The collapse of every dynasty will inevitably bring about economic disorder. Basically, every dynasty in history had crisis moments of economic chaos. Below, I sorted out the most representative economic crises in different periods of the three ancient dynasties and summarized them. The Republic of China and * * * and the Republic of China, please use your head.

1. Three Kingdoms-the most serious currency crisis in ancient China.

1. 1 Dong Zhuo period

At the end of the Han Dynasty, Huan and Lingdi bought official titles, and the circulation of money and goods was chaotic. When Dong Zhuo was in power, he not only plundered the royal jewels and people's property, but also simply abolished the embryonic form of five baht money in the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and destroyed the twelve bronze men who cast small money in the Qin Dynasty. The small coin has a diameter of 1.2~ 1.5 cm, weighs 0.5~ 1 g, and is engraved with the words "five baht". Later generations laughed at this kind of money because the font was blurred and poor. It is precisely because these small money quickly flooded the market, which brought about a sharp depreciation of the currency.

According to the sixty-second record of "Seventy-two Biographies of Dong Zhuo in the Later Han Dynasty": "Five baht is bad, even a small pen is cast. We know that Luoyang and Chang 'an belong to Bronze Man, Zhong Xu, Fei Lian and Bronze Horse respectively to fill the cast. Therefore, the goods are cheap and expensive, and there are tens of thousands of stones. Guo has no money, which is inconvenient for people to use. "

Prices soared and hundreds of thousands of crops were harvested. Many people have not saved enough money to buy a stone of grain all their lives, so they have to eat instead. The situation is very bad.

1.2 Cao Pi period

When Cao Cao became prime minister, in order to stabilize prices, he spent another five baht to reclaim land for water conservancy and restore stability.

After Cao Pi ascended the throne, he couldn't wait to display his talents and carry out drastic financial reforms.

In the second year of Huang Chu (22 1), Cao Pi refused to pay five baht for food. Taking grain silk as "money", this retro "money" made the people at a loss for a while, so profiteers began to use soaked grain to increase the weight of grain, and used thin silk instead of designated silk to defraud the middle price difference. The market is chaotic and transactions are deceptive. Although the rewards and salaries of the imperial court were still grain and silk, the people did not need this special currency at all, and directly returned to the days when a few sheep were exchanged for a few cows in primitive society.

1.3 wudong period

In the fifth year of Jiahe (236), Sun Quan enforced the circulation of "Daquan 500", that is, a new product was worth 500 baht. According to Tongdian Food Records, there are 500 complete works of Sun Quan, with a diameter of about 3 cm and a weight of about 7.8 grams. Later, Sun Quan felt that the face value of this currency was still too small. In the first year of Chiwu (238), Daquan1,000, Daquan2,000 and Daquan5,000 were issued successively. According to the general records, the diameter of Daquan 1000 is about 3. That is, Daquan 1000, which is actually only 3.2 baht, was forcibly exchanged for 1000 baht.

In the ninth year of Chiwu (246), Sun Quan's treasury was full and rich. However, the people can't resist such exploitation, can't survive, and riots continue. Bad monetary policy and years of conquest have exhausted Wu's treasury, and because Shu and Wu are interlinked, two inflationary countries compete to devalue their currencies as a means of economic war to prevent a large number of losses of their own currencies. Look at that time, there will be a currency war. ) In the copper-based economic system, a copper coin weighing 10 is cast into a big spring with a face value of 5,000. In the end, it is bound to be oneself who devours the consequences, and the people are miserable. This is also part of the reason why it was eventually annexed by Wei.

2. Wang Mang's New Dynasty-Currency reform led to crisis and national subjugation.

2. 1 First exchange reform

"In the second year of taking pictures, Wang Mang added three kinds of coins: the wrong knife, the deed knife and the big money, and stipulated that the wrong knife was 5 thousand, the deed knife was 500, and the big money was 50, which was four products with the original five baht * * * and circulated at the same time."

