Atomic weight of element: 26.98
Atomic volume: (cubic centimeter/mole)
10.0
Element type: metal
Atomic number: 13
Element symbol: Al
Chinese name of element: aluminum
Content of elements in the sun: (ppm)
60
Element content in seawater: (ppm)
Pacific surface 0.000 13
English name of element: aluminum
Relative atomic mass: 26.98
Content in the shell: (ppm)
82000
Number of protons in the nucleus: 13
Number of Extranuclear Electrons: 13
Nuclear power number: 13
Oxidation state:
Main Al+3
Other Al0, Al+ 1
Proton mass: 2. 1749E-26
Proton relative mass: 13+38+0.
Period: 3
Number of families: IIIA
Molar mass: 27
Hydride: AlH3
Oxide: Al2O3
Chemical formula of the highest valence oxide: Al2O3
Density: 2.702
Melting point: 660.37
Boiling point: 2467.0
Ignition point: 550 degrees Celsius
Thermal conductivity: w/(m k)
237
Chemical bond energy: (kJ/mol)
Al-H 285
Al-C 225
Aluminoxide 585
Aluminum fluoride 665
Aluminum chloride 498
Aluminium aluminium 200
The speed at which sound propagates: (m/s)
5000
Ionization energy (kJ/mol)
Male-male+577.4
M+ - M2+ 18 16.6
M2+ - M3+ 2744.6
M3+ - M4+ 1 1575
M4+ - M5+ 14839
M5+ - M6+ 18376
M6+ - M7+ 23293
M7+ - M8+ 27457
M8+ - M9+ 3 1857
M9+ - M 10+ 38459
Mohs hardness: 2.75
Peripheral electronic configuration: 3X23P 1
Extranuclear electron configurations: 2,8,3
Crystal structure: the unit cell is a face-centered cubic unit cell, and each unit cell contains 4 metal atoms.
Cell parameters:
a = 404.95 pm
b = 404.95 pm
c = 404.95 pm
α = 90
β = 90
γ = 90
Color and state: silvery white metal
Atomic radius: 1.82
Ordinary valence: +3
Discovery: Ernest and Weller.
Time and place of discovery: 1825 Denmark
Element source: the most abundant metal in the earth's crust, more than 7%.
Element uses: It can be used as structural materials for airplanes, vehicles, ships, ships and rockets. Pure aluminum can be used as EHV cable. Aluminum used as daily utensils is usually called "steel essence" and "steel grade"
Industrial method: electrolytic melting of the mixture of alumina and cryolite.
Laboratory method: electrolytic molten aluminum chloride.
Other compounds: AlCl3- aluminum chloride NaAlO2- sodium metaaluminate Al(OH)3- aluminum hydroxide.
Introduction: Blue silvery white trivalent metallic element, with good ductility, toughness and [loud] sound, is famous for its light weight, good electrical and thermal conductivity, high reflectivity and oxidation resistance.
Discovered by: Weller Date of Discovery: 1827.
Discovery process:
1827, Germany weller heated potassium and aluminum trichloride to produce aluminum.
Element description:
A silvery shiny metal with a density of 2.702g/cm3, a melting point of 660.37℃ and a boiling point of 2467℃. Valence 3. It has good thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity and ductility, and its ionization energy is 5.986 eV. Although it is called active metal, it will form a dense oxide film on its surface in air, which makes it unable to continue to interact with oxygen and water. It can react with oxygen at high temperature and give off a lot of heat. Because of the high reaction heat, aluminum can replace metals in other oxides (aluminothermic method). For example, 8Al+3Fe3O4=4Al2O3+9Fe+795 kcal, aluminum can also react with nonmetals at high temperature, and can also be dissolved in acid or alkali to release hydrogen. It has no effect on water, sulfide, concentrated sulfuric acid, acetic acid of any concentration and all organic acids.
