Colorful Tibetan costumes and eye ornaments have a long history. According to scholars' research, as early as BC 1 century, the eye ornaments of indigenous tribes in Tibet Plateau had the characteristics of thick waist, long sleeves, large waist, long skirt with right swing, waist-binding and leather clothing. According to historical records, when Zampa IX brought tribute armor, he could spin the wool of cattle and sheep for weaving tents and wool thread for making clothes. In the 1970s, when cleaning up the cultural relics of Jokhang Temple in Lhasa, a dress of Songzan Gambu and a pair of shoes of the princess were found. Songzanganbu's clothes are a Tibetan robe with a fat waist, long sleeves and a big chest, which is made of lava. Princess shoes are similar in style to the current "Gaga" shoes, with cowhide soles and green uppers embroidered with simple flowers. The earliest human body decoration found in Tibet so far comes from Karuo Neolithic cultural site in Qamdo area. There are 50 ornaments in Karuo Site, including hair ornaments, pearls, rings, beads, necklaces, bracelets and shells. Made of stones, jade, bones and other materials. Judging from the decorative parts, Karuo's ancestors are in the same strain as today's Tibetan customs, including hair ornaments, necklaces, chest ornaments and hand ornaments from top to bottom. These data show that as early as the Neolithic Age, Tibetan ancestors had human ornaments with stable shapes and rich shapes.
With the communication with the outside world, Tibetan eye ornaments have been influenced by the costumes of Han, Mongolian, Manchu and Persian, and progress has been made in the color and production of eye ornaments. However, judging from the eye ornaments and costumes handed down from ancient times, the overall structure has not changed much, and the traditional Tibetan cultural characteristics are still relatively intact.
In the process of the formation and development of style and structure, Tibetan costumes are deeply influenced by natural conditions, labor production and cultural exchanges. Due to the different geographical climate and occupation, there are many kinds of eye ornaments. Geographically, it can be divided into agricultural areas and pastoral areas, which are the basic types of Tibetan costumes; According to lifestyle, it can be divided into rural type and urban type; From the identity can be divided into civilians, monks, dignitaries and other types. Tibetan traditional eye ornaments for dignitaries are of high quality, exquisite workmanship and diverse patterns, with special emphasis on clothes commensurate with their status and status.
The plateau in northern Tibet is characterized by low temperature, big sandstorm, vast grassland and natural pasture, so people living here should choose clothes that are convenient for life, travel and keep warm from the cold. Tibetans in pastoral areas wear fur coats, which have a large structure and worry-free cuffs. They are free to wear. When the temperature rises, they can take off their sleeves, adjust their body temperature with bare arms, and take off their clothes to sleep at night. Herdsmen's fur robes cannot be separated from their belts. When you wear it, lift the hem up to your knees, and a bundle of straps forms a big bag in your arms, which can hold many personal items. The fur robe is made of sheepskin processed by indigenous method, which is durable, wind-proof and cold-proof. Ordinary fur robe, men's wide waist, big waist hypertrophy, front with 10 to 15 cm wide black velvet edge, sleeves and hem, but some do not make decorative edges. The lapels, sleeves and hem of women's fur robes are first trimmed with black velveteen with a width of 10 to 20cm, and then trimmed with red, blue and green velveteen (each with a width of 5 to 10cm).
Newly-married women in Golog, Qinghai Province should wear big oilcoats, red sleeves and gorgeous vests, and have the habit of hanging sweat towels on their backs. The hem is inlaid with otter skin and the collar is covered with leopard skin. Herdsmen's holiday costumes are of high quality and exquisite workmanship. This kind of fur robe is made of lamb skin, and the surface is made of roe skin (planer, hand-tanned to make it soft, then whitewashed and dried). The cuffs, lapels and hem are decorated with red, blue and green woolen cloth and edged with otter skin or leopard skin, which is particularly beautiful. Qinghai Hainan Tibetans have a thick Tibetan robe sewn with lamb skin, which is light and beautiful, and it is a gift eye for festivals and visiting relatives and friends. Lamb skin has short and curly hair, while long and moderate hair is relatively stable. Tibetan robes sewn with various lambskin are mostly made of various striped velvet, satin, velvet and wool, with brocade, flowers and otter skin as the edge and fox skin or leopard skin as the collar.
