The plane of Chang 'an City is rectangular, with a length of 972 1 m from east to west, a width of 8652 meters from north to south and a circumference of 36.7 kilometers. The city wall is about 12 meters wide and more than 5 meters high. It is all built with rammed earth boards, and the city wall section at the gate is also built with brick walls. At present, the city wall and its outer moat have been basically destroyed, and only some remnants remain near Xuanwu Gate in the north and Anhua Gate in the south.
There are twelve gates in Chang 'an City (outside Guocheng City), with Mingde Gate in the middle of the south, Qixia Gate and Anhua Gate in the east and west respectively. Chunming Gate is in the east, while Yanxing Gate and Tonghua Gate are in the north and south respectively. In the west is the Golden Gate, and in the north and south are Yanping Gate and Kaiyuan Gate respectively. The middle and east sections of the north overlap with the north wall of Gongcheng and the south wall of Daming Palace respectively, with Jingyaomen in the west section and Fanglinmen and Guanghuamen in the east and west. There are five doorways at the main entrance, Mingde Gate, and all other doors have three doorways. According to the actual measurement, the east-west width of Mingdemen site is 55.5 meters, and the north-south length is 17.5 meters, and each doorway is 5 meters wide. In particular, Zhuque Street in the north-south direction of Mingdemen is as wide as 150m to 155m. Other streets that do not pass through the city gate are generally between 35 meters and 65 meters wide, and Shuncheng Street is 20 meters to 25 meters wide. The original pavilion-style gatehouse of Mingdemen was burned down by Zhu Quanzhong at the end of the Tang Dynasty.
Miyagi is located in the middle of North Guo Cheng, with a rectangular plane, with a length of 2820m from east to west, a width of 1492m from north to south and a circumference of 8.6km. There are walls around the city, with Chengtianmen (called Yangguangmen in Sui Dynasty) in the middle of the south, Yanximen and Anfumen in the east and west, and Xuanwu Gate in the middle of the north wall. Miyagi is divided into three parts. The center is Taiji Palace (called Daxing Palace in Sui Dynasty), which is called "Dayi". On the east side is the East Palace, which is the residence of the prince, and on the west side is Yeting Palace, which is the residence of the staff of the harem. Today, Tu Gang in Wutai, Xi 'an, and the railway middle school on the north side of Qiangzi West Road outside the North City are few sites of Daxing Miyagi.
The Imperial City is also rectangular, located in the south of Miyagi, which is as long as Miyagi from east to west, with a width of 1843 meters from north to south and a circumference of 9.2 kilometers. There is a horizontal street between the north of the city and the wall of Miyagi, and there are five gates on the other three sides: three gates in the south, Zhuquemen in the middle, and light gates on both sides; One in the east and one in the west, namely Jingfeng Gate and Shunyi Gate. Zhuquemen, in the middle of the south, is the main entrance, connecting with Mingdemen in Guo Cheng via Zhuquejie to the south and facing Chengtianmen in Miyagi to the north, forming the north-south axis of the city. There are seven east-west streets and five north-south streets in the city, and there are sacrificial buildings such as the central government office building, ancestral temple and country between the roads. There are mainly three palaces in the city, namely Taiji Palace (called Daxing Palace in Sui Dynasty), Daming Palace and Xingqing Palace, which are collectively called "Inner Three Palaces". Among them, "Ouchi" is the Taiji Palace in Miyagi, the residence and meeting place of emperors in Sui Dynasty and early Tang Dynasty. Tai Chi Palace is1285m wide from east to west and1492m long from north to south, with an area of about1.92km2.. The palace is divided into three areas from south to north: the former dynasty, the later dynasty bedroom and the back garden. The main hall of the former dynasty was Taiji Hall (called Daxing Hall in Sui Dynasty), surrounded by huge palaces surrounded by cloisters, with official offices on the east and west sides. The main hall of the back bedroom is Liang Yi Hall (called Zhonghua Hall in Sui Dynasty), surrounded by halls such as Wanchun Hall, Qian Qiu Hall, Ganlu Hall, Shenlong Hall and Anren Hall. The garden is located in the last part of the palace, with pavilions and ponds. There is Xuanwu Gate on the palace wall in the north, where the famous "Xuanwu Gate Change" took place. Because the Taiji Palace was built by Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, the decoration is relatively simple. After Tang Gaozong ascended the throne, he felt damp here and moved to Daming Palace.
