Time:
Greenwich mean time (GMT). UTC+0. Daylight Saving Time is British Daylight Saving Time (BST). UTC+ 1 .
Latitude range:
50 ~ 58 degrees north latitude
zone
244,820 square kilometers [the 79th in the world]. The water area accounts for 1.34%.
language
Official map of Britain
The language of this party is [English] [non-official language]. In addition, Welsh [Welsh], Irish Gaelic [Irish Gaelic], [Ulster Scottish], Scottish Gaelic [Scottish Gaelic] and Cornwall [Cornish] are the official languages in all regions of Britain. Transportation: Taxis in Britain are very spacious and have the oldest subway in the world.
Human population
6204 1.708(20 10 statistics), with a population density of 246 people /km2 (the sixth in the world). The ratio of male to female is 0.98: 1. Race: Of the British population, 85.53% are British whites, 6.47% are whites from other regions, 4.00% are South Asians, 2.00% are blacks, 1.20% are mixed-race, and 0.80% are East Asians and other races [2006,5438+0].
Political system:
Parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy are led by the king. The current Queen Elizabeth II
[Queen Elizabeth II]/KLOC-0 was enthroned on February 6th, 952, and/KLOC-0 was enthroned on June 2nd, 953; 201may 1 1 Sunday [early morning of Beijing time 12], the queen of England authorized David Cameron, chairman of the British conservative party, to form the next British government, and 43-year-old Cameron became the youngest prime minister in Britain in the past 200 years. The longest interval between general elections in the lower house of parliament is five years, so the longest term of office of a prime minister is theoretically less than six years. The Queen of England is only a symbol of power, and the Prime Minister is responsible for the daily production and life of the country. The Queen of England is also the head of the Commonwealth, but now the Commonwealth is composed of independent countries, so the Queen of England is only a symbol of the Commonwealth. Monarchy is the oldest government system in the world today. Queen Elizabeth II has been the head of the United Kingdom since she ascended the throne in 1952. She is also a direct descendant of King egbert. During his reign, King egbert unified England in 829 AD. Before the birth of the parliamentary system, the monarchy had existed in Britain for hundreds of years, and it was interrupted only once, from 1649 to 1660, when Britain adopted the * * * system and implemented a republic. For centuries, the absolute power of the monarch has been eroded and weakened. Nevertheless, as the constitutional head of state, the monarch still retains important symbolic significance.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
2,247.455 billion US dollars (ranked 6th in the world in 20 10). Per capita GDP is 36 120 USD (22nd in the world). Gini coefficient: 0.34(2005). Human development index: 0.947 [ranked 2 in the world in 20091]. Currency pound. Currency code pound.
national flag
The British flag is a horizontal rectangle with an aspect ratio of 2: 1. It is a "meter" flag, which consists of a dark blue background and a red and white "meter". The red cross with a white border in the national flag represents St George, the patron saint of England, St Andrew, the patron saint of Scotland and St Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland. This flag is produced by 180 1 It consists of ten red flags on a white background in England, a white cross flag on a blue background in Scotland and a red cross flag on a white background in Northern Ireland.
national emblem
The national emblem of Britain is the symbol of the king. The central pattern is a coat of arms, and the upper left corner and lower right corner of the shield are three golden lions with a red background, symbolizing the British national emblem.
England; In the upper right corner is a red lion standing in the upper half of the golden land, symbolizing Scotland; In the lower left corner is the golden harp on the blue ground, symbolizing Northern Ireland. On both sides of the coat of arms are a lion wearing a crown representing England and a unicorn representing Scotland. There is a motto written in French around the coat of arms, which means "evil is rewarded with evil, and evil with evil"; There is a guardian medal hanging at the bottom, and the ribbon says "God has God, I have rights". At the top of the coat of arms is a gold and silver helmet inlaid with jewels, an imperial crown and a crowned lion.
maxim
Dieu et mon droit[ French: I was given by heaven]
national anthem
God save the queen usually only sings the first paragraph. If the incumbent is a male monarch, the national anthem will be changed to "God Save the King". God Save the King is the national anthem and royal ode of Commonwealth countries. The lyricist is anonymous, and the composer is Henry Kerry.
