/kloc-In the middle of the 6th century, Ivan IV, the Grand Duke of Moscow, was called the Russian Tsar. 1682, 10-year-old Peter succeeded to the throne and was regent by his half-sister Sophia. 1689, he seized real power and began to carry out various reforms in an effort to get Russia out of backwardness. In the reform, Peter -World broke the aristocratic hereditary system in the past, and selected and appointed officials according to their knowledge level, ability and contribution, which made some junior officials lose their official positions and weakened big noble's power. At that time, it was stipulated that aristocratic children aged 10 to 15 must receive compulsory education, and those who had no education could not get married in the future. He forced the Russians to take off their robes and put on suits. Forcing Russians to cut off their long beards. His reform promoted social progress, enhanced Russia's economic and military strength, consolidated autocratic rule, and prepared conditions for foreign aggression and expansion.