Daming Palace is a relatively independent castle overlooking the whole Chang 'an City, located on the Longshou Plateau in the northeast of Taiji Palace. Built in the eighth year of Zhenguan (634), this palace was the place where Emperor Tang Gaozong lived and handled state affairs, and was called "Dongnei". Miyagi has a symmetrical central axis pattern. The front of Miyagi is composed of Danfengmen, Hanyuan Temple, Zhengxuan Hall and Chenzi Hall, while the back is composed of the inner courtyard centered on Ethereum, with dozens of halls and pavilions such as Linde Hall, Sanqing Hall, Dafu Hall and Qingsi Hall. The whole Daming Palace is 1.5km wide from east to west, 2.5km long from north to south, and covers an area of about 3.2km 2, making it the largest of the "three palaces".
Xingqing Palace, located in the east of Waiguo City, was originally the official residence of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty when he was the king of Linzi in his early years. In the second year of Kaiyuan (7 14), it was renamed Xingqing Palace. In the 14th year of Kaiyuan (726), it was expanded and merged with the surrounding palaces and temples. Completed in the sixteenth year (728), it was called "Nannei". In the 13th year of Tianbao (754), palace walls and towers were built to form a small castle. At the same time, a waiguo wall was added to build a city between Daming Palace in the north and Furong Garden in the south, which is convenient for the palace people to sneak. Tang Xuanzong and Yang Guifei lived here for a long time. After the prosperous Tang Dynasty, its status was reduced and it became the place for the Empress Dowager and the Empress Dowager.
Xingqing Palace is1.250m in length from north to south,1.075m in width from east to west, 4.6km in circumference and about1.35km2 in area, which is the smallest of the "Big Three". There are doors on all sides of the palace wall, and the main entrance Xingqing Gate is in the north of the Western Wall. The palace is dominated by gardens, not symmetrically arranged according to the central axis, so it has the nature of leaving the palace. Longchi is the main place in the south, surrounded by pavilions such as Jingjin Building, Calyx Xianghui Building and Chenxiang Temple. There are a number of palaces in the north, such as Xingqing Hall, Nanxun Hall, Changqing Hall and Datong Hall. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Xingqing Palace was destroyed by war, and the former site of 1958 was converted into a park, and a monument of Abe Zhongma Road was built. The imperial city is located in the south of Miyagi, across the street from Miyagi. It is the seat of ancestral halls and military and political institutions. The main buildings in the city are the ancestral temple, imperial society, palaces in six provinces, nine halls and eighteen bathrooms, among which the ancestral temple and imperial society are located in the southeast and southwest respectively, symbolizing the system of "left ancestors and right houses". There are no residents in the imperial city, which is a new concept of Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty, and it prominently shows the meaning of the supremacy of imperial power. In addition, the imperial city is higher than the national city, and Miyagi is higher than the imperial city, which reflects the awareness of attaching importance to imperial power.
Zhuquemen, the main entrance to the south, is in the same strain as Chengtianmen and Mingdemen in Guo Cheng, and the most important Zhuquemen Street in Chang 'an is named after this gate. There are seven streets in the east and west, and five streets in the north and south, each with a hundred steps. There are 8 north-south streets and 8 east-west streets 14 in Guo Cheng. Drainage ditches are set on both sides of the street, and roadside trees such as elm trees and locust trees are planted. Among them, six main streets leading to South Sanmen and connecting East and West Liumen are main roads, most of which are more than 100 meters wide. Suzaku Street is the widest 155 meters, which is the north-south axis of the city. Taking this as the boundary, the east of the city belongs to Wannian County and the west belongs to Chang 'an County.