capital
London is the largest city and port in Britain, one of the largest metropolitan areas in Europe and one of the three largest financial centers in the world. Population 75 12400, area 1577.3 square kilometers. It is one of the top ten cities in the world. As the largest and most international city in Europe, London is the political and cultural center of Britain, an out-and-out international metropolis and the headquarters of many international organizations and enterprises. The main attractions in London are: Buckingham Palace, Downing Street 10, British Museum, Palace of Westminster, Tower of London, Hyde Park, Greenwich Observatory, Sherlock Holmes Museum, Big Ben, Tower Bridge, London Eye and Trafalgar Square.
Edit this geographical section
physical geography
Britain, located in Europe, consists of the British Island (including England, Scotland and Wales), Northern Ireland in the northeast of Ireland Island and 5,500 small islands (overseas territories) around it. Britain is located in the British Isles in the northwest of continental Europe, surrounded by the North Sea, the English Channel, celtic sea, the Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. 244 1 10,000 square kilometers (including inland waters), England13400 square kilometers, Scotland 78,800 square kilometers, Wales 20,800 square kilometers and Northern Ireland13600 square kilometers. An island country in western Europe. It faces the European continent across the North Sea, the Dover Strait and the English Channel. Its land borders Ireland and the United States. Total length of coastline11450km. The whole territory is divided into four parts: the plains in southeast England, the mountains in the middle and west, the mountains in Scotland, the highlands in Northern Ireland and the mountains. Hydrology Severn River (354 km) and Thames River (346 km). Lough neagh in Northern Ireland, with an area of 396 square kilometers, ranks first in the country. The climate belongs to temperate maritime climate. Britain is controlled by the prevailing west wind, which is mild and humid all year round, with little change in the four seasons. Generally, the highest temperature in temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest zone is not more than 32℃, the lowest temperature is not less than-10℃, and the average temperature 10 is 65438+4 ~ 7℃ in October and 13 ~ 17℃ in July. The average annual precipitation is about 1000 mm. The annual precipitation in the northern and western mountainous areas exceeds 2000 mm, and that in the central and eastern areas is less than 800 mm. February to March is the driest, and 10 to 1 month is the wettest.
resources geography
The main mineral resources in Britain are coal, iron, oil and natural gas. The total reserve of hard coal is1.700 million tons. The reserves of iron are about 3.8 billion tons. There are tin mines in Cornwall Peninsula in the southwest. There are many stone salts in Cheshire and Durham. Staffordshire has good clay. White clay is produced in Cornwall Peninsula. Dolomite can be mined in the east slope of pennines. The timely mine is located near Hill Hildry in the southwest of Lancashire. The oil reserves on the continental shelf of Britain's North Sea are about10 ~ 4 billion tons. Natural gas reserves are about 860 ~ 2585 billion cubic meters.
