The archaeological discovery of Loulan is divided into two phases with the boundary of 1949:
During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty (1mid-8th century), the map from Jiayuguan to Anji Rock was clearly marked with Lop Nur. Liu Jintang, governor of Xinjiang, and his successor Wei Guangtao also ordered his subordinates to explore and draw a map of southern Xinjiang from Dunhuang County to Lop Nur near 1890.
This map is now in the archives of the Forbidden City, with not only the route from Yumenguan to Lop Nur, but also the ruins of an ancient city on the west bank of Lop Nur. Loulan city on the west bank of Lop Nur. The Qing government did not have the concept of archaeology, which gave western explorers a rare opportunity.
Until1March 28th, 900, Eldik, a donkey worker and guide hired by Swedish explorer Sven Hedin, accidentally discovered an ancient site on the northwest coast of Lop Nur because his tools were lost. When Sven Hedin heard about it, he immediately followed Eldik to this site and found that this ancient site was littered with beautiful wood carvings, fabrics and coins.
After comprehensive preparation, on March 3rd, 190 1, Sven Hedin made a special trip to this site and conducted a week-long excavation. After sorting out and analyzing, he named the relic Loulan according to the words Loulan in the unearthed documents.
65438+At the end of 2009 and the beginning of the 20th century, Sven Hedin won a crown in archaeological history because of Loulan.
Prior to this, from April to May, 1895, Sven Hedin led his team across the Taklimakan Desert from west to east. 1899, with the support of the Swedish king and Nobel, he made his second expedition to Xinjiang. 1899 65438+February-1900 February, he crossed the Taklimakan desert from east to southwest, laying the groundwork for his later discovery of Loulan ancient city.
1900- 190 1 year, the British explorer Stan came to this area for the first time, discovered the ruins of Virginia and Andiel, and made investigations and excavations.
During Stein's second archaeological excavation from 1906 to 1908, in addition to supplementary investigation and excavation of Niya and Andiel sites, there were also major archaeological discoveries around Ruoqiang County, Milan and Loulan: a rectangular ancient city site was discovered in the center of Ruoqiang Oasis: a magnificent Tubo fortress and a series of Buddhist architectural sites were discovered in Milan, and some Tubo fortresses and their structures were discovered.
1913-1916 years, Stan came to Shanshan area for the third time. In addition to excavating the Niya site again, he also re-investigated the ancient city site discovered last time around Ruoqiang County and made many new discoveries.
In fact, Stein also came to Xinjiang for the fourth time in 1930- 193 1, with the clear purpose of "excavating and collecting the antiquities in Xinjiang and Gansu on a large scale and enriching the museum of Harvard University", which was resolutely stopped by the awakened China intellectuals and the national government at that time.
However, he still conducted investigations and excavations in Khotan, Niya, Andiel, Ruoqiang and other places by means of bribery, blackmail and denial, and obtained more than 100 pieces of Chinese and Polo documents and manuscripts in Khotan, the most important of which were obtained in the ruins of Niya.
Huntington Expedition of the United States also explored and excavated this area in 1905. Since then, the most representative expeditions are Otani Guangrui and Ju Ruichao in Japan. When Ju Ruichao of Otani Expedition of Japan first arrived at Loulan Ancient City and its nearby ruins in March 1909, it was said that "Li Bo Document" was found in the ruins.
Li Bo's Documents is a letter written by Li Bo, a long history of the Western Regions in the Western Jin Dynasty, to the king of Yan Qi. According to Li Bo's literature, the ancient city of Haitou was discovered, and a large number of ancient cultural relics were taken away for Loulan in the later stage of research.
Scientists from China visited Loulan on 1927. Huang Wenbi, a famous archaeologist and Chen Zongqi, a geographer who came to Loulan with the Sino-Swiss (Canon) Northwest Scientific Delegation, visited the northern shore of Lop Nur many times and excavated the site. More than 70 dated wooden slips of the Western Han Dynasty were unearthed, and the beacon tower site of the Han Dynasty was excavated. A considerable number of bronzes, ironware, lacquerware, woodwork, bones, stones, pottery and silk and linen fragments have also been unearthed.
Huang Wenbi published a monograph "Archaeology of Lop Nur" on his archaeological work in Lop Nur area, and the ancient civilization in Loulan area turned a new page in the hands of China scholars.
During the period of 1958, Huang Wenbi inspected the ancient city of Qierqiduke, the site of Konglukatan and some earthen terraces that may be the sites of Buddhist temples near Ruoqiang County, and then excavated the site of Milan in the south of Lop Nur.
This question is untenable.
There are more than 200 sovereign countries in the world. I estimate that more than 70% people are not interested in Loulan and don't even know what Loulan is. For example, Somalia, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, and so on. Even the United States, Britain, France, Japan and Russia are more concerned about their own economic construction and political ecology.