The crisscross roads divide the outer Guo Cheng into 1 10 squares (called "Li" in Sui Dynasty). Each square has a different area, with a length of 500-838m from north to south and a width of 550-1125m from east to west. There is a fence around every square. Generally, there are four doors in a big square, and there is a cross street in it. In Little Square, there are two east and west doors, and there is a cross street, both of which are about 15 meters wide. According to archaeological excavations, Cross Street divides a square into four areas, and each area has a small cross lane, which divides the whole square into sixteen small blocks, including houses, official residences, temples and Taoist temples. All workshops are closed management, guarded by guards at the door, and a curfew will be imposed at night. Among them, the famous Li Fang has a pro-market workshop.
There are many Buddhist temples in Chang 'an, and Zongzhi Temple, Zhuang Yan Temple, Xingshan Temple and Du Xuan Temple all occupy the whole square. Other famous Jionji (Big Wild Goose Pagoda), Jianfu Temple (Little Wild Goose Pagoda) and Seiryuji also own large areas of land. During the archaeological process, the city also found many collections of Sui and Tang kilns, among which 27 1 piece of gold and silver unearthed in hejia village (Xinghuafang) is the largest and most valuable gold and silver unearthed in the Tang Dynasty since the founding of the People's Republic of China.
There are two markets outside the city of Guo, the East Market (called metropolis in Sui Dynasty) and the West Market (called Liren City in Sui Dynasty), each occupying two squares. The two cities are almost the same size, with a length of1025m from north to south and a width of 927m from east to west. The market has a wall with eight doors, and there are streets and streets along the wall, which divide the city into nine districts. Each district is surrounded by streets, and there are shops along the streets, including restaurants, jewelry stores and handicraft workshops. Most of Chang 'an's businesses are concentrated in these two markets, and other workshops also have some scattered commercial facilities.
There are four ditches in Chang 'an city, namely, Ming Longshou, Qingming, Yong 'an and Caoqu, which introduce tributaries of Weihe River into the city from the southeast and west respectively to provide domestic and environmental water. The first three canals were dug in the third year of Huang Kai in the early Sui Dynasty (583), and the grass canal was dug in the first year of Tang Tianbao (742). Western market layout The eastern and western markets were the economic activity centers of Chang 'an City in the Tang Dynasty, one of the national industrial and commercial trade centers at that time, and an important place for economic exchanges between China and foreign countries. Businessmen gather here, houses and shops are numerous, goods are dazzling, and trade is extremely prosperous.
According to documents, the area of Dongshi is "the place where the north and the south live". According to archaeological investigation, Dongshi is 1000 meters long from north to south and 24 meters wide from east to west, covering an area of 0.92 square kilometers. Around the city, there are two doors on each side, and there are eight doors in * * *. The width of the north (Chunmingmen Street) of the city wall is120m, and the width of the east, south and west sides is120m. The purpose of this wide street is to facilitate commercial transportation and parking of cars and horses before citizens enter the market.
Dongshi is located in the west of Xi Jiaotong University and north of Xi Railway Bureau, with a street width of nearly 30 meters, which is about 1 times that of Xishi Street. Today, part of the West Campus of Xi Jiaotong University is built on the old site of Dongshi and Shidong Street.
Due to its proximity to three inner cities (Tai Chi Palace in the west, Daming Palace in the east and Xingqing Palace in the south) and the surrounding houses of many royal nobles and dignitaries, Dongcheng is a "gathering of exotic things in all directions" (Chang Dongcheng), and most of the goods on the market are luxury goods to meet the needs of royal nobles and dignitaries.