Administrative geography
The British mainland actually consists of four constituent countries: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. See the administrative divisions of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland for details. Main Items of Overseas Territories and Colonies: British Overseas Territories, British Empire and Commonwealth There are several colonies of different natures in Britain: Crown Colonies and Overseas Territories. The British monarch is also the symbolic head of state of other 15 countries that used to be colonies of the British Empire, and the British government still has substantial influence on the members of the Commonwealth. Territorial dispute Britain and Spain have disputes over the suzerainty of Gibraltar; There is a dispute with Argentina over the sovereignty of the Falkland Islands, South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands. Although due to historical factors, since Ireland's independence in 1949, there has been a dispute between Britain and Ireland over the ownership of Northern Ireland, which even turned into a violent conflict. However, after 1998 signed the Belfast Agreement between the two countries, the situation gradually changed from opposition to regional cooperation. The British Antarctic Territory overlaps with the territorial scope claimed by Chile and Argentina on the Antarctic continent in many places. However, according to the Antarctic Treaty, at present, the territorial rights claimed by countries in Antarctica are permanently frozen. Mauritius and Seychelles also claim sovereignty over British Indian Ocean territory. ◆ The question of Gibraltar Gibraltar is located at the southern tip of Iberian Peninsula, on the north bank of Gibraltar Strait, in the throat of Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea, and its strategic position is very important. Gibraltar covers an area of nearly 6 square kilometers and has a population of about 30,000. The Strait of Gibraltar is 90km long and12km to 43km wide. It is the only sea passage between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Gibraltar was incorporated into Spanish territory in 150 1. 1702, France and Austria fought for the succession to the Spanish throne, and Britain, the Netherlands and Austria formed an alliance. 1704, their allies conquered Gibraltar and established a military fortress. 17 13, Spain and Britain signed the Anglo-Spanish Treaty, ceding Gibraltar to Britain. From 65438 to 0830, Gibraltar became a British colony and a major naval base. Since then, all military and political affairs in Gibraltar have been under the control of the Governor appointed by the British royal family. 196 1 year, Britain and Spain started a dialogue on Gibraltar. 1984, the foreign ministers of the two countries reached an agreement on this issue, and Spain agreed to completely open the border of Gibraltar from 1985. 1991March 18, Britain officially handed over the defense of Gibraltar to a team composed of local people, thus ending the British military presence in this area for 287 years. Two years later, the foreign ministers of Britain and Spain began to discuss the future status of Gibraltar. Northern Ireland is located in the northeast of Ireland Island, with an area of 1, 4 1.20 square kilometers. The population of Belfast, the capital, is about10.6 million, of which 60% are descendants of British immigrants who believe in Protestantism, and the remaining 40% are descendants of Irish aborigines who believe in Catholicism. For a long time, they lived in different communities and were far away from each other. On the issue of the ownership of Northern Ireland, the former advocates staying in Britain, while the latter insists on returning to Ireland. Northern Ireland was originally an Irish territory. Irish, descendants of Celtic, lived on the island of Ireland for generations and accepted Roman Catholicism in the 6th century. /kloc-In the middle of 0/2nd century, Britain began to invade Ireland. 180 1 year, according to the treaty of alliance between Britain and Ireland, Ireland was formally incorporated into the British territory, and the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" was established. Britain completed the annexation of Ireland, and Ireland became the first British colony, which was deeply oppressed in politics, economy, culture and religion. The Irish people took part in many wars for national independence and fought against the colonialists. From 1886 to 1893, riots broke out in Belfast, and violent confrontation between two ethnic groups with different beliefs and political views caused hundreds of deaths. 19 16, the Easter Uprising broke out in Dublin. The uprising was led by the radical Zhong Chaojie, aiming at the independence of Ireland. Due to the armed suppression by the British army, the uprising finally failed and thousands of insurgents died. So the Irish problem has existed in Britain for 700 years. ◆ A. British-Malaysian dispute A. The British-Malaysian dispute refers to the dispute between Argentina and Britain over the ownership of the Malvinas Islands (called "Falklands" in Britain). The archipelago is located in the South Atlantic Ocean east of the southern tip of Argentina, about 500 kilometers away from Argentina and about 13000 kilometers away from Britain. Covering an area of about 65,438+200,000 square kilometers, it consists of two islands, Soledad (East Falkland), the Great Malvinas (West Falkland) and more than 200 small islands. There are more than 2,400 residents, more than 90% of whom are British immigrants. The capital is Port Argentina (Port Stanley, England).
historical geography
Great Britain is an island, which consists of England, Scotland and Wales. The so-called UK is the abbreviation of United Kingdom, which means the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland is actually controlled by Britain, which is also the bottleneck of communication between Britain and Ireland. Iberians, cyclists and Celts from the Mediterranean came to England in BC. 1-In the 5th century, the southeast of Great Britain was ruled by the Roman Empire. After the Romans retreated, the Angles, Saxons and Jutes in Northern Europe invaded and settled in succession. The feudal system began to form in the 7th century, and many small countries merged into seven kingdoms, contending for hegemony for 200 years, which is known as the "Anglo-Saxon era". In 829, King Egbert of Wessex unified England. It was invaded by the Danes at the end of the 8th century, and from 10 16 to 1042, it was a part of the Danish pirate empire. The Duke of Normandy crossed the sea to conquer England in 1066 after the short-term rule of the English king. 12 15 King John was built by the city hall building on Queen Victoria Square in Birmingham.
