Introduction of Songzan Gambu: (Willie: Srong-Bt Sansgam-po; Tibetan Pinyin: Songzan Gambu; ; THDL: Songzan Ganbu; Also known as khri-srong btsan, 605? 6 17? -650), in China's history books such as the Book of the New Tang Dynasty, it is called abandoning zong Zanzong, abandoning zong Zanzong, abandoning zong Zanzong, and abandoning zong Zan Su Nong. According to Tibetan tradition, he was the 33rd Zampa of the Tubo Dynasty, and actually the king of the Tubo Dynasty. Songtsen Gampo
Songzan Gambu's father, Bao Ri, is a very accomplished Zap. Influenced by his father, Songzan Gambu showed extraordinary talent when he was young. His father died after being poisoned by his enemy, 13 was praised. After he ascended the throne, he investigated the murderer and trained the army. He quickly put down the rebellion in various places, unified the ministries, made Lhasa (now Lhasa) his capital, and established the Tubo slavery regime. Later, he surrendered to Soapy, Mi Duo, Prynne, Tangut, Sheep and so on, and his power became stronger and stronger.
After Tibet's reunification, Songtsan Gambu began to devote himself to political power construction and established a complete and highly centralized political and military institution centered on Zambia. At the same time, laws and tax systems were formulated, wise ministers were appointed, and many measures were taken to encourage people to learn and use advanced production technologies and develop agricultural and animal husbandry production, so that the social economy and people's life of Tubo quickly showed a revival trend.
In order to change the backward appearance of Tubo people who did not have their own words and recorded them by carving wood and knotting ropes, he sent ministers to swallow rice. 16 The nobles led by Sambuza went to India to study and finally created their own language-Tibetan. It has made great contributions to the economic and cultural exchanges among ethnic groups and to the preservation, inheritance, development and prosperity of Tibetan culture.
Songzan Gambu appreciated the prosperity of the Tang Dynasty very much. In the eighth year of Tang Zhenguan (634), he sent envoys to communicate with the Tang Dynasty. At the same time, it has good traffic with Nipolo (now Nepal) in the south. In the 13th year (639), after marriage with Nibo Luo Jye, he sent envoys to the Tang Dynasty to propose marriage. In order to marry Tubo and achieve peace in the western border, Emperor Taizong betrothed Princess Wencheng to him in the fifteenth year (64 1). The marriage of Tang and Fan and Princess Wencheng's entry into Tibet brought Buddhism and all kinds of advanced science, technology and culture from the mainland to the plateau, which further promoted the economic and cultural development of Tibet.
In the 23rd year of Zhenguan in Tang Dynasty (649), Songzan Gambu was named as Xu Taiwei and King of Xihai County, and was later named King. And carved its image on a stone and listed it in the Zhaoling mausoleum of Taizong. In the first year of Yonghui (650), Songzan Gambu died of illness. The Tang dynasty sent envoys to mourn.
No matter in politics or culture, Songzan Gambo's attitude towards Tubo Dynasty and Tang Dynasty is indelible.
The evaluation of Tibetan history books is: "all the good customs and wise political affairs of Tubo appeared when they abandoned their religion and became kings." All the people felt the kindness of the king, but they were awarded the title of' Songzan Gambu'. "-"Tubo Historical Documents "
Introduction to Princess Wencheng: Princess Wencheng: (625-680), the royal daughter of Li Shimin of Emperor Taizong. Han nationality. She is smart and beautiful. Influenced by her family, she studied culture, was polite and believed in Buddhism. Princess Wencheng
Songtsan Gampo is a hero in Tibetan history, rising in Yalong River Valley (now Yarlung Zangbo River) in the middle reaches of Tibetan River. He unified Tibetan areas, became Zanpu (meaning "monarch") of Tibetans, and established the Tubo Dynasty. In the 14th year of Zhenguan in Tang Dynasty (640), Lu Dongzan, a minister, was sent to Chang 'an to donate 5,200 yuan to treat the treasures, so he proposed to the Tang Dynasty. Emperor Taizong promised to marry Princess Wencheng.
In the 7th century, the Tibetan king Songzan Gambo shocked the Tang Dynasty. At that time, the Tang Dynasty had the most advanced economy and culture in the world. Emperor Taizong advocated that "one marriage is equivalent to 654.38 million soldiers." Princess Wencheng, who is sensible and simple, volunteered to be Mrs. Songzan Gambu, 25 years old. Princess Wencheng, 16 years old, quickly adapted to the plateau climate in Tibet; At the same time, challenge Songzan Gambu with wisdom. Lu Dongzan, the courtship messenger of Songzan Gambu, competed for five times: passing a ribbon through a turquoise (nine-curved pearl) with winding holes; Point out the root and tip of a stick with the same thickness at both ends; Distinguish which mares were born together in 100; In the evening, he was called to the maze-like palace to watch the play, and suddenly arranged for the envoy to return to his residence alone after the play; Finally, Princess Wencheng stood among 300 girls and let the envoys who had never seen Princess Wencheng choose. -This is a classic moment of great exchange between Tibetan culture and Chinese culture.