Like Li Fang, the east and west markets in Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty were surrounded by tall walls. According to the Records of Chang 'an in Song Dynasty, its scale is quite large, each city covers an area of about 2 square meters, there are four streets in the city, and there are two gates on each side of the city wall, which is confirmed by the comprehensive investigation and measurement of the ruins of the two cities. As the most important market in Chang 'an and even the whole country, Xi Shi practices closed centralized trading, that is, several similar commodities are gathered together for the fourth & apos (or equivalent &; Apos. okay And. Apos a unit, the city has a special management organization-the Municipal Peace Bureau and the Quasi-Bureau. The trading area is also concentrated in a relatively closed place, surrounded by walls and gates.
According to the results of archaeological excavation, the plane of Xishi site is rectangular, with a length of 103 1 m from north to south and a length of 927 meters from east to west, covering an area of 0.96 square kilometers. Its scope is located in the east of Dongtaoyuan, the west of Laomijia Bridge, the north of Dongtaoyuan Bridge, the south of Northwest Branch of China Aviation Equipment Company and the market position of Xianlaonan.
At the time of excavation, there was a rammed earth wall foundation in the north and east of Xi Shi, which was more than 4 meters wide. In the west, there are two equal streets with the width of 16 m in the north-south direction and the east-west direction, and the four streets crisscross into a well shape, which divides the whole city into nine rectangular areas, of which the east-west second street is 327 meters apart and the north-south second street is 309 meters apart. There are ditches on both sides of every street, and sidewalks with a width of 1 meter are found outside the ditches.
The nine areas in the west of the city are surrounded by streets, so that the periphery of each area is facing the street, which is convenient for trading. Every area has alleys that are convenient for internal traffic. Under some alleys, there are culverts built by brick friends, which are connected with ditches on both sides of the street. The ruins of commercial shops unearthed along the street show that the houses are small in scale, 4 to 10 meters wide and more than 3 meters deep, all adjacent to the street; The relative concentration of unearthed similar items also proves the existence of a certain type of shop. For example, jewelry stores have many products such as beads, pearls, agates and crystals, while ironware stores have unearthed a large number of nails, iron bars and small ironware.
The west market is far from Sannei, surrounded by many houses, and the commodities in the market are mostly clothes, candles, cakes, medicines and other daily necessities. The western market is more prosperous than the eastern market, and it is the main industrial and commercial area and economic activity center of Chang 'an, so it is also called the "gold market".
Xi Shi is close to Kaiyuan, the starting point of Chang 'an Silk Road in Tang Dynasty, surrounded by many foreign businessmen, thus becoming an international trade market. There are businessmen from Central Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Korea, Baekje, Silla, Japan and other countries and regions. Among them, the "Hu merchants" in Central Asia, Persia (now Iran) and DaShi (now Arabia) are the most, and most of them live in the western market or some shops near the western market. These foreign businessmen sold the spices and medicines they brought to China bureaucrats, and then bought back jewelry, silk and porcelain from China. Therefore, there are many shops opened by foreign businessmen in the western market, such as Persian mansions, jewelry stores, warehouses, hotels and so on. Among them, Ji Hu Restaurant is visited by teenagers from time to time, and there are many girls from the western regions singing and dancing, serving fine wine. Therefore, in Li Bai's Youth Journey, there are poems of "Five-Ling Youth's Gold Market East" and "Laughing into Ji Hu Restaurant".