Element source:
Aluminum exists as a compound in various rocks or ores, such as feldspar, mica, Gaolingcheng, bauxite, alum and so on. Made of alumina and cryolite (Na3AlF6)*** by melting electrolysis.
Element usage:
Aluminum can replace metals in other oxides (aluminothermic method). Its alloy is light and tough, and it is a structural material for making airplanes, rockets and automobiles. Pure aluminum is widely used in cables. Widely used in making daily utensils.
Element auxiliary data:
The distribution of aluminum in the earth's crust is second only to oxygen and silicon among all chemical elements, and occupies the third and first place among all metal elements. However, aluminum was discovered late because of its strong oxidation ability and difficult reduction.
After Italian physicist Volt discovered the battery in 1800, during 1808 ~ 18 10, both British chemist David and Swedish chemist Bezirius tried to separate aluminum from bauxite by current, but both failed. On the other hand, Bezirius named this unattainable metal alumien. This is written by Latin alumni. In medieval Europe, this term is the general name of convergent alum, which refers to the mordant when dyeing cotton fabrics. Later, the Latin name of aluminum and the element symbol Al came from this.
1825 Danish chemist Oster published the process of making aluminum through experiments. 1827, German chemist Ulf repeated Oster's experiment and constantly improved the method of making aluminum. 1854, German chemist De Ville reduced aluminum chloride with sodium instead of potassium, and made aluminum into ingots.
Element symbol: Al English name: Aluminum Chinese name: aluminum
Relative atomic mass: 26.98 15 Ordinary valence: +3 Electronegativity: 1.6 1.
Peripheral electronic configuration: 3X23P 1 extranuclear electronic configuration: 2,8,3.
Isotope and radiation: Al-26 [730000y] * Al-27Al-28 [2.3m].
Electron affinity energy and energy: 48kJ mol-1.
The first ionization energy is 577.6kJ mol- 1, the second ionization energy is1817 kj mol-1,and the third ionization energy is 2745kJ mol- 1.
Element density: 2.702 g/cm3 Element melting point: 660.37℃ Element boiling point: 2467℃
Atomic radius: 1.82 angstrom ion radius: 0.5 1(+3) angstrom valence radius: 1. 18 angstrom.
Common compounds: Al2O3 AlCl3al2S3Nalo2al2 (SO4) 3al (OH) 3.
Aluminum, atomic number 13, atomic weight 26.38+0539. 1825, Danish scientist Oster reacted with potassium amalgam with anhydrous aluminum trichloride and evaporated mercury to obtain aluminum. 1854, DeVille reduced the molten salt of sodium chloride and aluminum chloride with metallic sodium to make metallic aluminum, which was exhibited at the Paris Expo in 1855. 1886, Hall and Elu respectively invented the molten salt method of electrolytic alumina and cryolite, making aluminum a practical metal. The content of aluminum in the crust is 8%, second only to oxygen and silicon. It is widely distributed in rocks, soil, animals and plants.
Aluminum is a silvery white light metal with a melting point of 660.37℃, a boiling point of 2467℃ and a density of 2.702 g/cm? . Aluminum is a face-centered cubic structure with good electrical and thermal conductivity; Pure aluminum is softer.
Aluminum is an active metal. In dry air, a dense oxide film with a thickness of about 50 angstroms is immediately formed on the surface of aluminum, so that aluminum will not be further oxidized and can be waterproof. But aluminum powder is very flammable when mixed with air; Molten aluminum can react violently with water; Many metal oxides can be reduced to corresponding metals at high temperature; Aluminum is amphoteric, that is, it is easily soluble in strong alkali and dilute acid.
Aluminum is widely used.
Copper element
Element name: copper
Elemental symbol: copper
Atomic weight of element: 63.55
Element type: metal element
Content of elements in the sun: (ppm)
0.7
Crystal structure: the unit cell is a face-centered cubic unit cell, and each unit cell contains 4 metal atoms.
