic Operation is that although its earlier estimate of German material shortage is sometimes too optimistic, it has undoubtedly been found that Germany's clothing supply in the war against Russia is really poor at this time.
The German government told every family that potatoes can only be supplied in the form of skins now. Most importantly, the potato peeler should not be used in restaurants or restaurants. "
In 43, when Italy withdrew from the war, oranges disappeared from the German table.
At the end of 1944, the Soviet Union recovered almost all its territory, including Ukraine, and France was liberated by its allies. As a result, meat, eggs and wine were greatly reduced from the German table!
From April/Kloc-0 to 45, the Allies bombed German cities, killing 500,000 German civilians, destroying millions of houses and making them homeless. The Nazi German government showed great efficiency. Whenever the bombing has just ended, those depressed and hungry refugees will soon see that the ruins and rubble have been quickly cleaned up, the wounded have been properly treated, and the government trucks have quickly sent large barrels of hot soup, as well as thick butter and eggs.
The average working hours of Germans in the 43-year working week have increased from 47 hours to 49.2 hours, and more and more foreign workers and prisoners of war will be forced to work in German factories. Military industry is still the top priority. Nazi authorities provided production allowances to military workers in the form of tobacco or brandy, and promised to improve the working conditions of working mothers. But the productivity drive also has a harsher side: the labor force is also driven by various threats to punish "slack", including moving to concentration camps.
The German ration standard is 1944, and the average civilian is per person per week.
2000 grams of bread,
900 grams of meat or sausage.
Sugar140g
Grease140g
80 grams of cream
30 grams of coffee
Eggs 1
20 cigarettes or 10 cigar.
1April 20, 945 Hitler's birthday is unforgettable for many Berliners, mainly because of the extra rations distributed on this day.
500 grams of sausage, 500 grams of rice, 250 grams of peas, a can of vegetables, 50 grams of butter, 50 grams of coffee-
You know, without these extra rations, it is impossible to persist until the end of the Berlin campaign on 10!
In the first five years of the war, the German diet was monotonous and not very delicious. It is full of energy food, but it lacks high-quality protein and minerals, but it does not seriously lack any important qualities. It has dropped to three-quarters of the pre-war level, and tangible and intangible fat has dropped to two-thirds. The supply to the average consumer is always insufficient, but for the whole family, the diet usually provides at least the necessary minimum nutrition.
The health of the German people has not been harmed by lack of food. The proportion of absenteeism due to illness in the factory is not too high. This situation is mainly due to the general deterioration of living conditions under overwork and heavy air strikes, rather than malnutrition. 1943- 1944 in the winter, the flu swept through Germany, and by the end of the war, some minor skin diseases appeared. In other respects, the health and nutrition of the German people remained very good throughout the war. Even in the bitter period brought about by the final collapse of the German army, due to the local emergency ration, the people got the minimum food supply, thus avoiding riots.
Under Hitler's leadership, the economic aggregate of Germany 1 0,940 reached $56 1 billion, which basically survived the economic crisis. Of course, with the economic support of occupied western Europe, the arms industry began to operate in an all-round way, and the arms output exceeded the sum of Britain and France in 1939. Taking tank production as an example, 1943 reached more than 7,600 vehicles. Due to allied bombing and resource shortage, the German economy began to collapse in 1945.
After World War I, Germany's total industrial output decreased by 40%, foreign trade volume decreased by 60%, iron output decreased by 70%, shipbuilding output decreased by 80%, and unemployment rate continued to rise. However, after Hitler came to power, a series of powerful economic measures were introduced, and the unemployment rate plummeted. The output of iron rose from 3.9 million tons to 6.5438+086 million tons, and the output of steel rose from 5.6 million tons to 23.2 million tons. From 1933 to 1939, Germany's heavy industry and arms industry increased by 2. 1, the production of consumer goods also increased by 43%, and the national economy increased by more than 100%. At the same time, the national highway network was completed, the basic system of heavy industry was reorganized, and a modern army was equipped. It took only six years for Germany to surpass the great powers such as Britain and America at that time and become the number one power at that time.
After World War I, Germany was pinned down by countries such as Britain, the United States and France, and there was no chance to turn over. However, another group in this world is gradually moving closer to Germany. They have superhuman brains and quick thinking. It was they who injected a lot of money into Germany and brought it back to life with blood. They are American Wall Street bankers who live on the other side of the European continent. The world situation at that time made Britain the number one in the world, controlling the lifeline of the global economy, and other countries had to act according to Britain's face. In order to replace British hegemony, the United States also took a fancy to Germany at that time, and Britain also took a fancy to Germany to prevent the rise of the Soviet Union. So the United States injected capital into Germany and Britain relaxed its supervision of Germany. Germany has enough space and strength, coupled with the strong spirit and perseverance of the Germanic nation, Germany quickly stood up again.
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