This topic has temporarily fallen into a small circle. After all, there are 7 billion people on the earth. Even if only one person per million people is interested in Loulan, there will be 7 thousand people interested in Loulan. Compared with the lonely subject, it is also a dense group of people!
Don't worry about it, wash and sleep.
"I know what it is, but I don't know why," the prosperous little country mysteriously disappeared? It is the main reason why countries all over the world are interested in the ancient city of Loulan.
The cultural relics unearthed in the ancient country of Loulan: "Five Stars Going Out of the East Will Be Good for China" and "The Mummy of Loulan Girl" are the most magical classics.
1, general situation of Loulan country;
The ancient country of Loulan was founded before 176 BC. Loulan Kingdom has 1570 households with a population of *** 14 100. It connects Dunhuang in the east, Yanqi and Yuli in the northwest and Ruoqiang and Qiemo in the southwest, which is the south and south of the ancient "Silk Road".
2. Time of existence:
It occupied an extremely important position on the ancient Silk Road, but suddenly disappeared mysteriously in 630 AD. * * * more than 800 years of history, leaving only ruins.
3, historical account:
The ecological environment of Loulan: "Sand and brine are few fields, and it is sent to Tianyang Valley to divide the country. The whole country is rich in jade, and there are many reeds (reeds), branches and willows (red willows), Hutong Populus euphratica) and white grass (white grass).
B Loulan's living conditions: mainly nomadic, with cities, markets, donkeys, horses and camels in captivity, can compete with the Qiang people and have the same living habits as the Yi and Qiang people. "
C During the reign of Emperor Zhao of Han Dynasty, Loulan changed his name to Shanshan and asked the imperial court to send troops to Iraq. Emperor Zhao set up a surname in Yixun City, and set up a field. Since then, Loulan has become the strategic fulcrum for the central government to control the western regions.
In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Loulan still occupied an important position on the Silk Road. The eastern Han government reclaimed land from the sea in Loulan on a large scale to develop Loulan.
During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Loulan had become an important transportation hub from the mainland to the western regions for one hundred years. Loulan was rarely seen in the later history and gradually disappeared mysteriously.
4. Reasons for disappearance:
Explore the mystery: invasion and destruction by foreign enemies; Drought and lack of water leave their homes; Destroyed by plague and disease, it finally declined.
"I am willing to put my sword on my waist to cut Loulan", which is a poem in Xia Sai Qu written by the poet Li Bai. It is about Loulan, an ancient country. The ancient country of Loulan was once a traffic fortress on the ancient Silk Road, and it was also the only way for the trade between the Central Plains and the western regions. Historical significance is very important. At the same time, a large number of precious cultural relics have been unearthed in the ancient city of Loulan, so many people are interested in this ancient and mysterious Loulan.
At the beginning of the 20th century, religious artworks such as pagodas were unearthed in Loulan ancient city, and most importantly, a large number of written cultural relics such as bamboo slips and documents in China were unearthed. This is of great significance to the study of the relationship between the Central Plains and the western countries in the Han Dynasty. But a large number of cultural relics were stolen by foreigners in the name of archaeology. But the ancient city of Loulan shocked the whole world.
Now the ancient city of Loulan is mentioned. Because it is located in Lop Nur, most people first think of its mysterious legend. At that time, many archaeologists from the United States, Britain and Japan often came to Loulan to excavate cultural relics, hoping to move the ancient city of Loulan to their own country to study, which shows Loulan's important position in the world archaeological community.
But I think the real historical existence of Loulan is more practical than those mysterious legends. After excavation and research, it is found that the urban planning of Loulan was relatively advanced in Han Dynasty. The city has a clear layout and a good drainage system. Cities are divided into administrative areas, military areas and living areas. It can be seen that Loulan is a relatively prosperous and orderly country beyond the Great Wall.
The human remains excavated in Loulan even include many Caucasians in Western Europe. Among the cultural relics are objects in the style of Central Asia and ancient Greece. This can be said that Loulan is important on the Silk Road, and it is a hub that gathers people from all over the world.
Loulan, whether it is culture or economy, is worth studying by historians. Therefore, all countries in the world are so interested in the ancient city of Loulan.
According to archaeological and scientific discoveries, there is a view that human beings from all over the world came from Africa and left Africa about 50 thousand years ago. A group of human beings first went to the Nile valley in ancient Egypt, then to the two river valleys, and then dispersed to various places. Loulan, on the other hand, is the only place for communication between East and West. Maybe an ancient man entered East Asia and China along this road. After the ice age, the climate here is warm and suitable for human survival. The memory of the ancients kept this path, so there was the ancient Silk Road civilization. Keep in touch with the East and the West. This ancient human may be the ancestor of Chinese civilization. However, where did the cavemen in Beijing migrate? Where did the nomadic people in the north come from? In any case, Loulan may preserve the memory of ancient humans. Especially after the emergence of civilization, it may be an East-West trading market with a large number of East-West cultural relics. This is the interest of archaeologists. For the west, they try to prove that the influence of western civilization on the East is absurd.