Atomic volume: (cubic centimeter/mole)
7. 1
Element content in seawater: (ppm)
Pacific surface 0.00008
Oxidation state:
Main copper ion
Other Cu- 1, Cu0, Cu+ 1, Cu+3, Cu+4.
Cell parameters:
a = 36 1.49 pm
b = 36 1.49 pm
c = 36 1.49 pm
α = 90
β = 90
γ = 90
Content in the shell: (ppm)
50
Number of protons: 29
Neutron number: 35
Atomic number: 29
Period: 3
Number of families: IB
Electron shell distribution: 2-8- 18- 1
Mohs hardness: 3
The speed at which sound propagates: (m/s)
38 10
General density: 8.9 *10.3kg/m3.
Discovering people: the age of discovery: the process of discovery;
Copper was discovered in ancient times.
Element description
A metal with purple luster, with a density of 8.92g/cm3. Melting point1083.4 0.2℃, boiling point 2567℃. Common valences are+1 and +2 (trivalent copper only occurs in a few unstable compounds). The ionization energy is 7.726 electron volts. Copper is one of the earliest metals discovered by human beings and one of the best pure metals. It is slightly hard, extremely tough and wear-resistant. It also has good ductility. Good thermal and electrical conductivity. Copper and some of its alloys have good corrosion resistance and are stable in dry air. But in humid air, a layer of green basic copper carbonate [Cu2(OH)2CO3] can be formed on its surface, which is called patina. Soluble in nitric acid and hot concentrated sulfuric acid, slightly soluble in hydrochloric acid. Easy to be corroded by alkali.
A brief history of the discovery of copper
Copper is one of the metals known since ancient times. It is generally believed that the first known metal is gold, followed by copper. Copper is rich in resources and easy to process. Copper is the earliest metal used in human production. At first, people only used copper that existed in nature. Cut it with a stone axe and you can hammer it into various objects. With the development of production, it is not enough to use production tools made of natural copper. The development of production urges people to find ways to obtain copper from copper mines. Copper-bearing minerals are common, and most of them are bright and eye-catching, such as: gold chalcopyrite CuFeS2, bright green malachite CuCO3Cu(OH)2, dark blue azurite 2CuCO3Cu(OH)2, etc. After roasting these minerals in the air, copper oxide CuO is formed, and then it is reduced with carbon to obtain metallic copper. Objects made of pure copper are too soft to bend easily. It has been found that copper-tin alloy bronze can be made by mixing tin with copper. Copper, which originated from Cuprum, is an ancient name of the island of Cyprus. It is famous for its copper production in the world and has long been known to mankind. It and gold are the only two metals with different colors from gray and black. The alloy of copper and gold can be made into various decorations and utensils. Zinc is brass; Add tin to make bronze.
Element source
Chalcopyrite, chalcopyrite, chalcopyrite and malachite are important copper ores in nature. After the sulfide ore is calcined, it is fused with a small amount of silicon dioxide and coke to obtain coarse copper smelting, which is then reduced to copper foam, and finally copper is obtained by electrolytic refining. A new method of extracting copper is being studied. The underground low-grade ore is crushed by atomic energy, leached in situ with dilute sulfuric acid, and then the leaching solution is pumped to the surface to precipitate copper on iron filings.
Element usage
Copper is a non-ferrous metal closely related to human beings, which is widely used in electric power, light industry, machinery manufacturing, construction industry, national defense industry and other fields. It is second only to aluminum in the consumption of non-ferrous metal materials in China.
Copper is widely used in electrical and electronic industries, accounting for more than half of the total consumption. Used for winding various cables and wires, motors and transformers, switches and printed circuit boards.
In the manufacture of machinery and transport vehicles, it is used to manufacture industrial valves and accessories, instruments, sliding bearings, molds, heat exchangers and pumps.
It is widely used in the chemical industry to manufacture vacuum tanks, distillation tanks, brewing tanks, etc.