Princess Wencheng's personal experience of Tibetan culture, as a high-altitude area-the roof of the world-has all the characteristics of high-altitude areas. Tibetans are beautiful in simplicity, grandeur and broadness, absorbing other cultures and creating their own 34 Tibetan Chinese characters. Xigaze, which means "the best manor" in Tibetan; "Lhasa" means "holy land" or "Buddhist country" in Tibetan; Norbulingka, meaning "baby garden"; The birthplace of Tibet, the holy mountain and the holy lake, has been recognized as the center of the world by Hinduism, Tibetan Buddhism, Bonism, a local religion in Tibet, and ancient Jainism. B?rge Ring on the sacred mountain and the sacred lake is recognized as a sacred mountain in the world, and it seems to be crowned with a silver "pyramid".
Princess Wencheng left Chang 'an for Tubo in the fifteenth year of the Buddha statue (64 1), accompanied by Li Daozong, a cousin of the Tang Dynasty who saw off the Wangtai, and Lu Dongzan, a Tubo envoy who greeted her. Songzan Gambu personally greeted him in Baihai (now Maduo, Qinghai Province), paid an audience with Daozong, and performed the ceremony of son-in-law. Then she returned to Luoyang (now Lhasa) with Princess Wencheng. Princess Wencheng has lived in Tubo for nearly 40 years and has always been respected.
According to books such as The Hereditary Mirror of Tubo Dynasty, when Princess Wencheng entered Tibet, the team was very large, and the dowry of Emperor Taizong was very rich. There are "siddhattha gotama, treasures, jade bookcases, 360 volumes of classics and various jade ornaments". He also presented all kinds of cooking foods, brocade quilts with various patterns, 300 divination classics, 60 books on distinguishing good from evil, architecture and technology, 65,438+000 therapeutic prescriptions, 4 medical works, 5 diagnostic methods and 6 medical instruments. It also carries all kinds of grains and turnip seeds.
In the first year of Yonghui (650), Princess Wencheng lived in Tibet after the death of Songzan Gambo. She loves Tibetan compatriots and is deeply loved by the people. She designed and helped build Jokhang Temple and Jokhang Temple. Under her influence, the technologies of milling, weaving, pottery making, paper making and wine making of the Han nationality were spread to Tubo one after another; She brought poems, agricultural books, Buddhist scriptures, historical books, medical books, calendars and other classics, which promoted the economic and cultural development of Tubo and strengthened the friendly relations between the Chinese and Tibetan people. The golden Buddha statue of Sakyamuni she brought is still worshipped by the Tibetan people.
In the first year of Yonglong (680), Princess Wencheng died, and the Tubo Dynasty held a grand funeral for her. The Tang Dynasty sent envoys to pay tribute to Tubo. Up to now, the statues made by Tibetans in memory of her are still preserved in Lhasa, with a history of 1300 years.
There is also Princess Wencheng Temple in Yushu County, Qinghai Province. The statue of Princess Wencheng in the center of the temple sits on the lotus seat of the lion, which is 8 meters high, vivid and finely carved. Incense is constantly burning here all year round, butter lamps are brightly lit day and night, and Tibetan and Chinese people who come to worship are in an endless stream. According to legend, Princess Wencheng stayed here for a long time on her way to Lhasa and was warmly welcomed by local Tibetan leaders and the masses. Deeply moved, she decided to stay and teach local people agriculture and textile technology. Princess Wencheng Temple has been listed as a national cultural relic protection unit.
Princess Wencheng's Contribution to Tibet The Han musicians brought by Princess Wencheng began to perform their duties. They worked very hard to play the most popular music in Tang Palace for Songzan Gambo and Princess Wencheng. The music is soothing and beautiful, so that Songzan Ganbu seems to smell the fairy sound. He praised musicians and music, and selected a group of boys and girls with smart qualifications to learn from Han musicians, so that Han music gradually spread throughout Tubo and flowed into the hearts of Tubo people.
Later, the scribes also began to work. They helped to sort out the relevant documents of Tubo, recorded the important conversations between Songzan and ministers, and made Tubo politics go out of the primitive and move towards normalization. While Songzan Gambu was delighted, he ordered the ministers and nobles to sincerely worship the scribes as teachers, learn Chinese culture and study the poetry books they brought. Then, a group of aristocratic children traveled thousands of miles to Chang 'an, entered the countries of the Tang Dynasty, studied poetry and books, and brought the Han culture back to Tubo.
Princess Wencheng's agricultural technician didn't pass on anything. They just sow the grain seeds brought from the central plains on the fertile soil of the plateau, and then carefully irrigate, fertilize and weed. In the harvest season, the robust and amazing high yield of crops made the Tubo people stare big eyes. At that time, Tubo people also planted some crops such as highland barley and buckwheat, but due to poor management, they often only planted them, so the yield was extremely low. They have to admire the superb planting techniques of Han agricultural technicians. Inspired by Songzan Gambu and Princess Wencheng, agricultural technicians began to teach agricultural technology to Tubo people in a planned way, so that they could harvest a lot of food while nomadic. Especially after the technology of planting mulberry and raising silkworms was passed on to them, Tubo gradually got homemade silks with soft luster and rich colors, which greatly beautified the life of Tubo people and made them overjoyed. They are all very grateful for the benefits that Princess Wencheng brought to them after she entered Tubo.