Mysterious.
An unsolved mystery.
Humans all over the world are curious about the unknown, not just Loulan.
Why the ancient country of Loulan was once prosperous and why it was lost in history is an unsolved mystery. If someone finds the answer, there may be a huge secret hidden.
Therefore, people all over the world are full of curiosity.
Loulan Ancient City Site, located in the northwest corner of Lop Nur, Ruoqiang County, Bayinguoleng Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, was an ancient city site during the Han and Jin Dynasties (2nd to 4th centuries).
The ruins of the old city of Loulan include Loulan City (area108,000 square meters), eastern suburb cemetery, surrounding temple residents' ruins, Loulan noble tombs, etc. Landmark buildings include the Loulan Pagoda and Three Rooms, and cultural relics such as Loulan Beauty (Mummy), Han Brocade, Handwritten Warring States Policy in the Jin Dynasty, and Luwen Wooden Tools have been unearthed.
Then, why are all countries in the world interested in the ancient city of Loulan?
People all over the world are full of curiosity. Why the ancient country of Loulan was once prosperous and why it was lost in history is an unsolved mystery. If someone finds the answer, there may be a huge secret hidden.
2. The ancient country of Loulan was once a traffic fortress on the ancient Silk Road, and it was also the only way for the trade between the Central Plains and the western regions. Historical significance is very important. At the same time, a large number of precious cultural relics have been unearthed in the ancient city of Loulan, so many people are interested in this ancient and mysterious Loulan.
3. At the beginning of the 20th century, religious artworks such as pagodas were unearthed in the ancient city of Loulan, and most importantly, a large number of written cultural relics such as China bamboo slips and documents were unearthed. This is of great significance to the study of the relationship between the Central Plains and the western countries in the Han Dynasty. But a large number of cultural relics were stolen by foreigners in the name of archaeology. But the ancient city of Loulan shocked the whole world.
Loulan, whether it is culture or economy, is worth studying by historians. Therefore, all countries in the world are so interested in the ancient city of Loulan.
There are many beautiful legends about the ancient city of Loulan: there is a mirage, which is very spectacular; There are many beautiful women and hospitable people; The building is unique and gorgeous; People are very rich and have a lot of treasures ... there are many legends and mysteries, and many people want to explore them. Because people all over the world are full of curiosity about the unknown, not just Loulan. Therefore, people all over the world are full of curiosity.
6. For tourists, it is mostly because of the magical legend of the ancient city of Loulan and the sudden disappearance of the kingdom of Loulan. From the ruins of the ancient city of Loulan, we explore and imagine the prosperity of the ancient city of Loulan at that time.
Wait a minute.
As far as I'm concerned! ! ! Loulan is a small and powerful country on the ancient Silk Road. It existed as early as many years before BC and was once very prosperous. It belongs to one of the thirty-six places in the western regions. It connects Qiemo in the southwest, Jingjue, Zhami, Yutian and Auto Market in the north, Yanqi in the northwest, Bailongdui and Dunhuang in the east, and is the hub of the Silk Road. However, after the 3rd century AD, the Kingdom of Loulan mysteriously disappeared. The rise and fall of Loulan Kingdom, together with Lop Nur next to it, has become a huge mystery.
There are many beautiful legends about the ancient city of Loulan: a mirage, which is very spectacular; There are many beautiful women and hospitable people; The building is unique and gorgeous; People are very rich and have a lot of treasures ... there are many legends and mysteries, and many people want to explore them. Because people all over the world are full of curiosity about the unknown, not just Loulan. Why the ancient country of Loulan was once prosperous and why it was lost in history is an unsolved mystery. If someone finds the answer, there may be a huge secret hidden. Therefore, people all over the world are full of curiosity. China people are interested because it is a historic site in China, exploring the memory of historical civilization! As for foreign countries, most of them want to know about China, which has a vast territory and rich resources. They spy on it, even take it for themselves like robbers, and openly display it in their museums!
Loulan ancient city, located in the west of Lop Nur, was founded 176 years ago. It connects Qiemo, Jingjue, Jimmy and Yutian in the southwest, auto market in the north, Yanqi in the northwest and Dunhuang in the east. It is the hub of the western regions and plays an extremely important role on the ancient Silk Road. Silk from the mainland, tea, horses and jewels from the western regions are all traded here.
In 630, it suddenly disappeared mysteriously, leaving a ruin, which made people eager to unveil its mystery. Almost all the ruins of the ancient city were buried by quicksand, and bamboo slips, five baht money, daily necessities, silk products and so on were also unearthed near the northeast stupa of the ancient canal that obliquely passed through the city.
Loulan culture is the best in the world. Archaeologists and adventurers are fascinated by ancient city ruins, ancient tombs, mummies and rock paintings. Loulan's past glory has created its position in the history of world culture, and it is also a pearl in the culture of the western regions. It is worthy of further study and exploration.