In the national defense industry, it is used to make bullets, shells, gun parts and so on. For every 1 10,000 rounds of ammunition, 13- 14 tons of copper is needed.
In the construction industry, it is used as various pipes, fittings and decorative devices.
The following is the proportion of copper consumption in all industries to total copper consumption: the proportion of copper consumption in all industries to total consumption
Electronic (including communication) 48%
Construction 24%
General engineering 12%
Traffic 7%
Other 9%
Application of copper property
Electrical conductivity: 64%, corrosion resistance: 23%, structural strength: 12%, decoration: 1%.
Element auxiliary data
The largest natural copper obtained in nature weighs 420 tons. In ancient times, people found natural copper, cut it down with a stone axe and hammered it into objects. So bronzes squeezed into the ranks of stone tools and gradually replaced them, ending the Neolithic Age in human history.
In China, the Xia Dynasty began to use red copper, that is, natural copper, 4000 years ago. It is characterized by a forging hammer. 1957 and 1959, nearly 20 bronzes were unearthed at Huangniangtai site in Wuwei, Gansu. Through analysis, the copper content in bronzes is as high as 99.63% ~ 99.87%, which belongs to pure copper.
Of course, the output of natural copper is scarce after all. The development of production urges people to find ways to obtain copper from copper mines. The total content of copper in the earth's crust is not large, not exceeding 0.0 1%, but copper-bearing minerals are common, and most of them have various bright colors, which attract people's attention. For example, bright green malachite CuCO3. Cu(OH)2, dark blue cerulete 2CuCO3. Cu(OH)2, etc. These minerals are burned in air to obtain copper oxide, and then reduced with carbon to obtain metallic copper.
1933, malachite weighing 1 8.8kg, charcoal block with diameter exceeding1inch, general helmet for smelting copper with pottery and cinder weighing 210.8kg were found in the excavation of Yin Ruins in Anyang County, Henan Province, showing the process of China ancient working people obtaining copper from copper mines more than 3,000 years ago.
But things made of copper smelting are too soft, easy to bend and soon dull. Then it was found that tin and copper were mixed to make copper-tin alloy bronze. The melting and manufacturing of bronze devices are much easier and more difficult than pure copper (if the hardness of tin is set at 5, the hardness of copper is 30, while the hardness of bronze is 100 ~ 150). Historically, this period was called the Bronze Age.
China's book Zhou Li Kao Gong Ji during the Warring States Period summarized the experience of smelting bronze and described the different proportions of copper and tin used in bronze casting of different objects: "Gold has six qi (prescription). Its gold (copper) and tin are six points in one, that is, the gas of Zhong Ding; Its gold and tin are divided into one, that is, the axe Jin Qi; Its gold and tin are divided into one, that is, the gas of Geji; Two-thirds of its gold and tin are in one place, which is called the gas of the big blade; Its gold and tin are in the second place, that is, cutting and killing arrows (arrows) together; Suk Kim is half, called a mirror (mirror) (using a mirror to gather light to make a fire). " This shows that more than 3000 years ago, the working people in our country have realized that different bronzes have different requirements for performance, and the proportion of metal components used to cast bronzes should also be different.
Because bronze is hard and easy to melt, it can be well cast and formed, and it is stable in the air, even in the Iron Age after the Bronze Age, it has not lost its use value. For example, around 280 BC, the bronze sun god stood in Rhodes Harbor on Rhodes Island in the Aegean Sea of Europe, with a height of 46 meters, which was higher than an adult's finger.
The working people in ancient China first used natural copper compounds to smelt copper by wet method, which is the origin of wet technology and an invention in the history of world chemistry. The Book of Huainanzi Wanbi in the Western Han Dynasty records that once Zeng Qing got iron, he turned it into copper. Zeng Qing is copper sulfate. This method is expressed by modern chemical formula:
Copper sulfate+iron = ferrous sulfate+copper
According to western legend, the ancient Mediterranean island of Cyprus was a place where copper was produced, hence its Latin name CUPRUM and its element symbol Cu. Both COPPER in English and CUIVRE in Latin come from this place.