The climate in agricultural areas is mild and humid. Men's robes and women's long vests are mainly black, and the style is still a large-breasted button with a button under the right armpit. Men's robes are made of green or blue silk and have two ribbons 5 cm wide and 20 cm long. Generally, the neckline of men's white Tibetan robes is inlaid with a 6 cm wide gallo (a flower with a cross pattern at intervals). Women's Tibetan robes are mostly black. Generally sleeveless in winter and sleeveless in summer, but there are also sleeveless in four seasons, plus ten short robes in winter and spring. It produces almost all agricultural, semi-pastoral and semi-agricultural areas in Tibet, of which Zedang is the most famous. Strong and durable, good warmth retention. Its internal production process is divided into three steps: first, wash and dry the wool, then brush it with a wire brush to make it soft and floc it into strips, and then twist it into fine threads; The second is weaving: first, the warp is pulled up, rolled up and placed on the loom, and then woven on the warp with weft. The intersection of latitude and longitude is very accurate, woven into a 26 cm wide strip; The third is dyeing.
As an economic town. The cultural exchange center has rich cultural life and good conditions. People's clothes are different from those in agricultural and pastoral areas in terms of materials, styles and colors. Men and women in cities and towns generally like to use serge, wool or blended fabrics as clothing materials, and women pay special attention to novelty and fit. In recent years, women's tube eyes have appeared in Lhasa. Although there is a large-breasted style of Tibetan clothes in front, the left and right lapels can't be opened, and they are sewn into a tube shape, preferably tight, and the lines are studied. The colors of eyes and shirts are elegant and soft.
Wear a Tibetan robe and shirt inside. Men's shirts are mostly high-necked, with large-breasted and double-breasted buttons, and most of them are white silk; Women's lapels are made of silk in various colors. Women's shirts have long sleeves, which are usually rolled up and put down when dancing, and the sleeves dance with them, which is very beautiful. Clothing, shoes and hats in agricultural and pastoral areas like to use contrasting colors such as red, green, black and white, red and blue, and skillfully use multicolor and gold and silver thread, which has a lively artistic effect.
Women in rural areas and towns wear aprons, which are called "Bangdian" in Tibetan, which is the symbol of Tibetan women. Apron weaving is unique and accurate. Women in agricultural and pastoral areas like to use contrasting colors, while urban women choose to use slender related colors to form a delicate and gentle tone.
Even in rural areas, due to different natural conditions, each has its own clothing characteristics. For example, the Ministry of Industry in southern Tibet has a large area of virgin forest with abundant rainfall. In order to adapt to the natural conditions here, people have created a coat called "ancient season" in long-term labor. This kind of cypress-free suit is usually made of wild goatskin. Made of bearskin or black, it is suitable for logging and lifting books in the forest. Wear-resistant and can prevent light rain. Cloth workers also put brocade patterns on the collar and waist of "Ancient Season" as their holiday clothes.
In the Tibetan inhabited area of Diqing, Yunnan, the popular clothes are silk shirts with sleeves and wool vests. The vest has a generous pattern, inlaid with Yuntou gold and silver silk velvet, with red coral as buttons, and a large silver ring male and female buckle hanging at the neckline instead of a high collar; Pleated skirt with mop, waist wrapped with flowers; I like to wear long earrings with gold and silver inlaid with coral, with a silver protective Buddha box on my chest and a three-beard chain on my right lapel. Hair is braided on the top of the head with colored silk tapestry rope.
There are many kinds of Tibetan hats, mainly felt hats, leather hats, gold silk flower hats and so on. Felt hats are the two oldest hats in Tibet. In "White History" written by Tibetan scholar Gendun Qiongpei, there is a record that Andomaga wore a felt hat in ancient times. This kind of hat is still worn in some areas of Gansu and Qinghai. It is made of white felt, with a high roof and a small eaves. Simple to make. The red tassel felt hat in Amdo area and the men's summer felt hat in Ministry of Industry are basically ancient felt hats, and the brim of the hat has also been handed down, just decorated with red tassel and gold satin. Felt hats and top hats produced in the mainland are also loved by people in agricultural and pastoral areas and towns. The fur hats that pastoral areas like to wear are all made of fine whole fox skin, some are made of satin, and the brim is made of fox skin, which makes young people look handsome and burly. Golden flower hat is a national hat that men, women and children like to wear, but the styles worn by men and women are different. The golden flower hat is decorated with golden flower satin and gold ribbon and made of felt and fur. The hat made in this way shines in the sun and is particularly energetic.