Forced to sign the Magna Carta, the kingship was suppressed. From 1337 to 1453, Britain and France fought a "hundred-year war", and Britain won first and then lost. 1536 Wales was incorporated into England. 1588 defeated the Spanish "Armada" and established maritime hegemony. 1640, Britain was the first bourgeois revolution in the world and became the pioneer of bourgeois revolution. 1May 649 19, the Republic of China was proclaimed. 1660 restored the dynasty, 1688 witnessed a "glorious revolution" and established a constitutional monarchy. England 1707 merged with Scotland, 180 1 merged with Ireland. /kloc-from the second half of the 8th century to the first half of the 9th century, it became the first country in the world to complete the industrial revolution. /kloc-the 0/9th century was the heyday of the British Empire. 19 14 years, the occupied colony was11times larger than the mainland, and it was the first colonial power, claiming to be "imperial". It began to decline after the First World War. Britain established Northern Ireland in 1920, and allowed South Ireland to break away from the rule of 192 1 922 and establish an independent country. 193 1 year promulgated the Westminster act, which forced the autonomous territories to be independent in internal affairs and diplomacy, and the colonial system of the British empire was shaken. During World War II, Britain's economic strength was greatly weakened and its political status declined. With the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, the British colonial system collapsed in the 1960s. 1973 65438+ Britain joined Europe in October. Historically, England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland are four countries. Later, England and Wales merged by marriage. Later, Elizabeth I, the last king of Tudor dynasty, passed it on to her nephew James, king of Scotland, and Scotland and England merged. Charles, the son of James, was overthrown by Cromwell's revolutionary army. During Cromwell's reign, Ireland was conquered by force. 1923, the British Parliament decided to split Ireland in two. Twenty-three counties in the south became independent countries of Ireland, and four counties in the north remained in Britain as Northern Ireland. After World War II, although Britain's national strength was weak and its economy declined, it gradually recovered its vitality under the leadership of prime ministers such as Churchill and Attlee. 1979 after being elected as prime minister, Margaret Thatcher, a conservative party, vigorously promoted reform, advocated conservatism, successfully cut welfare expenditure, weakened the strength of trade unions, revived Britain's economy and maintained its international influence. However, during the term of Prime Minister Major, Margaret Thatcher's successor, the British economy fell into recession. After Tony Blair 1997 was elected Prime Minister, he advocated social liberalism, the so-called "third way", which kept the British economy prosperous. Now, Britain is not only rich and powerful, but also plays an important role in the international political and diplomatic arena. Moreover, its economic performance is better than that of other developed countries, and it is also one of the western countries with the lowest unemployment rate. Britain is a member of the Commonwealth and formally joined the European Union on 1973. 2010 in may 1 1 day, David Cameron officially succeeded Gordon brown as British prime minister. The rapid rise of Britain:/kloc-At the end of 0/5th century, after the opening of new air routes, Britain actively developed foreign trade (London, Liverpool, etc. ) the advantages of using the Atlantic sea route center; Secondly, Britain pursued a "mercantilist" policy, encouraged exports, and supported businessmen to participate in trade competition and occupy colonies; Third, with the rapid development of capitalist economy, enclosure movement has promoted the prosperity of cities and the development of trade; Fourth, establish a capitalist system and accelerate development. Fifth, attach importance to the development of the navy. In the third world war, Britain defeated the "sea coachman" Holland and won the maritime hegemony. Industrial revolution, also known as industrial revolution, refers to the early course of capitalist industrialization, that is, capitalist production has completed the transition from workshop handicraft industry to machine industry. It is manual labor that is gradually replaced by machine production, manual production of individual workshops is replaced by large-scale factory production, and then it is extended to the production of other industries and the scientific and technological revolution. Some people think that the industrial revolution started around 1750, but it didn't really flourish until 1830. Most people think that the industrial revolution originated in central England. 1765, the appearance of Jenny spinning machine marked the outbreak of the industrial revolution in Britain and even the world. /kloc-in the middle of the 0/8th century, after the Englishman Watt improved the steam engine, a series of technological revolutions caused a great leap from manual labor to power machine production. Then it spread to England and the whole European continent, to North America in the19th century, and later, the industrial revolution spread to all countries in the world. Historical chronology 1536, unification of England and Wales; 1 may 7071day, the unification of England and Scotland; A new financial center in the east London docklands.