Copper has unique electrical conductivity, which cannot be replaced by aluminum. In today's era of the development of electronic industry and household appliances, this ancient metal has regained its youth. Copper conductor is being widely used. From the perspective of foreign products, the copper wire required for the electronic and electrical accessories of an ordinary family car is as long as 1 km, and the rails of French high-speed trains use 10 ton of copper per km, which accounts for 2% of the total weight of Boeing 747-200 aircraft.
Element Name: Silver
Element symbol: Ag
English name of the element: Silver
Latin original name: Argentum
In Chinese, the radicals are made of metal and gold, with roots added.
Element type: metal element
Atomic volume: (cc/mol) 10.3
Color and state: silvery white metal
Mohs hardness: 2.5
The speed of sound propagation in it: (m/s) 2680
content
Content of elements in the sun: (ppm)
0.00 1
Element content in seawater: (ppm)
Pacific surface 0.000000 1
Content in the shell: (ppm)
0.07
Relative atomic mass: 107.9
Atomic number: 47
Number of protons: 47
Molar mass: 108
Period: 5
Number of families: IB
Electron layer arrangement: 2-8-18-18-1
Common valence:+1
Elemental substance: silver
Elemental chemical symbol: Ag
Oxidation state:
Main Ag+ 1
Other Ag0, Ag+2, Ag+3
Ionization energy (kJ/mol)
M - M+ 73 1
M+ - M2+ 2073
M2+ - M3+ 336 1
M3+ - M4+ 5000
M4+ - M5+ 6700
M5+ - M6+ 8600
M6+ - M7+ 1 1200
M7+ - M8+ 13400
M8+ - M9+ 15600
M9+ - M 10+ 18000
physical features
Density: 1 1.7g/cm3
Melting point: 96 1.93℃
Boiling point: 22 13℃
Other properties: Ductile, it is a metal with good thermal and electrical conductivity. The first ionization energy is 7.576 eV. The chemical properties are stable and have no influence on water and oxygen in the atmosphere; Soluble in dilute nitric acid, hot concentrated sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid and molten alkali metal hydroxide.
Crystal structure: the unit cell is a face-centered cubic unit cell, and each unit cell contains 4 metal atoms.
Cell parameters:
a = 408.53 pm
b = 408.53 pm
c = 408.53 pm
α = 90
β = 90
γ = 90
Chemical properties:
Silver is one of the metals found in ancient times. Although silver also exists in the form of simple substance in nature, most of it exists in the form of combined state.
Silver has high ductility and can be rolled into a transparent foil with a thickness of only 0.00003 cm. Silver particles with a weight of 1 g can be drawn into filaments about two kilometers long.
The thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity of silver are among the best among metals.
The characteristic oxidation number of silver is+1, and its chemical properties are worse than that of copper. At room temperature, even if heated, it will not react with water and oxygen in the air, but it will turn black and lose its silver luster in the air for a long time. This is because silver and H2S in the air synthesize black Ag2S. The chemical reaction equation is:
4Ag + H2S + O2 = 2Ag2S + 2H2O
Silver can't react with dilute hydrochloric acid or dilute sulfuric acid to release hydrogen, but it can be dissolved in nitric acid or hot concentrated sulfuric acid.
hot
2Ag+2H2SO4 (concentrated) = = = Ag2SO4+SO2 =+2h2o
Silver reacts slowly with halogen at room temperature and can generate halide when heated.
473,000
2ag+F2 = = = 2agf dark brown.
hot
2ag+Cl2 = = = = 2agcl white
hot
2ag+br2 = = = = 2agbr ↓↓↓ yellow
hot
2ag+I2 = = = = 2agi ↓↓↓ Orange
Silver has a strong affinity for sulfur and can be directly synthesized with sulfur when heated;
hot
2Ag + S ==== Ag2S