Boots for Tibetan men and women are 2 cm high at the bottom and above the calf at the waist. The upper is decorated with red and green woolen cloth, and the waist has lines and patterns. Tibetan boots can be divided into "Songba" and "Galo". The soles of loose boots are all rope twisted with cow hair. There is also a kind of boot sole wrapped in cowhide, which is usually worn in winter. One of the more advanced ones is called "Songbatinima", which is made of cowhide and sewn with coarse wool or cotton thread, and its thickness exceeds 1 cm. Boots are colorful, and beautiful patterns are embroidered on the boots with eight colors of silk thread, such as red, yellow, green and blue. Boots are also embroidered, very gorgeous. This kind of boots, exquisite in workmanship, are only worn on festive days.
The bottom of the mouthwash boot is cowhide, and the upper is three layers. The black woolen cloth is about 33 cm below, and the colored striped woolen cloth is about 3 cm above. The pattern is upright. The heel and toe of the boot are sewn with black cowhide, and the boot surface is wrapped with dyed black cowhide straps and gold thread, which is strong and beautiful. The upper of the boot has a vertical opening of 15 cm, and the edge of the opening is reinforced with dyed sheepskin, which is convenient for pulling and carrying. This kind of boots is characterized by the upturned toe, which looks mighty and generous.
Henny's clothes are usually dark red. The clothes of ordinary monks are generally decorated with short vests, and the chest and back are decorated with yellow cloth (the short vests that hate officials are decorated with gold satin); There is a long skirt around the bottom and a shawl about two and a half times the length of the upper body. When the ceremony was held, people all wore red coats and cockscomb hats. This kind of hat is made of thick yellow, which looks like a comb with spikes at the top. It is neatly cut and stands upright. The details of the costumes of monks and nuns also vary from sect to sect. For example, Ma Ning sects hate to wear a hat called "Wu Jian Bian Xia", which is red, with a long top, upturned brim and an opening in front; The Sakya Living Buddha wore a long white dress and three shawls sewn with red cocoon silk.
According to traditional customs, Tibetan men and women have hair and braids. The man tied a braid on his head; Women's hair style is separated from the middle of the forehead and combed into two braids. In pastoral areas, they flow into dozens of braids and are carried on their backs, even and tidy. At present, except in remote farming and pastoral areas, urban men generally have short hair. There are many Tibetan hair accessories, especially women. Young and middle-aged women like to mix red and green silk threads on their hair. Tibetan women wear a triangular or semicircular "bazhu" nearly 66 cm long at the top of their hair, which is covered with pearls, corals and precious stones. Women in Qamdo directly tie ornaments such as coral, turquoise and opal to their braids. Gannan Tibetan hair accessories have a unique style. Women's hair styles are combed into dozens of pigtails, which are called "broken pigtails", that is, the hair on the forehead is combed into hundreds of pigtails from the left and right sides to the upper part of the helix, and the red and green silk threads are wrapped around a semicircle, and the pigtails are connected to the waist below the shoulders. In addition, part of the hair at the back of the head is braided into a thin braid, and a piece of felt tire cloth with a width of 18 cm is hung on it, and the red, green and Huang San stripes are covered horizontally. Most women also wear a circle of amber pearls on their heads. Each pearl is as big as a pea, and there are six or seven strings from top to bottom, about 50 strings. Tibetan women in Hainan wear a special braid cover at the top of the braid. The braided cover is decorated with several silver shields (silver, shaped like a bowl, with various exquisite patterns on it), with a fine silver breast hook more than a foot long, and a silver ornament "Rosar" hanging on the belt.
Tibetan ornaments mainly include earrings, chest ornaments, waist ornaments and hand ornaments. Jewelry is mostly made of gold, silver, copper, jewelry and stone tools. Some decorations are engraved with exquisite patterns. Earrings are rings and earrings, and the quality is also divided into rich and poor. The name tag includes a necklace and a protective box "Kau". "Kawu" is a small metal box inlaid with pine otolith and containing amulets, which has the same meaning as the protective box worn by men. The main part of the waist ornament is a silk or cowhide belt with various ornaments that the owner likes hanging on it. Men have broadswords, irons and snuff bottles, while women have silverware and bronze medals. Men in eastern Tibet like to wrap their bellies in sheepskin and put coins in them. Handmade bracelets include bracelets and rings: there are four kinds of bracelets: gold, silver, jade and conch, which are made by hand for women to use. Both men and women wear rings, mostly silver, inlaid with agate, jade and other jewelry. Gold rings are very popular among wealthy families.