180 1 year 1 month 1 day, unified with Ireland; 1April 922 12, the Treaty of Great Britain and Ireland came into effect, and southern Ireland broke away from its rule and established an independent country; 1 973 65438+1October1,and join the European Union. The material basis of British colonial expansion [1]: the domestic capitalist industry is very developed, which is the main reason for winning overseas colonial activities. Political system: After the British bourgeois revolution, an advanced political system was established. Armed support: established one of the most powerful navies in Europe. Ideology: After the Reformation, the British Puritans' strong personal struggle and enterprising spirit and the progress and liberation of their ideological and cultural consciousness were also important reasons for their victory. Features: British colonial hegemony was really achieved through colonial wars. History of foreign expansion: 1588, defeating the Spanish Armada. 1600, Britain invaded India. 1688, and then frantically expanded its territory and established "slave-catching stations" in Gambia and other places in Africa. Part of the process: ①/kloc-in the 6th century, Britain could not compete with Spain and Portugal. During this period, maritime activities were characterized by general maritime trade, piracy and the sale of black slaves. (2)1588, Britain defeated Spain's "Armada" and began to establish its maritime hegemony; In the three Anglo-Dutch wars of 3 1652- 1674, Britain defeated the Netherlands and seized the new Dutch colony in North America. In the 4th century, there were many wars between Britain and France. In the last seven years' war, Britain defeated France. In Oceania, Britain occupied many islands, invaded New Zealand and incorporated it into the colony of the British Empire. 1840 the first sino-British opium war [2] 1854 Crimean war 1856 ~ 1860 the second sino-British opium war 1900 Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China1914.
Government system
The political system is constitutional monarchy. The king is the head of state, the highest judicial officer, the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and the "British Prime Minister David Cameron" of the Anglican Church.
Formally, leaders have the right to appoint or remove the Prime Minister, ministers, senior judges, military officers, governors, diplomats, bishops and senior clergy of the Anglican Church, and have the right to convene, stop and dissolve parliament, approve laws, declare war and make peace, but the real power lies in the cabinet. Parliament is the highest judicial and legislative body, consisting of the king, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The upper house (the House of Lords) is composed of royal descendants, hereditary nobles, newly appointed nobles, judges of the Court of Appeal, archbishops and church bishops. 1999 1 1 In June, the House of Lords reform bill was passed. In addition to the 92 remaining members, more than 600 hereditary nobles lost their qualifications as members of the House of Lords. Non-politically appointed members of the House of Lords will be recommended by a special royal committee. The House of Commons is also called the House of Commons. Members are elected by universal suffrage, and the electoral system of small constituencies with the most votes is adopted. The term of office is five years. But the government can decide to hold an election in advance. The government implements the cabinet system, and the leader of the political party who won the majority of seats in the parliamentary elections is appointed by the Queen as the prime minister and forms a cabinet, which is responsible to the parliament.
political party
(1) Conservative Party: the ruling party. Formerly known as the Tory Party founded in 1679, it was renamed in 1833. The party was in power for four consecutive times from 1979 to 1997, and became the dominant political party in Britain in the 20th century. /kloc-0 was defeated by the Labour Party in May 1997 and June 2000/kloc-0. 20 10 in may, the conservative party defeated the labour party, formed a cabinet with the liberal democratic party, and came to power. The supporters of the Conservative Party generally come from the business and wealthy classes and advocate a free market economy. By strictly controlling money supply and reducing public expenditure, we can reduce inflation. Advocate restricting trade union rights and strengthening "law" and "order". In recent years, he put forward "compassionate conservatism" and paid attention to social problems such as education, medical care and poverty. Emphasis is placed on safeguarding British sovereignty, opposing "federal Europe" and joining the European Union, and advocating the establishment of an "Atlantic body" to strengthen the special relationship between Britain and the United States. Emphasize that NATO remains the cornerstone of British security and defense. There are more than 300,000 people in party member. Winston Churchill, British Prime Minister during World War II.