At that time, Buddhism prevailed in the Tang Dynasty, but there was no Buddhism in Tibet. Princess Wencheng is a devout Buddhist. She took pagodas, scriptures and Buddha statues into Tibet and decided to build a temple to preach Buddha. She asked goats to fill the pond and built Jokhang Temple. After the Jokhang Temple was completed, Princess Wencheng and Songzan Gambu personally planted willows outside the temple gate, which became the famous "Liu Tang" in later generations. The famous "Nephew and Uncle Alliance Monument", also known as "Evergreen Alliance Monument", stands next to Liu Tang. At present, a statue of Sakyamuni enshrined in the center of the Jokhang Temple Hall was also invited by Princess Wencheng from Chang 'an. In the attached halls on both sides of the main hall, there are statues of Songzan Gambo and Princess Wencheng, which are very beautiful and lifelike. It's just that there are too many people who donate money from Imbusch, and a pimple has grown on their faces.
Later, Princess Wencheng built the Xiao Zhao Temple. Since then, Buddhism has spread slowly in Tibet. Princess Wencheng also named the mountains around Lhasa with eight treasures, such as Miaolian, Baoshan, Youshi Conch, King Kong, Shengli Building, Aquarius and Goldfish, which have been used ever since.
On the one hand, Princess Wencheng spread Buddhism and prayed for the Tibetans to eliminate disasters. At the same time, she also took out five grain seeds and rapeseed and taught people to plant them. Corn, potatoes, broad beans and rape can adapt to the plateau climate and grow well. Wheat, on the other hand, is constantly mutating and finally grows into highland barley that Tibetans like. Princess Wencheng also brought chariots, horses, mules, camels and related technical and medical works, which promoted the social progress of Tubo.
Songtsan Gambo likes Princess Wencheng very much. The Potala Palace specially built for the princess has 1000 palaces, which is magnificent. But it was later destroyed by lightning and war. /kloc-after two expansions in the 0/7th century, it became the present scale. The main building of Potala Palace 13 floor, with a height of117m, covers an area of more than 360,000 square meters, which is magnificent. There are a large number of murals with rich contents in Potala Palace, including the story of Garudongzan, the emissary of Emperor Taizong's Five Difficult Tubo Marriage, the difficulties and obstacles Princess Wencheng encountered all the way into Tibet, and the scene where she was warmly welcomed when she arrived in Lhasa. These murals have exquisite composition, vivid characters and bright colors. Behind the Tubo ruins of Potala Palace, there is also a room where Songzan Gambu meditates. The walls are displayed with colored statues of Songzan Gambu, Princess Wencheng and Ludongzan.
After Songzan Gambu married Princess Wencheng, the relationship between the Central Plains and Tubo was extremely friendly. After more than 200 years, there were few wars, and envoys and businessmen exchanged frequently. Songzan Gambu highly praised the Central Plains culture. He took off his felt wool and put it on silk, and sent the children of Tubo nobles to Chang 'an to study Chinese studies. In the Tang Dynasty, all kinds of craftsmen were sent to Tubo to teach various skills.
In 649 AD, Emperor Taizong died, and after the new emperor Li Zhi succeeded to the throne, he sent an envoy to China to offer condolences, taking Songzan Gambu as the Xu family and making him the king of Xihai County. Songzan Gambu accepted the official title of the Tang Dynasty gladly, and sent a letter to Stuart Sun Chang Wuji and others, saying, "The son of heaven has just ascended the throne, and if there are disloyal courtiers, he should send troops to conquer this country. At the same time, fifteen kinds of gold, silver and jewels are presented. Please put them in front of Taizong's coffin to express your deep condolences and memory. Tang Gaozong also carved his stone statue and placed it in front of the Zhaoling Tomb of Emperor Taizong to show his praise.
Songzan Gambu's great talent and great achievements have unified Tibet, promoted the political, economic and cultural development of Tubo, strengthened the close relationship between Tibetan and Han people, and made outstanding contributions to the historical development of China, a unified multi-ethnic country. Princess Wencheng, who knows the book and is courteous, did not avoid difficulties and dangers and married Tubo far away, which made a historic contribution to promoting the economic and cultural exchanges between Tang and Tubo and enhancing the close, friendly and cooperative relations between the Chinese and Tibetan peoples.
Also, Jokhang Temple was built by Tibetan people to commemorate the greatness of Princess Wencheng. There are Princess Wencheng and 12-year-old Buddha statue of Sakyamuni. It symbolizes the eternal friendship between China and Tibet. 8: 00 am, 165438+ 0: 00 pm, and 6: 00-8: 00 pm for special festivals. Tickets to 80 yuan! I hope I can help you. If you still need to know, please check Baidu Encyclopedia to supplement!