A knife in 500 yuan weighs about16-17g, which is equivalent to 500 baht, which is equal to depreciation1120. The 5000 yuan, commonly known as "Jin Cuodao", is embedded with gold in an intaglio Qian Wen. The coin weighs 29 grams, but it is worth 5,000 baht, which is equal to depreciation 1/7 10. It is said that mang coins are even called national treasures, and their value is amazing. Wang Mang plundered the people's huge wealth at a surprisingly low cost.

2.2 The second monetary reform

"In the first year of the founding of the People's Republic of China, Wang Mang scrapped the wrong knife, signed the wrong knife with five special coins, and cast another small coin, which was parallel to the big coin of 1, with a value of 50, and issued a decree prohibiting copper charcoal to prevent theft."

2.3 The third monetary reform

"In the second year of the founding of the People's Republic of China, follwed changed to gold and silver, turtles, shells, money and cloth, which were called treasures. Five products (money and cloth are all made of copper, and * * * is one thing), six products and twenty-eight products. "

The people have no trust in Wang Mang's coins, which are all five baht for private use. Wang Mang strictly prohibited it and the people rebelled. Due to public anger, Wang Mang temporarily abandoned turtles, shellfish and other things, leaving only big and small money, and at the same time increased the ban on stealing castings. One cast money, five sat together and were buried as handmaiden.

He abused the stolen casting method of five families sitting together and restored the cruel law of sitting together. It is not the official handmaiden who breaks the law. There are hundreds of thousands of officials with iron chains around their necks. After arriving in Guanzhong, I had to change my husband and wife so that I could worry about the dead in the past. This law has increased the seriousness of the slave problem since the end of the Han Dynasty and caused the deepest pain and the greatest resentment to the people.

2.4 The fourth monetary reform

"In the first year of Emperor Huang (AD 20), Wang Mang used up all the old coins and replaced them with licensed cloth and goods springs."

Although inflation has decreased compared with the previous three times, due to the perverse actions of Wang Mang's regime, the people refused to use the currency of the new dynasty, and the trade flow regressed to the original barter exchange model, which caused economic chaos and accelerated the collapse of Wang Mang's finance and the bankruptcy of the people. In the end, Wang Mang's monetary policy led to the collapse of his regime.

3. Song Dynasty-the first devaluation of paper money in China's history.

In Song Dynasty, the social economy was relatively developed, but militarily, it was in a situation of defensive beating for a long time. The army is huge and weak, the officials are numerous and inefficient, and the government expenditure is numerous and unrestrained. "Redundant officials", "redundant soldiers" and "redundant expenses" caused the Song Dynasty to fall into the abyss of financial crisis soon after the founding of the People's Republic of China until it was unable to extricate itself.

3. 1 cross

By issuing jiaozi (the first paper money in China, supplemented by Baidu), the government not only has several times the purchasing power of the principal instantly, but also gains the profit of "paper and ink fee". In Song Shenzong, it is stipulated that each issue can be used twice. This means that the total number of crosses popular in the market has doubled. Brought the first devaluation of paper money in China's history.

3.2 Yin Qian

In the Song Huizong period, the national financial gap further widened, so the paper money reform was carried out. From 1 107 to 1 109, the original popular jiaozi was stopped and replaced by a new banknote called "Yin Qian". The court gave money to the people instead of copper coins, but the people could not exchange copper coins from the court. In other words, the court's money can only go out. As a result, there is more and more money in the society, and the depreciation is worse than the exchange of money.

3.3 Meeting

At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, with the invasion of the nomads, the land was eroded. After crossing the river in the Southern Song Dynasty, the tax sources decreased and the financial capacity further declined. So in the Song Dynasty, paper money called Huizi was issued. Theoretically speaking, the distribution system established by the Song government was relatively perfect, but with the continuation of the war with Jin, these systems were quickly broken by the government itself. The farce of indiscriminate issuance of paper money and devaluation of paper money has been staged again.

During this period, in order to stabilize the finance, the government took out its own gold, silver, copper and iron stocks many times and recovered the depreciated secondhand goods according to a certain proportion. In this way, the government barely avoided the risk of a total collapse of paper money. However, by the time of Jiading in the Southern Song Dynasty, "Huizi" had been belittled and rejected by most ordinary people. National legal tender becomes waste paper.