(2) Labour Party: the main opposition party. Founded in 1900, formerly known as the Labor Representative Committee, it was renamed as its current name in 1906. The parties are established in 1924, 1929~ 193 1, 1945~ 195 1,1964 ~. He won the general election in 1997 and came to power again after the general election in June 2006. 20 10 in may, the labour party was defeated in the British general election. In recent years, the Labour Party has been more inclined to the interests of the middle class and alienated from the trade unions. After Blair was elected as the leader of the Labor Party, he put forward the slogan of "New Labor Party, New Britain" politically, canceled the fourth clause on public ownership in party constitution, and economically advocated reducing government intervention, strictly controlling monthly public expenditure, maintaining stable macroeconomic growth and establishing a modern welfare system. It advocates actively participating in international cooperation, taking a positive attitude towards European integration, joining the euro and maintaining special relations with the United States. There are nearly 400,000 party member leaders, edward miliband. (3) Liberal Democratic Party:1March 1988 was composed of the majority of the former Liberal Party and the Social Democratic Party that supported the merger with the Liberal Party. 20 10 in may, the liberal democratic party and the conservative party jointly formed a cabinet. It advocates continuing to maintain the cooperative relationship with the Labor Party, pushing the Labor Party to implement the proportional representation system in local elections and lower house elections, and adopting a more "progressive" policy than the Labor Party on issues such as public services, social justice and environmental protection. At present, there are about 654.38 million party member leaders, Nick Clegg. In addition, other political parties in Britain include Scottish National Party, Plaid Party and some political parties in Northern Ireland, such as Ulster United Party, democratic unionist party, Social Democracy and Labour Party and Sinn Fein Party.
parliament
Parliament is the central stage of British politics and the highest legislative body in Britain. The government comes from the parliament and is responsible to it. Congress is bicameral, consisting of upper house and lower house. Since the establishment of Parliament, meetings have usually been held in the Palace of Westminster (Parliament Building), an ancient building in London. Meetings are held twice a year. The first session starts at the end of March and ends at the beginning of August, and the second session starts at the end of 10 and ends before Christmas in 12.
form
Unlike the constitutions of most countries, the British Constitution is not an independent document. It consists of written law, customary law and convention. There are magna carta (12 15), habeas corpus (1679), bill of rights (1689), and parliamentary law (191,etc. The monarch is the head of state, the highest judicial officer, the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and the "supreme leader" of the Anglican Church. Formally, he has the right to appoint and remove the Prime Minister, ministers, senior judges, military officers, governors of various territories, diplomats, bishops and senior clergy of the Anglican Church, and has the right to convene, stop and dissolve parliament, approve laws and declare peace, but the real power lies in the cabinet. Scotland has its own independent legal system. Article 65 of the Magna Carta is divided into three parts: the first part is about the relationship between the king and the Lord; The second part is the king's policies and procedures; The third part is about the provisions of dispute settlement between kings and lords. According to the Magna Carta, the king should protect the feudal inheritance rights of nobles and knights, and should not illegally collect high taxes from feudal owners, arbitrarily arrest, imprison, exile or confiscate their property, or recognize the autonomy of cities such as London. In order to ensure that the charter did not expire, a Committee of 25 barons supervised the king. If the charter was broken, the feudal lords had the right to force the king to implement it by military means. British constitutionalism comes from Magna Carta, and its basic spirit is limited kingship and individual freedom. Some scholars, such as Stobbs, think that the whole British constitutional history is actually the annotated history of Magna Carta.