The Tang government implemented strict regular trading and night market ban system for Chang 'an market, especially for East and West cities. The gates of the two cities also opened and closed with the gates, street gates and square gates of Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty in the morning and evening, and were guarded by doormen. It is not difficult to see from the measured results that the width of the five streets in the west of Zhuque Street is slightly narrower than that of the five streets in the east, but it should be admitted that the east-west symmetry pattern is basically maintained after ignoring the errors in construction and the influence of topography. On the other hand, when Daxing City was designed in the early Sui Dynasty, three gates were opened, namely, east, west, south and north, on the north and south streets of the city. The three streets leading to Nanqiangmen are wider. Qixiamen Street and Anhuamen Street are roughly the same width. Shuncheng Street inside the Waiguo City Wall is relatively narrow, about 20 to 25 meters. This design not only keeps the characteristics of symmetrical layout between east and west, but also meets the needs of urban traffic. The 14 street in the east-west direction is also in the same layout, and the streets leading to the east and west gates are relatively wide. Among them, Hengjie in the south of the Imperial City leads directly to Chunming Gate (middle gate in the east wall) and Jinguangmen (middle gate in the west wall), with a width of120m. These streets crisscross the city and are arranged neatly, dividing residential areas into alleys of different sizes.
Because the width of the street is different, the size of Li Fang arranged on both sides of the street is also different. Li Fang on both sides of Miyagi is generally 955 meters wide from east to west and 588 meters long from north to south; Li Fang on both sides of the imperial city is roughly 955 meters wide from east to west and 808 meters long from north to south; The first pillar on the east and west sides of Zhuquemen Street is 5 14 meters wide from east to west and 477 meters long from north to south. The 9 squares in the second column are 66 1 m wide from east to west, 477 meters long from north to south, 955 meters wide from east to west and 477 meters long from north to south. * * * Five groups of Li Fang with different sizes. The whole city is centered on Miyagi, Imperial City and Zhuquemen Street. The east and west sides of the alley are not only symmetrical, but also neatly arranged. Bai Juyi once wrote a poem describing "A hundred schools of thought are like Go, and Twelve Streets are like vegetable gardens", which is very apt. This description is often reflected in Tang poetry.
In the Tang Dynasty, Chang 'an inherited and developed the previous system of dividing residential areas in the capital into squares, and set up squares outside Guo Cheng as the distribution area of residential buildings with a population of one million in the capital. The layout and structure of these squares are compact and tidy, just like square residential areas.
Li Fang in Chang 'an City is formed by the intersection of 14 east-west streets and 1 1 north-south streets in Guo Cheng. When Emperor Wen of Han first built Daxing City, this chessboard-shaped grid area was named Fang, now it was renamed Li, and in the Tang Dynasty it was renamed Fang. Therefore, the combination of "separation" and "release" can often be seen in Tang poetry.
There are always different opinions about how many "Li Fang" there were in Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty. Or cloud 1 10, 108, 109, can't agree. It should be said that with the development of capital construction, the number of squares in Chang 'an City has changed before and after, and there have been three major changes. When the Sui Dynasty first built Daxing City, the outer Guo Cheng was divided into 1 10 square and two other cities (each city occupied two squares). With Suzaku Street as the middle boundary, there are 55 squares in the east and 55 squares in the west of the street, and there is also 1 city. But there was no square in Qujiang area in the southeast corner of the capital at that time, so a square was subtracted from the east of the street. Daxing City should actually be 109 and two other cities, with 55 square meters in the west and 54 square meters in the east, which is the square miles from the early Sui Dynasty to the early Tang Dynasty. There are eleven streets in the north and south and fourteen streets in the east and west, among which three main roads run through the city gate and are called six streets. The streets are wide and the ditches on both sides are neat. The whole city is divided into two cities, 108 Li (Fang in Tang Dynasty, 109 Fang after Daming Palace and Xingqing Palace were built), forming a checkerboard, so Bai Juyi said, "A hundred schools of thought are like a chess game, and twelve streets are like vegetable fields."
Except for the east-west street leading to Yanpingmen and Yanxingmen, which is 55 meters wide, the others are all above 100 meters. The Zhuquemen Street on the central axis is more than 150 meters wide and runs through the whole city, with a length of nearly 9 kilometers. It was the longest central axis in the world at that time, also known as "Tianjie". Rows of locust trees are planted on both sides of the street, with clear latitude and longitude and orderly arrangement. Li Bai, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, once wrote a poem praising "Chang 'an Avenue spans nine days".