Referee
There are three different legal systems: England and Wales are common law systems, Scotland is civil law systems, and the legal system in Northern Ireland is similar to that in England. The judicial system is divided into two systems: civil courts and criminal courts. In England and Wales, civil courts are divided into county courts, high courts, civil courts of appeal and houses of lords. Criminal trial institutions are divided into local courts, criminal courts, criminal divisions of appeal courts and the House of Lords. The highest judicial organ in Britain is the House of Lords, which is the final appellate body for civil and criminal cases. 1986 set up the royal prosecutor's office, which is subordinate to the national government agency and is responsible for accepting all criminal cases submitted by the police authorities in England and Wales. The Attorney General and the Deputy Attorney General are the main legal advisers of the British government, representing the royal family in some domestic and international cases. The history of the British jury can be traced back to the Middle Ages, and it has always been a deeply rooted part of its criminal legal system. Judicial Organization According to the Court Law of 197 1, the courts in England, Wales and Northern Ireland are mainly divided into three organizational systems: civil courts, criminal courts and specialized courts. The civil court system includes county courts, high courts, civil appeal courts and the House of Lords. The criminal court system consists of the Magistrate's Court, the Royal Criminal Court, the Criminal Appeal Court and the House of Lords. The specialized court system mainly includes military courts, juvenile courts, labor relations courts and administrative courts. Scotland has its own unique court organization system: county courts only have jurisdiction over civil cases, and county magistrate courts also have jurisdiction over civil cases and criminal cases. The High Court of Scotland is the highest judicial authority in civil and criminal cases in Scotland, but civil cases can also be appealed to the House of Lords. Scotland also has ad hoc land courts. In addition, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom is the highest court of appeal of the courts of some Commonwealth member countries, colonies, protectorates and trusteeship countries, and accepts appeals from local courts. Administrative litigation is under the jurisdiction of ordinary courts and general legal rules apply. After the Second World War, administrative tribunals developed rapidly, but generally speaking, they have no power of final adjudication, and the parties who refuse to accept the court's ruling have the right to appeal to ordinary courts. Judges are appointed. The Chief Justice, the judges of the House of Lords and the judges of the Court of Appeal are recommended by the Prime Minister and appointed by the King of England. There is no Ministry of Justice in Britain, and the Chief Justice has the power to appoint and remove judicial personnel. A judge must be a trial lawyer of the Bar Association and have a certain number of years of judicial practice experience. Once a judge is appointed, he may not be removed from office without his consent. The judges of the Supreme Court are appointed for life. District court judges can only retire after the age of 72. Judges are well paid and well paid. [3]
Editing this part of the economy
Britain is one of the world's economic powers, and its GDP in 20 10 ranked fifth in the world.
industry
British industry occupies an important position in the national economy and is the largest producer of arms, petroleum products, computers, televisions and mobile phones in Europe. The main industries in Britain are: mining, metallurgy, chemicals, machinery, electronics, electronic instruments, automobiles, aviation, food, tobacco, textiles, paper-making, printing and construction. Bio-pharmaceutical, aviation and national defense are the focus of British industrial research and development, and they are also the most innovative and competitive industries in Britain. In 2009, British industrial output accounted for 23.8% of GDP; Among them, the energy industry occupies a prominent position, and the main energy output in Britain accounts for about 10% of the total GDP, and the proportion is increasing. Britain mainly exports machinery, automobiles, aviation equipment, electrical and electronic products, chemical products and petroleum, and mainly imports raw materials and food.
Agriculture, animal husbandry and fishery
Agriculture, animal husbandry and fishery in Britain mainly include animal husbandry, food industry, horticulture and fishery, which can meet nearly two-thirds of the total food demand in China. At present, the proportion of British agriculture in GDP is less than 1%, with about 450,000 employees, which is less than 2% of the total employment, lower than the average level of 5% in EU countries and other major industrial countries. Agricultural land accounts for 77% of the land area, most of which are grasslands and pastures, and only 1/4 is used for farming. The agricultural population owns 70 hectares of land per capita, which is four times the average level of the European Union. In recent years, in addition to the decline in agricultural prices and the strengthening of the pound, the agricultural income in Britain has decreased, and food safety problems caused by mad cow disease, foot-and-mouth disease and pesticides have also seriously affected agricultural development.